Проект комплекса по производству жидкого топлива и электричества методом глуб...Ivan BozhkoПроект строительства комплекса по производству синтетического топлива и электроэнергии на основе глубокой переработки бурых углей
The Present Perfect TenseYevgeniya GrigoryevaThis document provides information about the present perfect tense in English. It begins by listing the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms of the present perfect for different subjects. It then discusses some key uses of the present perfect tense, including to denote an action that occurred at an unspecified time in the past but is still relevant to the present, and to refer to periods of time that are not finished like "today" or "this year." It provides examples of adverbs and expressions that are frequently used with the present perfect tense, such as "yet," "already," and "this year." The document concludes by discussing the specific uses of some adverbs like "still," "already," and "yet" in affirmative, negative,
-Ing formsYevgeniya GrigoryevaThis document discusses gerunds in English grammar. It defines a gerund as the -ing form of a verb that can function as a noun, subject, or object. Examples are given like "smoking is prohibited" and "my son loves playing video games." Some common verbs that can be followed by gerunds are listed, such as enjoy, hate, like, love, miss. The document also discusses how some verbs are followed by a preposition and gerund, such as "complain about" or "insist on." Finally, it briefly introduces the passive gerund formed with "being" and examples of its use.
Sonnet 18 school contest (2014)Yevgeniya GrigoryevaThis document provides context and analysis of Shakespeare's famous Sonnet 18. It begins with the full text of the sonnet, which compares the subject's beauty to a summer's day. The document then explains that a sonnet has 14 lines that typically presents a problem resolved at the end. For Sonnet 18, the theme is that the subject's beauty will not fade with time and will live on eternally through the poem. Evidence for this is found in lines that say her beauty and summer will not fade and the poem will give her life as long as it is read.
How to stay healthyYevgeniya GrigoryevaMaintaining a healthy lifestyle is important for long-term well-being. Some key things one can do to stay healthy include having an active lifestyle through daily exercise like walking, swimming, or yoga; eating a nutritious diet focused on fruits and vegetables while limiting fast food and excess eating; avoiding unhealthy habits like smoking, drinking alcohol, or overeating; keeping a regular sleep schedule of 7-9 hours per night; and visiting the doctor regularly to monitor one's health. Overall happiness is also important for overall wellness.
RainforestsYevgeniya GrigoryevaRainforests are dense, warm, wet forests that are home to millions of plant and animal species. They generate much of the Earth's oxygen and contain many important resources for medicine. Rainforests are located near the equator in South America, Central America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia. They have high rainfall and temperatures that do not freeze or become too hot. Rainforests are important ecosystems but are increasingly endangered due to deforestation.
20 th century fashionYevgeniya GrigoryevaIn the 1950s, men's fashion included bright colored tight trousers and long jackets, while women wore blouses, wide skirts, and short socks. The 1960s saw the rise of the mini skirt and long boots for women, and the Beatles popularized long hair for men. The late 1960s and early 1970s were dominated by loose, colorful hippie styles including maxi dresses and skirts for women and long hair for both sexes. Punk fashion emerged in the late 1970s with colorful hairstyles and makeup. By the late 1980s, casual, loose clothing like baggy pants and sweatshirts along with baseball caps and tracksuits became trendy.
20th century fashionYevgeniya GrigoryevaThe document discusses fashion trends throughout the 20th century. Before WWI, men wore dark suits with short hair and moustaches, while women wore long dresses with narrow waists and long hair. In the 1920s, dresses and hair became shorter as hemlines rose and styles became more liberated. The 1930s-40s saw longer hems and hair again, as well as moustaches falling out of fashion. The 1950s brought brighter colors, tighter fits, and pointed shoes for both sexes. The 1960s are known for the miniskirt and long boots as well as men growing their hair long. The late 1960s-early 70s featured loose, colorful hippie styles.
AdvertismentYevgeniya GrigoryevaAdvertising has evolved significantly from its early beginnings. It started as oral announcements promoting goods and services, and developed into painted signs and notices. Over time, advertising expanded its reach through various media like newspapers, radio, television and the internet. Modern advertising is a major worldwide industry that aims to influence consumer purchases. It works by notifying people of new products and services, and creating associations to satisfy human needs and desires.
AdvertisingYevgeniya GrigoryevaAdvertising has existed for thousands of years, starting with wall paintings in ancient Egypt and Rome used to promote goods and political ideas. In the 18th century, printed advertisements began appearing in newspapers to promote books and medicines. The development of radio in the 1920s led to the first radio advertisements, with early radio stations providing programming in exchange for brief promotions of sponsors. This model was later adopted for the new medium of television in the 1950s, establishing the ongoing practice of multiple short advertisements spaced throughout commercial programming.
Digital technologyYevgeniya GrigoryevaDigital technology uses electronics, devices, and equipment that operate using binary logic and discrete signals. Examples include computers, digital cameras, MP3 players, mobile phones, and other devices that store and process digital information. A computer takes in information as input, processes it, and produces new output. Digital cameras store photos digitally on memory cards instead of film. MP3 players allow users to listen to music files in a portable format. Mobile phones allow wireless communication over long distances by connecting to nearby cell towers and handing off calls between cells as the user moves around. Many modern mobile phones are smartphones that provide additional functions beyond calls like email, apps, internet access, and cameras.
AdvertisingYevgeniya GrigoryevaAdvertising is a way for companies to encourage people to buy goods, services, or ideas through various media sponsored by an identified company. Advertisers use many techniques to get people's attention, such as shocking images, and then try to appeal to consumers' emotions or sense of humor to promote their brand. The history of advertising dates back thousands of years to ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where messages were painted on walls and posters to promote commercial products. One of the first well-known modern advertisers was Thomas J. Barratt, who created effective advertising campaigns for Pears Soap in the 19th century that involved slogans, images, and targeted messaging.
Oasis of the seasYevgeniya GrigoryevaOasis of the Seas is the world's largest passenger ship with 16 decks containing various zones and activities for passengers. Some areas include the Royal Promenade shopping and dining zone, Central Park living park without a roof, and zones for pools, sports, fitness classes, and entertainment. Passengers have many options to shop, eat, relax, exercise, and be entertained during their voyage.
Sevenwondersoftheancientworld 121226000345-phpapp02Yevgeniya GrigoryevaThe document summarizes several of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It describes the Great Pyramid of Giza as the oldest and only remaining wonder, originally built as a tomb for King Khufu. It discusses the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, constructed by King Nebuchadnezzar II to please his wife, but later destroyed by floods. It also mentions the Temple of Artemis, rebuilt multiple times after being damaged by floods and attacks, and the Statue of Zeus at Olympia designed by Phidias and decorated with gold and ivory but later destroyed.
ChristmasYevgeniya GrigoryevaChristmas is celebrated on December 25th in Great Britain. Prior to Christmas, people send greeting cards to friends and family. Christmas trees are decorated with lights, toys and colored balls. Children put stockings by their beds hoping Father Christmas will fill them with presents overnight. On Christmas day, families gather for a meal that traditionally includes turkey, potatoes, vegetables and Christmas pudding cake.
EcologyYevgeniya GrigoryevaThis document contains summaries of several articles about threats facing different animal species and environmental pollution issues:
- Sumatran rhinoceros populations have been reduced to only 6 groups due to illegal poaching for their horns in traditional Chinese medicine.
- The American manatee's habitat has been reduced by human development in coastal areas, and many are killed by motorboat propellers or ingesting fishing gear.
- Elephant seals were hunted for food by sailors, with over 10,000 taken from the Galapagos islands in just 36 years, driving the species near extinction.
Important events in journalismYevgeniya GrigoryevaJournalism has evolved over centuries from word of mouth to early written reports in ancient empires like Rome and Egypt. In 1456, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, enabling wider distribution of publications. The first regular newspaper, the Oxford Gazette, began in 1665 in England. In the US, the first printer was Stephen Day in 1638 and the first newspaper was Benjamin Harris's Publick Occurrences in 1690, though it was shut down after one issue. The development of newspapers continued through the 1700s and 1800s with important publications like the New York Herald establishing the modern newspaper model in 1835. Radio broadcasting began in the early 1900s and further expanded journalism. The internet brought another change with the first
The Present Perfect TenseYevgeniya GrigoryevaThis document provides information about the present perfect tense in English. It begins by listing the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms of the present perfect for different subjects. It then discusses some key uses of the present perfect tense, including to denote an action that occurred at an unspecified time in the past but is still relevant to the present, and to refer to periods of time that are not finished like "today" or "this year." It provides examples of adverbs and expressions that are frequently used with the present perfect tense, such as "yet," "already," and "this year." The document concludes by discussing the specific uses of some adverbs like "still," "already," and "yet" in affirmative, negative,
-Ing formsYevgeniya GrigoryevaThis document discusses gerunds in English grammar. It defines a gerund as the -ing form of a verb that can function as a noun, subject, or object. Examples are given like "smoking is prohibited" and "my son loves playing video games." Some common verbs that can be followed by gerunds are listed, such as enjoy, hate, like, love, miss. The document also discusses how some verbs are followed by a preposition and gerund, such as "complain about" or "insist on." Finally, it briefly introduces the passive gerund formed with "being" and examples of its use.
Sonnet 18 school contest (2014)Yevgeniya GrigoryevaThis document provides context and analysis of Shakespeare's famous Sonnet 18. It begins with the full text of the sonnet, which compares the subject's beauty to a summer's day. The document then explains that a sonnet has 14 lines that typically presents a problem resolved at the end. For Sonnet 18, the theme is that the subject's beauty will not fade with time and will live on eternally through the poem. Evidence for this is found in lines that say her beauty and summer will not fade and the poem will give her life as long as it is read.
How to stay healthyYevgeniya GrigoryevaMaintaining a healthy lifestyle is important for long-term well-being. Some key things one can do to stay healthy include having an active lifestyle through daily exercise like walking, swimming, or yoga; eating a nutritious diet focused on fruits and vegetables while limiting fast food and excess eating; avoiding unhealthy habits like smoking, drinking alcohol, or overeating; keeping a regular sleep schedule of 7-9 hours per night; and visiting the doctor regularly to monitor one's health. Overall happiness is also important for overall wellness.
RainforestsYevgeniya GrigoryevaRainforests are dense, warm, wet forests that are home to millions of plant and animal species. They generate much of the Earth's oxygen and contain many important resources for medicine. Rainforests are located near the equator in South America, Central America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia. They have high rainfall and temperatures that do not freeze or become too hot. Rainforests are important ecosystems but are increasingly endangered due to deforestation.
20 th century fashionYevgeniya GrigoryevaIn the 1950s, men's fashion included bright colored tight trousers and long jackets, while women wore blouses, wide skirts, and short socks. The 1960s saw the rise of the mini skirt and long boots for women, and the Beatles popularized long hair for men. The late 1960s and early 1970s were dominated by loose, colorful hippie styles including maxi dresses and skirts for women and long hair for both sexes. Punk fashion emerged in the late 1970s with colorful hairstyles and makeup. By the late 1980s, casual, loose clothing like baggy pants and sweatshirts along with baseball caps and tracksuits became trendy.
20th century fashionYevgeniya GrigoryevaThe document discusses fashion trends throughout the 20th century. Before WWI, men wore dark suits with short hair and moustaches, while women wore long dresses with narrow waists and long hair. In the 1920s, dresses and hair became shorter as hemlines rose and styles became more liberated. The 1930s-40s saw longer hems and hair again, as well as moustaches falling out of fashion. The 1950s brought brighter colors, tighter fits, and pointed shoes for both sexes. The 1960s are known for the miniskirt and long boots as well as men growing their hair long. The late 1960s-early 70s featured loose, colorful hippie styles.
AdvertismentYevgeniya GrigoryevaAdvertising has evolved significantly from its early beginnings. It started as oral announcements promoting goods and services, and developed into painted signs and notices. Over time, advertising expanded its reach through various media like newspapers, radio, television and the internet. Modern advertising is a major worldwide industry that aims to influence consumer purchases. It works by notifying people of new products and services, and creating associations to satisfy human needs and desires.
AdvertisingYevgeniya GrigoryevaAdvertising has existed for thousands of years, starting with wall paintings in ancient Egypt and Rome used to promote goods and political ideas. In the 18th century, printed advertisements began appearing in newspapers to promote books and medicines. The development of radio in the 1920s led to the first radio advertisements, with early radio stations providing programming in exchange for brief promotions of sponsors. This model was later adopted for the new medium of television in the 1950s, establishing the ongoing practice of multiple short advertisements spaced throughout commercial programming.
Digital technologyYevgeniya GrigoryevaDigital technology uses electronics, devices, and equipment that operate using binary logic and discrete signals. Examples include computers, digital cameras, MP3 players, mobile phones, and other devices that store and process digital information. A computer takes in information as input, processes it, and produces new output. Digital cameras store photos digitally on memory cards instead of film. MP3 players allow users to listen to music files in a portable format. Mobile phones allow wireless communication over long distances by connecting to nearby cell towers and handing off calls between cells as the user moves around. Many modern mobile phones are smartphones that provide additional functions beyond calls like email, apps, internet access, and cameras.
AdvertisingYevgeniya GrigoryevaAdvertising is a way for companies to encourage people to buy goods, services, or ideas through various media sponsored by an identified company. Advertisers use many techniques to get people's attention, such as shocking images, and then try to appeal to consumers' emotions or sense of humor to promote their brand. The history of advertising dates back thousands of years to ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where messages were painted on walls and posters to promote commercial products. One of the first well-known modern advertisers was Thomas J. Barratt, who created effective advertising campaigns for Pears Soap in the 19th century that involved slogans, images, and targeted messaging.
Oasis of the seasYevgeniya GrigoryevaOasis of the Seas is the world's largest passenger ship with 16 decks containing various zones and activities for passengers. Some areas include the Royal Promenade shopping and dining zone, Central Park living park without a roof, and zones for pools, sports, fitness classes, and entertainment. Passengers have many options to shop, eat, relax, exercise, and be entertained during their voyage.
Sevenwondersoftheancientworld 121226000345-phpapp02Yevgeniya GrigoryevaThe document summarizes several of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It describes the Great Pyramid of Giza as the oldest and only remaining wonder, originally built as a tomb for King Khufu. It discusses the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, constructed by King Nebuchadnezzar II to please his wife, but later destroyed by floods. It also mentions the Temple of Artemis, rebuilt multiple times after being damaged by floods and attacks, and the Statue of Zeus at Olympia designed by Phidias and decorated with gold and ivory but later destroyed.
ChristmasYevgeniya GrigoryevaChristmas is celebrated on December 25th in Great Britain. Prior to Christmas, people send greeting cards to friends and family. Christmas trees are decorated with lights, toys and colored balls. Children put stockings by their beds hoping Father Christmas will fill them with presents overnight. On Christmas day, families gather for a meal that traditionally includes turkey, potatoes, vegetables and Christmas pudding cake.
EcologyYevgeniya GrigoryevaThis document contains summaries of several articles about threats facing different animal species and environmental pollution issues:
- Sumatran rhinoceros populations have been reduced to only 6 groups due to illegal poaching for their horns in traditional Chinese medicine.
- The American manatee's habitat has been reduced by human development in coastal areas, and many are killed by motorboat propellers or ingesting fishing gear.
- Elephant seals were hunted for food by sailors, with over 10,000 taken from the Galapagos islands in just 36 years, driving the species near extinction.
Important events in journalismYevgeniya GrigoryevaJournalism has evolved over centuries from word of mouth to early written reports in ancient empires like Rome and Egypt. In 1456, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, enabling wider distribution of publications. The first regular newspaper, the Oxford Gazette, began in 1665 in England. In the US, the first printer was Stephen Day in 1638 and the first newspaper was Benjamin Harris's Publick Occurrences in 1690, though it was shut down after one issue. The development of newspapers continued through the 1700s and 1800s with important publications like the New York Herald establishing the modern newspaper model in 1835. Radio broadcasting began in the early 1900s and further expanded journalism. The internet brought another change with the first
3. В мировой
промышленности занято
350 млн. человек.
За последнее столетие
промышленное
производство возросло
более чем в 50 раз,
причем ¾ этого
прироста приходится на
вторую половину ХХ
века.
4. Научный
Машиностроительный
Топливно-энергетический
• топливная промышленность и электроэнергетика
Военно-промышленный
Горнодобывающая промышленность
Комплекс конструкционных материалов и химических веществ
• черная и цветная металлургия, химическая и лесная промышленность
Агропромышленный
• сельское хозяйство, пищевая и легкая промышленность
Инфраструктурный
• транспорт и связь, рекреационное хозяйство
6. По видам По степени внедрения
продукции достижений НТР
Добывающая Обрабатывающая Традиционные Наукоемкие
↓ (1/10) ↑ (9/10) ↓ ↑
По времени возникновения
Старые ↓ Новые ↑ Новейшие ↑ ↑ Лидеры НТП
Текстильная, Автомобильная, Электроника, США, Япония,
угольная, авиационная, биотехнология, Германия,
металлургическая алюминиевая аэрокосмическая Франция,
судостроение, Швейцария,
машиностроение Великобритания,
Италия
8. Усложнение
Возникновение специализации старых
районов нового промышленных
освоения районов: базовые
отрасли + отрасли НТР
Возникновение
Возникновение
новых районов
городов науки и
обрабатывающей
технополисов
промышленности
9. Природно- Территориальная и Экологический,
ресурсный, производственная инфраструктура,
транспортны концентрация трудовых наличие научной
й ресурсов и сложившейся базы
инфраструктуры
Примеры
Север и Запад Рур, Центральная Англия, Юг Германии
Канады, Эльзас и Лотарингия, (Бавария), Техас,
Аляска, Север Франции Калифорния
Северное море, (США), Гренобль
Запад (Франция), Кюсю
Австралии (Япония)
12. При современном уровне техники
мы в состоянии извлечь из недр
Земли лишь 30% имеющихся
энергетических ресурсов;
Из запасов уранового сырья
сравнительно небольшая их часть
имеет такую концентрацию,
которая делает рентабельным его
извлечение.
Во многих старых индустриальных
районах ухудшаются горно-
геологические условия
эксплуатации месторождений
(отдельные шахты до 3000 – 35000
м глубин; нефть добывается с
глубины от 2 до 5 км).
14. Страна Добыча,
млн. тонн
Китай 1170
США 970
Индия 330
Австралия 305
Россия 270
ЮАР 220
Германия 200
Польша 160
КНДР 90
Украина 80
15. ОПЕК – организация стран-экспортеров нефти
(2007г.): Алжир, Ангола, Венесуэла, Индонезия, Иран, Страна Добыча,
Ирак, Катар, Кувейт, Ливия, Нигерия, ОАЭ, Саудовская
Аравия млн. т.
Саудовская Аравия 440
США 355
Россия 350
Иран 180
Мексика 170
Венесуэла 165
Китай 160
Норвегия 160
Ирак 130
Великобритания 125
Канада 125
16. Страна Добыча,
млрд. м³
Россия 585
США 540
Канада 170
Великобритания 110
Алжир 85
Индонезия 65
Нидерланды 60
Иран 60
Норвегия 55
Узбекистан 55
Сауд. Аравия 55
17. 1990 г. 2000 г.
• 11,6 трлн. кВт•ч • 16,4 трлн. кВт•ч
18. Тип эл. станции Источник энергии Районы размещения Экологические последствия
Гидравлические Энергия воды Реки с большим падением и Затопление больших участков
расходом воды плодородных земель, подъем
грунтовых вод, изменение
микроклимата, изменение
режима реки, заиление
водоемов
Тепловые Энергия сгорания Приурочены к топливным Загрязнение атмосферного
топлива (мазут, газ, бассейнам с дальнейшей воздуха, тепловое загрязнение
уголь, горючие сланцы, передачей электроэнергии на
торф) расстояния или в районах
сосредоточения потребителя
Атомные Ядерное топливо В энергодефицитных районах Опасность радиационного
(урановые руды) загрязнения в случае аварии.
Необходимость утилизации
радиоактивных отходов
Приливные Энергия приливов В узких морских заливах с Незначительны
высокими приливами
Ветровые Энергия ветра В районах с ветровой Незначительны
активность.
Солнечные Энергия Солнца На открытых пространствах с Незначительны
ясной солнечной погодой
Геотермальные Энергия недр Земли В районах значительных запасов Незначительны
горячих (термальных) вод
19. Страна Выработка, На душу
млрд. кВт•ч нас.
США 3980 14400
Китай 1325 1050
Япония 1080 8500
Россия 875 6050
Канада 585 18900
Германия 565 6860
Индия 550 560
Франция 540 9150
Великобритания 370 6250
Бразилия 340 2000
20. Горнодобывающая
промышленность обеспечивает
добычу минерального топлива, руд
черных, цветных, редких и
благородных металлов, а так же
неметаллического сырья.
Хотя доля горнодобывающей
промышленности в мировом
промышленном производстве
постепенно снижается, она
продолжает оказывать очень
большое воздействие на
международное географическое
разделение труда и мировое
хозяйство.
22. На долю этих стран приходится более 2/3
всей добычи сырья и топлива:
США, КАНАДА, АВСТРАЛИЯ, ЮАР, КИТАЙ,
РОССИЯ, БРАЗИЛИЯ И ИНДИЯ.
23. Значение отрасли:
обеспечивает
человечество
конструкционными
материалами –
черными и цветными
металлами.
Несмотря на
усиливающуюся
конкуренцию
пластмасс, сталь
остается пока
основным конструк-
ционным материалом.
24. Мировое производство СТАЛИ составляет около 750 млн.т
ежегодно. При этом на экономически развитые страны приходится
около 80% её производства, на развивающиеся – 20%. Однако
черная металлургия в развивающихся странах быстро набирает
темпы.
26. Добыча бокситов Выплавка алюминия
страны Доля в страны Доля в
% %
1. Австралия 42 1. США 15,9
2. Гвинея 14 2. Россия 13,3
3. Ямайка 10 3. Китай 11
4. Бразилия 10 4. Канада 10,1
5. Россия 10 5. Австралия 7,3
6. Китай 6 6. Бразилия 5,3
Цветная металлургия производит около 40 млн.т различных металлов в год.
Это прежде всего АЛЮМИНИЙ (около 20 млн.т/г), находящий самое широкое
применение в современной жизни.
Алюминиевая промышленность представлена двумя территориально
разорванными производственными звеньями. Первое из них – получение
глинозема (окисла алюминия), география которого тяготеет к странам,
добывающим бокситы (алюминиевые руды). Второе, более энергоемкое –
производство алюминия, география которого тяготеет к источникам дешевой
электроэнергии).
29. Машиностроение – наиболее
динамичная отрасль
промышленности, которая
отражает уровень развития стран
(в структуре промышленности
развитых стран доля
машиностроения – 34 %).
Для нее особенно характерно
углубление специализации
производства и расширение ее
масштабов.
Как отрасль возникла 200 лет
назад во время промышленной
революции в Англии.
В наши дни по числу занятых (80
млн. человек), и по числу
стоимости продукции оно занимает
первое место среди отраслей
мировой промышленности.
30. Высокий Средний Слабый Отсутствует
Зарубежная Австралия, Китай, Индонезия, Монголия, Саудовская
Европа, Индия, НИС Азии, Турция, Аравия, страны
США, Казахстан, Иран, Афганистан, Тропической
Канада, Португалии, Пакистан, Африки
Япония, Норвегия, ДР Конго, Центральной
Россия Финляндия, Алжир, Америки
ЮАР, Бразилия, Марокко,
Аргентина, Египет,
Мексика Венесуэла,
Колумбия,
Перу, Чили
31. Северная Америка, где производятся практически все виды
машиностроительной продукции, от самой высокой до средней и
низкой степени сложности.
Зарубежная Европа, которая производит главным образом массовую
машиностроительную продукцию, но сохраняет и свои позиции в
некоторых новейших отраслях.
Восточная и Юго-Восточная Азия, в котором лидирует Япония, так же
сочетающая продукцию массового машиностроения с изделиями
самой высокой технологии; в него входят и «азиатские тигры»,
специализирующиеся, прежде всего, на выпуске бытовой
электроники; и Китай.
СНГ, для большинства стран которого машиностроение – одна из
главных отраслей международной специализации.
33. Добыча химического сырья
Основная химия: производство кислот,
щелочей
Химия органического синтеза: химические
волокна, красители, каучук, пластмассы
Бытовая химия
Производство удобрений
35. Самый крупный регион Зарубежная Европа, выпускающая около 2/5 всей продукции этой
отрасли. До первой мировой войны главной химической державой мира была Германия.
Зарубежной Европе немного уступает Северная Америка, ведущая роль в которой принадлежит
США. Именно здесь в 40-х годах ХХ века возникли первые предприятия нефтехимии.
положившие начало новому этапу в развитии мировой химической промышленности.
Третий регион – Восточная и Юго-Восточная Азия, ядром которого служит Япония, где мощная
нефтехимия возникла в морских портах на базе привозной нефти. Другими центрами этого
региона являются Китай, где преобладает производство продукции основной химии; НИС Азии,
специализирующиеся на производстве синтетических продуктов и полупродуктов.
Четвертый регион – страны СНГ, располагающие разнообразной химической промышленностью,
в размещении которой хорошо прослеживается влияние как сырьевого, так и энергетического и
потребительского факторов.
37. Вывозка млн. м³ Производство млн. м³
древесины пиломатериалов
США 510 США 100
Россия 300 Россия 75
Индия 280 Канада 60
Бразилия 260 Япония 30
Канада 190 Бразилия 18
Индонезия 180 Индия 18
Нигерия 115 Германия 12
Украина 100 Франция 11
Китай 55 Швеция 11
Швеция 55 Финляндия 7
Весь мир 3350 Весь мир 500
38. Производство млн. тонн Производство млн. тонн
целлюлозы бумаги
США 57 США 35
Канада 23 Япония 17
Япония 11 Канада 14
Швеция 10 Китай 13
Финляндия 9 Германия 11
Китай 9 Финляндия 7
Россия 8 Франция 7
Бразилия 5 Швеция 6
Франция 2 Россия 5
Германия 2 Италия 5
Весь мир 160 Весь мир 180
41. Экспортеры Импортеры
Канада, США, Россия, Скандинавские Страны
страны + лиственная древесина Зарубежной
Малайзии, Индонезии, Филиппин, Европы, Япония,
Папуа-Новой Гвинеи, Кот-д′Ивуара, отчасти и США
Габона, Камеруна
45. Виды 1950 год 1960 год 1970 год 1980 год 1990 год
волокна
млн. т % млн. т % млн. т % млн. т % млн. т %
Хлопковое 6,6 70,2 10,1 67,3 11,7 54,7 14,1 48,0 18,5 48,7
Шерстяное 1,1 11,8 1,5 10,0 1,6 7,5 1,7 5,8 1,9 5,0
и шелковое
Вискозное 1,6 17,2 2,7 18,0 3,4 15,9 3,2 10,9 2,8 7,4
Синтети- 0,07 0,8 0,7 4,7 4,7 21,8 10,5 35,3 14,8 39,0
ческое
Всего 9,3 100 15,0 100 21,4 100 29,4 100 38,0 100
Вывод: Наблюдается уменьшения доли натуральных и
увеличение доли химических волокон.
48. Обезлесение
Нефтяное загрязнение
Мирового океана
Выпадение кислотных
осадков
Промышленно-городское
загрязнение атмосферы
Захоронение радиоактивных
отходов в Мировом океане
Проведение испытаний
ядерного оружия
Техногенные катастрофы
Загрязнение рек
49. Европейская Юго-
Зарубежная
США часть Восточная
Европа
России Азия