Förmaksflimmer och NOAK på VC 11feb2020WeiYu51Förmaksflimmer i primärvården. En interaktiv utbildning för AT-, ST-, och allmänläkare. Med teori, riktlinje och fall diskuterar vi praktiska handläggningar i vår kliniska vardag.
2024 Trend Updates: What Really Works In SEO & Content MarketingSearch Engine JournalThe document outlines key SEO and content marketing trends for 2024, emphasizing the impact of AI, the importance of E-E-A-T (Experience, Expertise, Authoritativeness, Trustworthiness), and a shift towards user-centric content strategies. It advises against focusing on outdated trends like voice search and stresses the need for creating value-driven, authoritative content. Additionally, it highlights the need to leverage AI as a supportive tool rather than relying solely on it for content creation.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara AliottaThe document outlines a livestream presentation by Chiara Aliotta on integrating storytelling into web design to enhance user experiences. It covers the storytelling process for designers, emphasizing aspects such as understanding the audience, structuring narratives, and creating emotional connections. The presentation also includes case studies and practical examples to demonstrate effective storytelling in UX/UI design.
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – SCHREPEL – June 2024 OECD dis...OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise AffairsThis presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
How to Leverage AI to Boost Employee Wellness - Lydia Di Francesco - SocialHR...SocialHRCampThe document discusses leveraging AI to enhance employee wellness through data analytics, automating tasks, and personalized wellness apps, emphasizing the shared responsibility of employee well-being between leaders and organizations. It outlines best practices for using AI in wellness strategies, including ensuring data privacy and security, understanding employee needs, and promoting inclusivity. Lydia Di Francesco, a wellness specialist, shares insights to optimize workplace wellness strategy using AI-driven data analytics and encourages collaboration and transparency.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius SescuThe State of Marketing 2024 report highlights the transformative impact of AI and automation, emphasizing the importance of personalization and engagement to drive growth in a competitive landscape. Marketers are focusing on optimizing budgets, leveraging social media for brand awareness, and utilizing AI tools to enhance efficiency across tasks. Key trends for 2024 include the rise of experiential marketing, content creation that meets user needs, and strengthened connections through personalized customer experiences.
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPTExpeed SoftwareChatGPT is an AI chatbot developed by OpenAI, built on advanced language models to facilitate human-like conversational interactions. Launched in November 2022, it utilizes a transformer architecture to understand and generate text, with applications ranging from content creation to customer service. Despite its capabilities, there are concerns about potential misuse and biases in its responses, which OpenAI aims to mitigate through moderation and user feedback.
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldartsThe realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNowThe November 2023 mental health report indicates that 70% of respondents rate their mental health as 'good' or 'excellent,' with higher diagnoses reported among African Americans and non-Hispanic whites compared to Hispanics and Asians. Younger generations, particularly Gen Z and millennials, are more likely to experience mental health challenges, seek information online, and report that their mental health impacts their work and relationships. Half of the respondents feel comfortable discussing their mental health with professionals, although Gen Z shows the least comfort in this area.
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartworkCreative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Skeleton Culture CodeSkeleton TechnologiesOrganizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil KimberleyPepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contentlyThis document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert QianThe document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsKurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)The 2024 social media marketing trends report highlights significant shifts influenced by generative AI, including the emergence of personalized content, the rise of virtual influencers, and a stronger focus on user-generated content. Insights were gathered from 33 experts across 23 leading independent agencies, providing a perspective that emphasizes creativity and authenticity in marketing strategies. Key trends also include the blending of B2B and B2C approaches, reflecting changes in consumer behavior and the evolving landscape of social media engagement.
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine JournalThe document discusses trends in paid search for 2024, highlighting changes in user behavior, the implications for financial services, and privacy challenges. It emphasizes the importance of adapting search strategies, utilizing AI-driven tools like performance max and smart bidding, and leveraging first-party data for better marketing efficacy. Key takeaways include holistic SEO and SEM approaches, monitoring shifting user intents, and the need for continuous performance evaluation.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHubThe document outlines five public speaking tips from Chris Anderson, TED Talks curator, emphasizing the importance of eye contact, vulnerability, humor, humility, and storytelling. These skills are presented as essential for engaging audiences effectively and are increasingly valuable in today's economy. The article posits that mastering these techniques can enhance speakers' ability to communicate ideas powerfully.
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark BoydThe document provides an overview of generative AI, particularly focusing on ChatGPT and its implications for business and the job market. It discusses the rapid growth of generative AI, its applications in marketing, and the skills needed for the AI era while addressing potential job displacement and the need for adaptation. The agenda includes a Q&A session and emphasizes rethinking work in collaboration with AI technology.
Getting into the tech field. what next Tessa MeroThe document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
How to have difficult conversations Rajiv Jayarajah, MAppComm, ACCThe document provides essential tips on how to handle difficult conversations in a workplace setting, emphasizing the importance of preparation, environment, and timing. It highlights that many employees dread such conversations, often leading to avoidance and worsening situations. Ultimately, the guide aims to promote positive outcomes while maintaining professional relationships.
2024 Trend Updates: What Really Works In SEO & Content MarketingSearch Engine JournalThe document outlines key SEO and content marketing trends for 2024, emphasizing the impact of AI, the importance of E-E-A-T (Experience, Expertise, Authoritativeness, Trustworthiness), and a shift towards user-centric content strategies. It advises against focusing on outdated trends like voice search and stresses the need for creating value-driven, authoritative content. Additionally, it highlights the need to leverage AI as a supportive tool rather than relying solely on it for content creation.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara AliottaThe document outlines a livestream presentation by Chiara Aliotta on integrating storytelling into web design to enhance user experiences. It covers the storytelling process for designers, emphasizing aspects such as understanding the audience, structuring narratives, and creating emotional connections. The presentation also includes case studies and practical examples to demonstrate effective storytelling in UX/UI design.
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – SCHREPEL – June 2024 OECD dis...OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise AffairsThis presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
How to Leverage AI to Boost Employee Wellness - Lydia Di Francesco - SocialHR...SocialHRCampThe document discusses leveraging AI to enhance employee wellness through data analytics, automating tasks, and personalized wellness apps, emphasizing the shared responsibility of employee well-being between leaders and organizations. It outlines best practices for using AI in wellness strategies, including ensuring data privacy and security, understanding employee needs, and promoting inclusivity. Lydia Di Francesco, a wellness specialist, shares insights to optimize workplace wellness strategy using AI-driven data analytics and encourages collaboration and transparency.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius SescuThe State of Marketing 2024 report highlights the transformative impact of AI and automation, emphasizing the importance of personalization and engagement to drive growth in a competitive landscape. Marketers are focusing on optimizing budgets, leveraging social media for brand awareness, and utilizing AI tools to enhance efficiency across tasks. Key trends for 2024 include the rise of experiential marketing, content creation that meets user needs, and strengthened connections through personalized customer experiences.
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPTExpeed SoftwareChatGPT is an AI chatbot developed by OpenAI, built on advanced language models to facilitate human-like conversational interactions. Launched in November 2022, it utilizes a transformer architecture to understand and generate text, with applications ranging from content creation to customer service. Despite its capabilities, there are concerns about potential misuse and biases in its responses, which OpenAI aims to mitigate through moderation and user feedback.
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldartsThe realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNowThe November 2023 mental health report indicates that 70% of respondents rate their mental health as 'good' or 'excellent,' with higher diagnoses reported among African Americans and non-Hispanic whites compared to Hispanics and Asians. Younger generations, particularly Gen Z and millennials, are more likely to experience mental health challenges, seek information online, and report that their mental health impacts their work and relationships. Half of the respondents feel comfortable discussing their mental health with professionals, although Gen Z shows the least comfort in this area.
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartworkCreative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Skeleton Culture CodeSkeleton TechnologiesOrganizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil KimberleyPepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contentlyThis document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert QianThe document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsKurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)The 2024 social media marketing trends report highlights significant shifts influenced by generative AI, including the emergence of personalized content, the rise of virtual influencers, and a stronger focus on user-generated content. Insights were gathered from 33 experts across 23 leading independent agencies, providing a perspective that emphasizes creativity and authenticity in marketing strategies. Key trends also include the blending of B2B and B2C approaches, reflecting changes in consumer behavior and the evolving landscape of social media engagement.
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine JournalThe document discusses trends in paid search for 2024, highlighting changes in user behavior, the implications for financial services, and privacy challenges. It emphasizes the importance of adapting search strategies, utilizing AI-driven tools like performance max and smart bidding, and leveraging first-party data for better marketing efficacy. Key takeaways include holistic SEO and SEM approaches, monitoring shifting user intents, and the need for continuous performance evaluation.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHubThe document outlines five public speaking tips from Chris Anderson, TED Talks curator, emphasizing the importance of eye contact, vulnerability, humor, humility, and storytelling. These skills are presented as essential for engaging audiences effectively and are increasingly valuable in today's economy. The article posits that mastering these techniques can enhance speakers' ability to communicate ideas powerfully.
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark BoydThe document provides an overview of generative AI, particularly focusing on ChatGPT and its implications for business and the job market. It discusses the rapid growth of generative AI, its applications in marketing, and the skills needed for the AI era while addressing potential job displacement and the need for adaptation. The agenda includes a Q&A session and emphasizes rethinking work in collaboration with AI technology.
Getting into the tech field. what next Tessa MeroThe document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
How to have difficult conversations Rajiv Jayarajah, MAppComm, ACCThe document provides essential tips on how to handle difficult conversations in a workplace setting, emphasizing the importance of preparation, environment, and timing. It highlights that many employees dread such conversations, often leading to avoidance and worsening situations. Ultimately, the guide aims to promote positive outcomes while maintaining professional relationships.
4. Resistent hypertoni
●
Ej nått behandlingsmålet
trots medicinering med minst 3
läkemedel av olika klasser i
optimala doser, därav ett bör
vara diuretikum.
●
Nått behandlingsmålet
men behöver minst 4
läkemedel av olika klasser.
Grupp Mål
Okomplicerad
hypertoni <140/90*
Diabetes <140/85*
Nefropati med
makroalbuminuri <130/80*
(*) Källa: Läkemedelsverket, anpassad efter 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
9. Intensivare behandlingsmål?
<120 vs 140 mmHg
(*) A: Kombinerad incidens av hjärtinfarkt, akut kranskärlssjukdom, stroke, akut dekompenserad hjärtsvikt och kardiovaskulär död.
The SPRINT Research Group*, N Engl J Med. 2015; 373:2103-2116November
Årlig risk 1,65% vs. 2,19%
HR 0,75, 95% CI 0.64–0.89, p<0.001
Årlig risk 1,03% vs. 1,4%
HR 0,73, 95% CI 0,60–0,90, p=0.003
10. Intensivare behandlingsmål?
<120 vs 140 mmHg (forts.)
●
Flera läkemedel
– 2,8 vs 1,8
●
Komplicationer:
– Hypotoni
– Elektrolytrubbningar
– Akut njursvikt, njurskada
●
Ingen ökad fallrisk
●
Mindre ortostatism!
Sedan november 2017 betraktas blodtryck > 130/80 som hypertoni av AHA.
12. Compliance = överenskommelse
●
Säkerställa diagnosen
●
Förklara syftet med behandlingen
●
Inventera levnadsvanor,
motivera till förändring
●
Gör patienten delaktig
●
Sätt mål
●
Planera uppföljning
●
Behandlingen är tillsvidare!
Färre piller = bättre compliance
13. Hur säkerställer man diagnosen?
●
Rätt utrustning
– Validerad
– Rätt storlek på manschetten
– Inga handledsmanschetter!
●
Rätt teknik
– Sitta bekvämt, armen i hjärthöjd,
ryggstöd, fötterna på golvet
– 5(-10) minuters vila
– Vid minst ett tillfälle:
Ta BT i båda armarna (högst gäller)
– Var observant:
Är patienten uppenbarligen stressad?
– Dokumentera rätt
●
Rätt tillfälle
– I lugnt skede (om möjligt)
– Ingen kofein eller nikotin
före mätningen
●
Bekräfta resultatet
– Minst två mätningar
(fera vid > 5 mmHg skillnad)
– Hem-BT med validerad utrustning
– Ambulatorisk (24h) mätning
14. Livsstil och blodtryck
Livstilsförändring Rekommendation Sänkning av SBP
Viktnedgång BMI mellan 18,5-25 5-20 mmHg / 10 kg
DASH-diet
+ frukt, grönt, fber,
lågfettmejerier
- mattad fett, total fett
8-14 mmHg
Mindre salt Högst 6 gram dagligen 2-8 mmHg
Fysisk aktivitet
Lätt-måttlig aerobisk aktivitet,
30 min/dag, 5 gånger/vecka
4-9 mmHg
Mindre alkohol
Kvinnor: 1 standardglas/dag
Men: 2 standardglas/dag
2-4 mmHg
(*) The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report,
JAMA. 2003 May 21;289(19):2560-72.
Livsstil och blodtryck
17. Förslag till strategi för behandling av hypertoni
(*) Källa: Läkemedelsverket, modiferad efter 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
•
Andra riskfaktorer,
organpåverkan eller
sjukdomar
Blodtryck (mmHg)
Högt normalt
SBP 130−139
DBP 85−89
Mild HT
SBP 140−159
DBP 90−99
Måttlig HT
SBP 160−179
DBP 100−109
Svår HT
SBP ≥180
DBP ≥110
Inga andra riskfaktorer • Ingen behandling
• Livsstilsförändringar
i 3-6 månader
• Läkemedel om
ej <140/90 nås
• Livsstilsförändringar
i 3-6 veckor
• Läkemedel om
ej <140/90 nås
• Livsstilsförändringar
• Sätt snarast in 2 läkemedel
1−2 riskfaktorer
• Livsstilsförändringar
• Inga läkemedel
• Livsstilsförändringar
i 3-6 veckor
• Läkemedel om
ej <140/90 nås
• Livsstilsförändringar
i 3-6 veckor
• Läkemedel om ej
<140/90 nås
• Livsstilsförändringar
• Sätt snarast in 2 läkemedel
≥3 riskfaktorer
• Livsstilsförändringar
• Inga läkemedel
• Livsstilsförändringar
i 3-6 veckor
• Läkemedel om
ej <140/90 nås
• Livsstilsförändringar
• Sätt in 2 läkemedel
• Livsstilsförändringar
• Sätt snarast in 2 läkemedel
Organpåverkan, CKD 3
eller diabetes
• Livsstilsförändringar
• Inga läkemedel
• Livsstilsförändringar
• Sätt in läkemedel
• Livsstilsförändringar
• Sätt in 2 läkemedel
• Livsstilsförändringar
• Sätt snarast in 2 läkemedel
Manifest hjärtsjukdom,
CKD 4-5 eller diabetes
med mikroalbuminuri
• Livsstilsförändringar
• Inga läkemedel
• Livsstilsförändringar
• Sätt in läkemedel
• Livsstilsförändringar
• Sätt in 2 läkemedel
• Livsstilsförändringar
• Sätt snarast in 2 läkemedel
Risk för död i kardiovaskulär sjukdom inom 10 år: ■■ Låg < 1% ■■ Måttlig 1-4% ■■ Hög 5-9% ■■ Mycket hög > 10%
18. Riskstratifering
Riskfaktorer
●
Manligt kön
●
Ålder (män ≥55, kvinnor ≥65)
●
Rökning
●
Dyslipidemi (minst ett av de följande):
– Totalkolesterol > 4.9
– LDL > 3.0 mmol/L
– HDL < 1.0 hos män eller < 1.2 mmol/L hos kvinnor
– TG > 1.7
●
fP-Glukos 5.6–6.9 mmol/L
●
Patologisk glukosbelastning
●
BMI ≥ 30
●
Midjemått: men ≥ 102 cm, kvinnor ≥ 88 cm
●
Hereditet för hjärt-kärlsjukdom
(debut < 55 år hos män eller < 65 år hos kvinnor)
Asymptomatisk organpåverkan
●
Pulstryck ≥ 60 mmHg
●
Vänsterkammarhypertrof (EKG/eko)
●
Ankle/brachial BP index < 0.9
●
GFR 30–60 (CKD 3)
●
Mikroalbuminuri (30-300 mg/24h)
●
Intima-mediaförtjockning i carotis
●
carotid-femoral PWV >10 m/s
Manifest hjärt-kärl- eller njursjukdom
●
Stroke (hemorragisk eller ischemisk), TIA
●
Kranskärlssjukdom
●
Hjärtsvikt
●
Avancerad njursvikt (GFR < 30) eller makroalbuminuri
●
Avancerad retinopati eller papilloödem
(*) Källa: 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
21. Välja läkemedel
Förstahandsval
●
ACE-hämmare (enalapril, ramipril)
●
tiazid (HCTZ, bendro, klortalidon)
●
Ca-antagonist (amlodipin)
●
ARB (losartan, kandesartan)
Vid annan samtidig indikation
eller resistent hypertoni
●
aldosteron-antagonist (spironolakton)
●
beta-blockare (metoprolol)
●
alfa-blockare (doxazosin)
Helst något annat än...
●
centralverkande (moxonidin)
●
renin-antagonist (aliskiren)
●
hydralazin
22. ACE-I, ARB, CA eller tiazid?
●
Vilket bör vara ”första förstahandsvalet”?
●
Genetiska och förvärvade skillnader i hypertonins
patofysiologi förekommer bland olika personer!
●
Tyvärr fnns det inga tillförlitliga prover som kan
förutsäga hur man svarar på en viss behandling.
●
Äldre har i större utsträckning isolerad systoliskt HT.
●
Svarta och äldre har lägre plasma renin-aktivitet.
23. Lågt renin Högt renin Kraftigt förhöjt renin
●
Svarta
●
Icke-svarta, över 60 år
●
Bättre svar på tiazider och CA
●
Bättre svar på saltrestriktion
●
Sämre på ACE-I/ARB
●
ACE-I/ARB potentieras av
- CA
- tiazider
- saltrestriktion
●
Icke-svarta, under 60 år
●
ACE-I/ARB bra förstahandsval
●
Stor nytta även av CA/tiazider
●
Grav hypertoni
●
Hjärtsvikt
●
Kraftig aorta-/mitralis-stenos
●
Renovaskulär hypertoni
(perifer artärsjukdom)
●
Renal hypertoni
●
(Loop-)diuretika
●
Levercirros, ascites
●
Dehydrering
●
Potent efekt av ACE-I/ARB
●
Börja med lägsta dos
●
Följ upp kalium och krea
●
Trappa upp långsamt
Reninets signifkans
24. ALLHAT (1994-2002)
●
Klortalidon vs lisinopril vs amlodipin.
●
33.357 högriskpatienter över 55 år
●
4,9 års uppföljning per patient i genomsnitt
●
Kombinerad incidens av dödlig kranskärlssjukdom och
icke-dödlig hjärtinfarkt samma i studiens 3 grupper
●
Signifkanta skillnader i studiens secondary end-points
25. ALLHAT – secondary end-points
Amlodipin vs klortalidon
End-point (*) amlodipin (%) klortalidon (%) RR (95% CI) p
Hjärtsvikt 10,2 7,7 1,38 (1,25–1,52) <0,001
Lisinopril vs klortalidon
End-point (*) lisinopril (%) klortalidon (%) RR (95% CI) p
Komb. hjärtsjd. 33,3 30,9 1,10 (1,05–1,16) <0,001
Stroke 6,3 5,6 1,15 (1,02–1,30) 0,02
Hjärtsvikt 8,7 7,7 1,19 (1,07–1,31) <0,001
(*) 6-års incidens. Källa: Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker
vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), JAMA, 2002 Dec 18;288(23):2981-97.
●
ACE-hämmare och ARB är, som sagt, mindre efektiva hos svarta och äldre.
Dock ingen subgruppsanalys utförd.
●
Klortalidon gav mer hypokalemi, högre kolesterol och högre glukos än de andra läkemedel.
Även lätt ökad incidens av ny diabetes efter 4 års uppföljning. Dock ingen ökad kardiovaskulär risk!
26. Tiazider (och liknande)
●
Diuretiska och kärlvidgande egenskaper
●
Efektivare än ACE-I hos svarta, äldre, överviktiga
●
Calcium-sparande, efekt mot osteoporos?
●
Hypokalemi sällan ett problem i terapeutiska doser
men följ upp kaliumvärdet!
●
Hyponatremi, speciellt vid kombination med antidepressiva
●
Diabetes: Ingen absolut kontraindikation!
– Försiktighet vid svårkontrollerad diabetes
– Undvik kombinationen med betablockaren
●
Försiktighet vid gikt
●
Om GFR < 30, använd loop-diuretika istället!
27. Vilket diuretikum?
Klortalidon Hydroklortiazid
●
Halveringstid ~50 timmar
●
Bättre kontroll av BT dygnet runt
●
Väldokumenterad efekt på mortalitet
och kardiovaskulära end-points.
●
Mer hypokalemi än HCTZ?
Inte så vanlig vid FASS-doser!
●
Halveringstid 10 timmar
●
Finns i fera kombinationspreparat
med ACE-I eller ARB
Klortalidon 12,5 mg motsvarar ungefär HTCZ 25 mg.
28. Behandla hypertonin dygnet runt!
☀ 135/85 120/70☾ ⌚ 130/80
Maskerad hypertoni är lika vanlig som mottagningshypertoni.
29. ACE-hämmare
●
Förstahandsval vid:
– diabetes
– post-infarkt
– hjärtsvikt
– nefropati
●
Renal metabolism
●
Hosta, angioödem ARB→
●
Mer efektiva hos
icke-svarta, yngre
●
Mycket potenta vid
starkt aktiverat RAAS
– hjärtsvikt
– renal/renovaskulär HT
– dehydrering
– diuretika
32. Vilken ΑRB?
Losartan Kandesartan
Hypertoni + +
Hjärtsvikt + +
Diabetesnefropati + (+)
Stroke-prevention vid LVH + (+)
Sänker urat + -
Maxdos 100(-150) mg ×1 32 mg ×1
Metabolism hepatisk hepatisk + renal
Trough:peak ratio (DBP) 0.7 ≥0.9
Losartan 25 mg motsvarar ungefär kandesartan 4 mg
men kandesartan är efektivare än losartan i större doser.
33. (Sänk/sätt ut
loop-diuretika)
Kontrollera
kalium och krea
Starta med låg dos
ramipril (1,25-)2,5 mg
Kontrollera om
kalium, krea och BT
hög risk: 4-5 dagar
övriga: 1-2 veckor
krea-stegring > 30%
åtgärd
CAVE hyperkalemi
krea-stegring ≤ 30%
följ upp kalium och krea
Stationär eller sjunker
Titrera upp till mål
med fortsatta kontroller
(Sänk/sätt ut diuretika)
Sänk/sätt ut ACE-I/ARB
Kontrollera igen
Misstänk sekundär hypertoni
Konsultera njurmedicin
Insättning av ACE-I/ARB
Hyperkalemi
• Upp till 5,5: Acceptabelt
• 5,5-6,0: Sänk dosen
• > 6: Sätt ut
• >7 ± EKG-förändringar: AKUT
34. Amlodipin
●
Jämn sänkning av BT (halveringstid 33-50 h)
●
Etablerad säkerhet vid allvarlig hjärtsvikt
●
Påverkar inte hjärtrytmen
●
Förstahandsval vid samtidigt Raynauds
●
3:e-handsval vid stabil angina (efter BB, nitrater)
●
Sänker urat, bra val vid gikt
●
Ger benödem (f a som monoterapi), ansiktsfush
42. Doxazosin
●
↑HDL, LDL, men...↓
●
ALLHATs misslyckade arm
●
Ortostatism, förstadoshypotoni
– börja alltid med lägsta dos, 4 mg (depottabl.)
●
Kan dock vara förstahandsval vid samtidig BPH
43. Spironolakton
●
Efektiv BT-sänkare
vid resistent hypertoni
●
Skyddar målorganen
– Hjärtsvikt
– Proteinuri
●
Hormonella biverkningar
●
CAVE hyperkalemi!
●
Ej vid GFR < 30
(*) Källa: Resistant hypertension and aldosterone: an update, Clark D. et al., Can J Cardiol, 2012 May; 28(3):318-25.
44. ⊕ uppregleras av aldosteron
⊖ nedregleras (dvs färre kanaler bildas) av spironolakton
⊖ blockeras direkt av amilorid
⊕ kärl- och målorganskada,
remodeling, infammation↑
av aldosteron
⊖ hämmas av spironolakton
45. Hur ”resistent” är resistent HT?
(*) Källa: Age-specifc relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies,
Lewington et al, Lancet. 2002 Dec 14;360(9349):1903-13.
↓10/5 mmHg ger
●
↓40% risk att dö i stroke
●
↓30% risk för CHD/kardiovaskulär död
46. Utsättning
●
Tiazider
– Lågdosbehandling vid okomplicerad hypertoni kan sättas ut direkt.
– Högre doser som används vid ödem/hjärtsvikt trappas ut långsamt,
minska dosen med 50% varje vecka, följ upp!
●
ACE-I och ARB:
– Kan sättas ut direkt vid okomplicerad hypertoni.
– Vid hjärtsvikt, minska dosen med 50% varje vecka, följ upp!
●
Spironolakton:
– Halvera dosen var 4:e vecka.
– Försiktighet vid hjärtsjukdom!
●
Beta-blockare, kalciumantagonister:
– Minska dosen med 25-50% varje vecka.
– Försiktighet vid hjärtsjukdom!
●
Moxonidin (centralverkande):
– Kan trappas ut långsamt över några dagar.
– Större risk för rebound hypertoni vid samtidig behandling med BB.
(*) Källor: 1. Lundgren, Claes. FAS UT: Att utvärdera, ifrågasätta och skonsamt avsluta läkemedelsbehandling. 3:e uppl., In Question AB; 2010. 2. FASS.
47. Kvinnor och hypertoni
●
Rökning ökar bland
unga kvinnor i Sverige
●
Graviditet:
”Kardiometabolt stresstest”
●
Kombinerade p-piller
kan öka blodtrycket
●
Kvinnor i fertil ålder:
Undvik RAAS-blockad?
●
Hypertoni hos gravida:
Specialistangelägenhet
48. Amning och hypertoni
●
Diuretika kan hämma amning
●
Bra val:
– enalapril
– metoprolol
– labetalol (Trandate®)
– nifedipin (Adalat® OROS)
●
Stor försiktighet
om barnet är prematurt
49. Tillägg till behandlingen
●
Rökstopp!
●
Statinbehandling
– LDL < 3,0 vid måttlig CV-risk
– LDL < 2,5 vid hög risk/diabetes
– LDL < 1,8 vid kranskärlssjukdom
●
Lågdos ASA
– NEJ vid okomplicerad hypertoni
– JA vid etablerad CV-sjukdom
– Kan övervägas
vid njursjukdom eller hög CV-risk
Den kardiovaskulära risken kan beräknas med
SCORE för icke-diabetiker och NDR:s riskmotor för diabetiker
(*) Källa: 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension