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Keiwoma Mark Yila
Keiwoma Mark Yila

1) Cassava-groundnut intercropping led to higher yields of groundnut compared to sole cropping, while cassava yields were unaffected. 2) Intercropping had higher land productivity, as measured by land equivalent ratios above 1, and was more profitable than sole cropping systems. 3) Soil organic carbon stocks increased under intercropping compared to decreases under sole cropping, indicating intercropping is a sustainable land management practice that improves soil health and crop yields.

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Cassava Groundnut Intercropping: A Sustainable Land Management Practice for Increasing Crop Productivity and Soil Organic Carbon Stock on Smallholder Farms Project: Sustainable Land Management for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation (SLM-4-CCAM) in Moyamba District, Sierra Leone PRESENTED BY Keiwoma Mark Yila, Principal Investigator, SLM-4-CCAM Project, Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute (SLARI), Email: km_yila@yahoo.co.uk Tel: +23276505147 Keiwoma M. Yila1, Mohamed S. Lebbie2, Abdul R. Conteh1, Mohamed S. Kamara1, Lamin I. Kamara3, Mathew L. S. Gboku1 1 Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute, Tower Hill, PMB 1313, Freetown, Sierra Leone 2 Action Against Hunger, Sierra Leone Mission, 10 Sall Drive, Cockle Bay, Freetown, Sierra Leone 3 Ernest Bai Koroma University of Science and Technology, Makeni Campus, Makeni-Magburaka Highway, Makeni, Sierra Leone
BACKGROUND Climate change is among the major challenges that need urgent attention in the 21st century. Evidence of climate change in Sierra Leone Cassava-groundnut intercropping is a potential SLM practice Not practice is common on smallholder farms in Sierra Leone Agriculture is a major contributor to climate change SLM strategies and practices can decrease GHG emissions, and can enable farmers and communities to become more resilient to climate change. No substantial evidence of the efficacy of the cassava-groundnut intercropping system as an SLM practice for increasing crop productivity and soil organic carbon stock in smallholder farms in Sierra Leone.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES This study, therefore, aims to evaluate the efficacy of the cassava-groundnut intercropping system as an innovative approach for increasing crop productivity and soil organic carbon stock on smallholder farms The specific objectives were to: i. Determine the effect of intercropping on the yield and yield components of cassava and groundnut. ii. Determine the productivity of sole cassava, sole groundnut and cassava- groundnut intercropping systems. iii. Determine the changes in soil organic carbon stock in sole cassava, sole groundnut and cassava-groundnut intercropping systems.
METHODOLOGY Figure 1: Map of Sierra Leone showing study area Location of the studies Bai Largor Bassah Njala Kanima
METHODOLOGY Experimental design and treatments The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in three replications. The treatments were sole groundnut, sole cassava and cassava-groundnut intercropping. The cassava and groundnut varieties used for the trial were SLICASS 4 and Maraise respectively. The plot size for each treatment was 30 m x 10 m. Trial establishment and management The land was brushed and the plant debris cleared for the trial establishment The sole and intercropped groundnut were planted on flat land at a plant spacing of 0.3 m x 0.2 m The sole and intercropped cassava were planted at a plant spacing of 1 m x 0.75 m and 1.5 m x 0.5 m respectively The cassava and groundnut were planted simultaneously on the same land. Routine management practices were carried out throughout the trial period. The crop residue of the groundnut was returned to the intercropping plot after harvest.
METHODOLOGY Crop measurements GROUNDNUT At full maturity (3 months after planting), the groundnut was harvested from a sample plot (40 m2) in each replication to determine: Above-ground biomass (t ha-1) Number of pods per plant Fresh pod yield (t ha-1) Figure 2: Data collection on the yield and yield components of groundnut
METHODOLOGY Crop measurements CASSAVA At full maturity (12 months after planting), the cassava was harvested from a sample plot (40 m2) in each replication to determine: Above-ground biomass (t ha-1) Number of roots per plant Fresh root yield (t ha-1) Figure 3: Data collection on the yield and yield components of cassava
METHODOLOGY Productivity analysis Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) The Land equivalent ratio was calculated as follows: : 揃 LER = Yield of groundnut from intercrop + Yield of cassava from intercrop Yield of groundnut from sole crop Yield of cassava from sole crop Profitability Analysis: Gross profit and benefit Cost Ratio The enterprise budgeting technique was used to determine the profitability of the sole cassava, sole groundnut and cassava groundnut intercropping systems by computing the gross profit and benefit-cost ratio Gross profit (SLL ha-1) Benefit cost ratio Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity analysis was conduct on the BCR using six yield loss scenarios 20 % yield loss in: 1. Cassava 2. Groundnut 3. Both the cassava and groundnut 40 % yield loss in: 4. Cassava 5. Groundnut 6. Both the cassava and groundnut Total revenue Total cost of production Total revenue / Total cost of production
METHODOLOGY Measurement of soil organic carbon stock The change in soil organic carbon stock for the sole groundnut, sole cassava and cassava-groundnut intercropping system was monitored against a baseline (after land preparation) during the harvest of the groundnut and cassava. The soil samples were collected and analyzed using standard procedures of the IPCC 2006 guidelines to determine the carbon content and bulk density. The soil organic carbon stork was calculated as follows: SOC stock (kg ha-1) = Sampling depth (m) x bulk density (kg m-3) x Soil Organic Content x Correction factor for stoniness x 10,000 The net change in soil organic carbon was calculated as follows: Change in SOC (kg ha-1) = End line SOC (kg ha-1) Baseline SOC (kg ha-1)
METHODOLOGY Figure 4: Collection of soil samples STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the data collected on the yield and yield parameters of the groundnut and cassava to test for treatment effect using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Means were compared using the standard error of difference at 0.05 level of probability
RESULTS: YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS Groundnut Above-ground biomass (t ha-1) Intercropping groundnut with cassava had a significant influence (p < 0.05) on the above- ground biomass of groundnut in all the locations. Figure 5: Above ground biomass of groundnut as affected by intercropping at the trial sites. Error bars represent standard error of difference (SED) for comparisons between treatment means
RESULTS: YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS Groundnut Number of pods per plant Intercropping groundnut with cassava had a significant influence (p < 0.05) on the number of pods per groundnut plant in all the locations. Figure 5: Number of pods per plant of groundnut as affected by intercropping at the trial sites. Error bars represent standard error of difference (SED) for comparisons between treatment means
RESULTS: YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS Groundnut Fresh pod yield Intercropping groundnut with cassava had a significant influence (p < 0.05) on the fresh pod yield of groundnut in all the locations. Figure 5: Fresh pod of groundnut as affected by intercropping at the trial sites. Error bars represent standard error of difference (SED) for comparisons between treatment means
RESULTS: YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS Cassava Above-ground biomass (t ha-1) Intercropping cassava with groundnut had no significant influence (p > 0.05) on the above-ground biomass of cassava in all the locations. Figure 8: Above-ground biomass of cassava as affected by intercropping at the trial sites. Error bars represent standard error of difference (SED) for comparisons between treatment means
RESULTS: YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS Cassava Number of roots per plant Intercropping cassava with groundnut had no significant influence (p > 0.05) on the number of roots per cassava plant in all the locations. Figure 9: Number of fresh roots of cassava as affected by intercropping at the trial sites. Error bars represent standard error of difference (SED) for comparisons between treatment means
RESULTS: YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS Cassava Fresh root yield ((t ha-1) Intercropping cassava with groundnut had no significant influence (p > 0.05) on the fresh root yield of cassava in all the locations. Figure 9: Fresh root yield of cassava as affected by intercropping at the trial sites. Error bars represent standard error of difference (SED) for comparisons between treatment means
RESULTS: PRODUCTIVITY Land Equivalent Ratio The land equivalent ratio was favorable for the cassava-groundnut intercropping across all the locations Table 1: Land Equivalent ratios for cassava-groundnut intercropping across the locations Trial site Cropping system Yield of groundnut Yield of Cassava LER Bai Largor Sole groundnut 1,003 0 0.61 Sole cassava 0 20,000 0.80 Cassava-groundnut intercrop 609 16,000 1.41 Njala Kanima Sole groundnut 1,035 0 0.61 Sole cassava 0 19,444 0.86 Cassava-groundnut intercrop 632 16,778 1.47 Bassah Sole groundnut 1,028 0 0.77 Sole cassava 0 14,778 0.83 Cassava-groundnut intercrop 790 12,222 1.60
RESULTS: PRODUCTIVITY Profitability analysis Table 2: Profitability analysis of the cassava-groundnut based cropping systems Cropping system Items Trial Sites Bai Largor Bassah Njala Kanima Average -------------------- SLL ha-1 ----------------------- Sole cassava Total revenue 19,066,667 21,088,889 15,455,556 18,537,037 Total Cost of production 11,270,000 11,270,000 11,270,000 11,270,000 Gross profit 7,796,667 9,818,889 4,185,556 7,267,037 Benefit cost ratio 1.69 1.87 1.37 1.64 Sole groundnut Total revenue 9,648,000 9,816,000 9,936,000 9,800,000 Total Cost of production 11,730,000 11,730,000 11,730,000 11,730,000 Gross profit -2,082,000 -1,914,000 -1,794,000 -1,930,000 Benefit cost ratio 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.84 Cassava groundnut intercrop Total revenue 26,046,222 22,594,222 29,468,000 26,036,148 Total Cost of production 14,000,000 14,000,000 14,000,000 14,000,000 Gross profit 12,046,222 8,594,222 15,468,000 12,036,148 Benefit cost ratio 1.86 1.61 2.1 1.86 123 % 13 %
RESULTS: PRODUCTIVITY Sensitivity analysis Figure 10: Sensitivity analysis of the cassava groundnut based cropping system under different yield loss scenarios
RESULTS: CHANGES SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK . Table 3: Changes in soil organic carbon stock for the different treatments at harvest of the groundnut and cassava Location Treatments Base line Harvest of groundnut Harvest of cassava SOC stock SOC stock Net SOC % change SOC stock Net SOC % change Bai Largor SG 18,564 15,120 -3,444 -18.6 15,064 -3,500 -23.2 SC 18,564 13,563 -5,001 -26.9 12,880 -5,684 -44.1 CGI 18,564 16,647 -1,917 -10.3 19,364 800 4.1 Bassah SG 34,613 25,833 -8,779 -25.4 21,613 -13,000 -60.1 SC 34,613 22,400 -12,213 -35.3 28,812 -5,800 -20.1 CGI 34,613 23,147 -11,466 -33.1 35,510 898 2.5 Njala Kanima SG 28,100 23,147 -4,953 -17.6 22,500 -5,599 -24.9 SC 28,100 23,147 -4,953 -17.6 17,200 -10,900 -63.4 CGI 28,100 21,493 -6,606 -23.5 29,299 1,200 4.1 Average SG 27,092 21,367 -5,725 -21.1 19,726 -7,366 -37.3 SC 27,092 19,703 -7,389 -27.3 19,631 -7,461 -38 CGI 27,092 20,429 -6,663 -24.6 28,058 966 3.4
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In conclusion, the results confirm that cassava-groundnut intercropping is a sustainable land management practice that could increase crop productivity and soil organic carbon stock on smallholder farms. This practice should therefore be promoted to smallholder farmers to increase crop productivity and build their resilience for climate change adaptation and mitigation on smallholder farms
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was conducted by the Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute and Action Against Hunger. The study was fund by the European Union through Expertise France under the supervision of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
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#ICAFS 13178 fv.pptx

  • 1. Cassava Groundnut Intercropping: A Sustainable Land Management Practice for Increasing Crop Productivity and Soil Organic Carbon Stock on Smallholder Farms Project: Sustainable Land Management for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation (SLM-4-CCAM) in Moyamba District, Sierra Leone PRESENTED BY Keiwoma Mark Yila, Principal Investigator, SLM-4-CCAM Project, Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute (SLARI), Email: km_yila@yahoo.co.uk Tel: +23276505147 Keiwoma M. Yila1, Mohamed S. Lebbie2, Abdul R. Conteh1, Mohamed S. Kamara1, Lamin I. Kamara3, Mathew L. S. Gboku1 1 Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute, Tower Hill, PMB 1313, Freetown, Sierra Leone 2 Action Against Hunger, Sierra Leone Mission, 10 Sall Drive, Cockle Bay, Freetown, Sierra Leone 3 Ernest Bai Koroma University of Science and Technology, Makeni Campus, Makeni-Magburaka Highway, Makeni, Sierra Leone
  • 2. BACKGROUND Climate change is among the major challenges that need urgent attention in the 21st century. Evidence of climate change in Sierra Leone Cassava-groundnut intercropping is a potential SLM practice Not practice is common on smallholder farms in Sierra Leone Agriculture is a major contributor to climate change SLM strategies and practices can decrease GHG emissions, and can enable farmers and communities to become more resilient to climate change. No substantial evidence of the efficacy of the cassava-groundnut intercropping system as an SLM practice for increasing crop productivity and soil organic carbon stock in smallholder farms in Sierra Leone.
  • 3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES This study, therefore, aims to evaluate the efficacy of the cassava-groundnut intercropping system as an innovative approach for increasing crop productivity and soil organic carbon stock on smallholder farms The specific objectives were to: i. Determine the effect of intercropping on the yield and yield components of cassava and groundnut. ii. Determine the productivity of sole cassava, sole groundnut and cassava- groundnut intercropping systems. iii. Determine the changes in soil organic carbon stock in sole cassava, sole groundnut and cassava-groundnut intercropping systems.
  • 4. METHODOLOGY Figure 1: Map of Sierra Leone showing study area Location of the studies Bai Largor Bassah Njala Kanima
  • 5. METHODOLOGY Experimental design and treatments The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in three replications. The treatments were sole groundnut, sole cassava and cassava-groundnut intercropping. The cassava and groundnut varieties used for the trial were SLICASS 4 and Maraise respectively. The plot size for each treatment was 30 m x 10 m. Trial establishment and management The land was brushed and the plant debris cleared for the trial establishment The sole and intercropped groundnut were planted on flat land at a plant spacing of 0.3 m x 0.2 m The sole and intercropped cassava were planted at a plant spacing of 1 m x 0.75 m and 1.5 m x 0.5 m respectively The cassava and groundnut were planted simultaneously on the same land. Routine management practices were carried out throughout the trial period. The crop residue of the groundnut was returned to the intercropping plot after harvest.
  • 6. METHODOLOGY Crop measurements GROUNDNUT At full maturity (3 months after planting), the groundnut was harvested from a sample plot (40 m2) in each replication to determine: Above-ground biomass (t ha-1) Number of pods per plant Fresh pod yield (t ha-1) Figure 2: Data collection on the yield and yield components of groundnut
  • 7. METHODOLOGY Crop measurements CASSAVA At full maturity (12 months after planting), the cassava was harvested from a sample plot (40 m2) in each replication to determine: Above-ground biomass (t ha-1) Number of roots per plant Fresh root yield (t ha-1) Figure 3: Data collection on the yield and yield components of cassava
  • 8. METHODOLOGY Productivity analysis Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) The Land equivalent ratio was calculated as follows: : 揃 LER = Yield of groundnut from intercrop + Yield of cassava from intercrop Yield of groundnut from sole crop Yield of cassava from sole crop Profitability Analysis: Gross profit and benefit Cost Ratio The enterprise budgeting technique was used to determine the profitability of the sole cassava, sole groundnut and cassava groundnut intercropping systems by computing the gross profit and benefit-cost ratio Gross profit (SLL ha-1) Benefit cost ratio Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity analysis was conduct on the BCR using six yield loss scenarios 20 % yield loss in: 1. Cassava 2. Groundnut 3. Both the cassava and groundnut 40 % yield loss in: 4. Cassava 5. Groundnut 6. Both the cassava and groundnut Total revenue Total cost of production Total revenue / Total cost of production
  • 9. METHODOLOGY Measurement of soil organic carbon stock The change in soil organic carbon stock for the sole groundnut, sole cassava and cassava-groundnut intercropping system was monitored against a baseline (after land preparation) during the harvest of the groundnut and cassava. The soil samples were collected and analyzed using standard procedures of the IPCC 2006 guidelines to determine the carbon content and bulk density. The soil organic carbon stork was calculated as follows: SOC stock (kg ha-1) = Sampling depth (m) x bulk density (kg m-3) x Soil Organic Content x Correction factor for stoniness x 10,000 The net change in soil organic carbon was calculated as follows: Change in SOC (kg ha-1) = End line SOC (kg ha-1) Baseline SOC (kg ha-1)
  • 10. METHODOLOGY Figure 4: Collection of soil samples STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the data collected on the yield and yield parameters of the groundnut and cassava to test for treatment effect using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Means were compared using the standard error of difference at 0.05 level of probability
  • 11. RESULTS: YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS Groundnut Above-ground biomass (t ha-1) Intercropping groundnut with cassava had a significant influence (p < 0.05) on the above- ground biomass of groundnut in all the locations. Figure 5: Above ground biomass of groundnut as affected by intercropping at the trial sites. Error bars represent standard error of difference (SED) for comparisons between treatment means
  • 12. RESULTS: YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS Groundnut Number of pods per plant Intercropping groundnut with cassava had a significant influence (p < 0.05) on the number of pods per groundnut plant in all the locations. Figure 5: Number of pods per plant of groundnut as affected by intercropping at the trial sites. Error bars represent standard error of difference (SED) for comparisons between treatment means
  • 13. RESULTS: YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS Groundnut Fresh pod yield Intercropping groundnut with cassava had a significant influence (p < 0.05) on the fresh pod yield of groundnut in all the locations. Figure 5: Fresh pod of groundnut as affected by intercropping at the trial sites. Error bars represent standard error of difference (SED) for comparisons between treatment means
  • 14. RESULTS: YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS Cassava Above-ground biomass (t ha-1) Intercropping cassava with groundnut had no significant influence (p > 0.05) on the above-ground biomass of cassava in all the locations. Figure 8: Above-ground biomass of cassava as affected by intercropping at the trial sites. Error bars represent standard error of difference (SED) for comparisons between treatment means
  • 15. RESULTS: YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS Cassava Number of roots per plant Intercropping cassava with groundnut had no significant influence (p > 0.05) on the number of roots per cassava plant in all the locations. Figure 9: Number of fresh roots of cassava as affected by intercropping at the trial sites. Error bars represent standard error of difference (SED) for comparisons between treatment means
  • 16. RESULTS: YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS Cassava Fresh root yield ((t ha-1) Intercropping cassava with groundnut had no significant influence (p > 0.05) on the fresh root yield of cassava in all the locations. Figure 9: Fresh root yield of cassava as affected by intercropping at the trial sites. Error bars represent standard error of difference (SED) for comparisons between treatment means
  • 17. RESULTS: PRODUCTIVITY Land Equivalent Ratio The land equivalent ratio was favorable for the cassava-groundnut intercropping across all the locations Table 1: Land Equivalent ratios for cassava-groundnut intercropping across the locations Trial site Cropping system Yield of groundnut Yield of Cassava LER Bai Largor Sole groundnut 1,003 0 0.61 Sole cassava 0 20,000 0.80 Cassava-groundnut intercrop 609 16,000 1.41 Njala Kanima Sole groundnut 1,035 0 0.61 Sole cassava 0 19,444 0.86 Cassava-groundnut intercrop 632 16,778 1.47 Bassah Sole groundnut 1,028 0 0.77 Sole cassava 0 14,778 0.83 Cassava-groundnut intercrop 790 12,222 1.60
  • 18. RESULTS: PRODUCTIVITY Profitability analysis Table 2: Profitability analysis of the cassava-groundnut based cropping systems Cropping system Items Trial Sites Bai Largor Bassah Njala Kanima Average -------------------- SLL ha-1 ----------------------- Sole cassava Total revenue 19,066,667 21,088,889 15,455,556 18,537,037 Total Cost of production 11,270,000 11,270,000 11,270,000 11,270,000 Gross profit 7,796,667 9,818,889 4,185,556 7,267,037 Benefit cost ratio 1.69 1.87 1.37 1.64 Sole groundnut Total revenue 9,648,000 9,816,000 9,936,000 9,800,000 Total Cost of production 11,730,000 11,730,000 11,730,000 11,730,000 Gross profit -2,082,000 -1,914,000 -1,794,000 -1,930,000 Benefit cost ratio 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.84 Cassava groundnut intercrop Total revenue 26,046,222 22,594,222 29,468,000 26,036,148 Total Cost of production 14,000,000 14,000,000 14,000,000 14,000,000 Gross profit 12,046,222 8,594,222 15,468,000 12,036,148 Benefit cost ratio 1.86 1.61 2.1 1.86 123 % 13 %
  • 19. RESULTS: PRODUCTIVITY Sensitivity analysis Figure 10: Sensitivity analysis of the cassava groundnut based cropping system under different yield loss scenarios
  • 20. RESULTS: CHANGES SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK . Table 3: Changes in soil organic carbon stock for the different treatments at harvest of the groundnut and cassava Location Treatments Base line Harvest of groundnut Harvest of cassava SOC stock SOC stock Net SOC % change SOC stock Net SOC % change Bai Largor SG 18,564 15,120 -3,444 -18.6 15,064 -3,500 -23.2 SC 18,564 13,563 -5,001 -26.9 12,880 -5,684 -44.1 CGI 18,564 16,647 -1,917 -10.3 19,364 800 4.1 Bassah SG 34,613 25,833 -8,779 -25.4 21,613 -13,000 -60.1 SC 34,613 22,400 -12,213 -35.3 28,812 -5,800 -20.1 CGI 34,613 23,147 -11,466 -33.1 35,510 898 2.5 Njala Kanima SG 28,100 23,147 -4,953 -17.6 22,500 -5,599 -24.9 SC 28,100 23,147 -4,953 -17.6 17,200 -10,900 -63.4 CGI 28,100 21,493 -6,606 -23.5 29,299 1,200 4.1 Average SG 27,092 21,367 -5,725 -21.1 19,726 -7,366 -37.3 SC 27,092 19,703 -7,389 -27.3 19,631 -7,461 -38 CGI 27,092 20,429 -6,663 -24.6 28,058 966 3.4
  • 21. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In conclusion, the results confirm that cassava-groundnut intercropping is a sustainable land management practice that could increase crop productivity and soil organic carbon stock on smallholder farms. This practice should therefore be promoted to smallholder farmers to increase crop productivity and build their resilience for climate change adaptation and mitigation on smallholder farms
  • 22. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was conducted by the Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute and Action Against Hunger. The study was fund by the European Union through Expertise France under the supervision of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).

Editor's Notes

  • #3: Climate change is among the major challenge that need urgent attention in the 21st century