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 Use hyphen to divide a word or to form a
compound.
Raimes, A., & Miller-Cochran, S. K. (2014). Keys for writers. Boston: Wadsworth Pub Co.

 Many word with prefixes are spelled
without hyphens: cooperate, nonrestrictive,
unnatural.
 Others are hyphenated: all-inclusive, anti-
intellectual, self-effecting.
 Always, use a hyphen when the main word
is a number or a proper noun: all-
American, post-2010.
 If you are unsure about whether to insert
hyphen after a prefix, check a big
dictionary to see if it lists the word as
hyphenated.

 Some compound nouns are written as
one word (toothbrush),
 others as two words (coffee shop),
 and still others with one or more
hyphen(role-playing, father-in-law).
 Always check an up-to-data dictionary.
Similarly, check a dictionary for
compound verbs(Cross-examine,
overemphasize).

 Preceding a noun: a well-organized
party, a law-abiding citizen, a ten-page
essay.
 When the modifier follows the noun, no
hyphen is necessary:
 The party was well organized.
 Most citizens try to be law abiding.
 The essay was ten pages long.

 Do not insert a hyphen between an- ly
adverb and the word it modifies or often
an adjectives in its comparative(-er) or
superlative (-est) form:
 a tightly fitting suit, an expertly written
essay, a sweeter sounding melody.
 Treat a series of hyphenated prefixes
like this:
 A verdict of either first- or second-
degree murder was expected.

 Use hyphens when spelling out two-
word numbers from twenty-one to ninty-
nine.
 Twenty-two applicanta arrived early
in the morning.
 Also use a hyphen in spelled-out
fractions: two-thirds of a cup.

 Most words processor either
automatically hyphenate words
automatically wrap words around to the
next line.
 Choose the later option to avoid the
strange and unacceptable word division
that something appears with automatic
hyphenation.
 Do not insert a hyphen into a URL to
spilt it across lines.

 A Dash (-) alerts readers to an
explanation, to something unexpected,
or to an interruption. Form a dash by
typing two hyphens with no extra space
before, between, or after them. Some
word processing software will transform
the two hyphens in to one continuous
dash.

 Dashes should enclose a phrase, not a
clause.
 She bragged that her dog—a
Pomeranian –had a complete wardrobe
of sweaters.
 The accused gasped, “But I never–” and
fainted.
 In America there are two classes of
travel—first class and with children.

 Commas can be used to set of an
appositive phrase, but a pair of dashes
is preferable when appositive phrase
form a list already containing commas.
 The content of his closet—torn jeans,
frayed jackets, and suits shiny on the
seat and elbows—made him reassess
his priorities.
 Overusing the dash may produce a
staccato effect. Use it sparingly.

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Hyphens &dashes(1)

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