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ICAO Montreal September 2006 - Morris - Air Carrier Efficiencies

K
Kevin Morris

This document summarizes strategies that British Airways uses to reduce fuel consumption and emissions from its operations. It discusses focusing on reducing aircraft weight through careful monitoring and reducing the amount of unused water and other supplies carried on flights. Lightening aircraft can save thousands of kilograms of fuel per flight. The document also addresses minimizing non-revenue flights such as positioning planes for maintenance and optimizing maintenance tasks like engine ground runs to reduce flight time needed for testing.

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21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 1 Air Carrier Efficiencies Kevin Morris Manager Environmental Affairs British Airways
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 2 Air Carrier Efficiencies - Goals To always operate: the lightest aircraft, with the maximum payload, perfectly maintained for fuel conservation, following the most direct (air) route, always at the optimum altitude, and following the most efficient speed/Mach schedule
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 3 From the manufacturers: We want aircraft that: dont burn any fuel dont make any noise dont produce any emissions dont require any maintenance Does make money for the operator and now back to the real world!
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 4 Focussing on Weight and Non-revenue Flights Drivers: Fuel is expensive (15-20+% of total costs) Heavier aircraft burn more fuel Non-revenue flights burn fuel for no return Weight effects Reduction initiatives Monitoring Non-revenue flights Diversions Flight testing
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 5 Why look at weight? A Rule of thumb: Additional fuel requirement = 3-4% of weight increase x hours flown e.g. extra weight = 500 kg Flight time = 10 hours Extra fuel burn = 150-200 kg Extra CO2 = 470-630 kg For Every flight!
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 6 Costs of weight (1 aircraft) Assuming utilisation = 5000 hrs/year Extra fuel burn = 87 500 kg Extra CO2 = 276 000 kg Extra cost = $64 750 (@ $740 per tonne) And thats just the fuel! So weight control is very important.
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 7 Case study: Potable Water Aircraft carry potable water in water tanks for use in flight Not all are necessarily required, but mostly always filled to capacity for every flight
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 8 B777 Potable water Blanking off 1 out of 3 possible water tanks for medium haul B777-200, prevents their use 100 kg of water, per flight not loaded as a result Annual savings (for BA) estimated as 380 tonnes fuel 1 200 tonnes of CO2
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 9 Plastic Gin Bottles Duty Free bottles of Gin Opportunity to substitute plastic bottles for glass ones (Gin is unaffected!) Weight saving approx. 遜 kg per bottle Average of 12 bottles carried on each long-haul flight
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 10 Plastic Gin Bottles Total annual fuel savings for long-haul flights B747-400 = 64 200 kg B777-200 = 48 450 kg B767-300 = 6 400 kg Total fuel saved = 119 050 kg Total CO2 saved = 375 480 kg Conclusion: help the environment - buy your duty free on board!
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 11 Weight monitoring and control You cant control what you cant measure Modifications (mandatory & other) Unaccounted weight growth Fuel tankering Extra fuel requirement, emissions Extra expense, less profit!
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 12 Monitoring and Control Weights Group: Track aircraft weight over time Monitor the actual weight of modifications! Fuel Efficiency Monitoring: Track aircraft fuel efficiency over time Allows the use of statistical contingency fuel (worth >$10M per year to BA) Staff feedback and initiatives BAfuelsaver Saves fuel/money/environment!
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 13 Modifications! Can add a lot of weight! Need to ensure that they are completely removed when not required! Some might also require test flights Minimise flight time, do as much on the ground beforehand as possible
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 14 Non-revenue flights Any flight that doesnt generate money! Some non-revenue flying is unavoidable, but it is expensive, uses fuel, and creates unwanted emissions Can sometimes be reduced, combined or coupled with a commercial service
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 15 Engine Ground Running Post maintenance action, e.g.: Check starts Function checks Thrust reverser correct operation Pressure leak tests Aim is to minimise: Running time Power settings Lower fuel burn, noise and emissions!
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 16 Diversions & positioning
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 17 Diversions/positioning Diversions are BAD NEWS! Choice of suitable alternate is important: Too close both can have same weather (weather is greatest cause for diversions) Too far high cost in time and fuel for both diversion and recovery. Need to choose wisely!
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 18 Positioning flights Split operations or remote maintenance can require positioning of aircraft Positioning empty is the cheapest on fuel but most expensive on revenue Not always possible, but sometimes a commercial load can be carried e.g. B777-200 delivery flight with cherries! Some revenue for BA (the operator) Happy Seattle cherry grower!
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 19 Flight Testing
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 20 Maintenance Verification Results of some maintenance actions can not be accurately verified on the ground e.g. Engine re-light envelope Manual reversion Some emergency systems, etc. Some test flying may be necessary
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 21 Flight Testing - Minimisation Use B.I.T.E where possible Do what can be done on the ground Record everything, and review/relate to in flight measurements: e.g. B737 manual reversion Check required after changes to elevator control rods Requires manual reversion check at FL350 (1-2 hrs) Correlation found between ground, FL100 and FL350 checks Allowed revision to a manual reversion check at FL100 Short flight (1/2 hr) as a result, saving fuel and time.
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 22 Flight Testing Potential may exist to combine tests? e.g: Concorde AWFT and Noise measurements Function tests during positioning flights B737 Alternate flap checks by mgmt pilots into LHR But its not always possible, and some things just have to be found out in the air...
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 23 unable to reproduce on the ground!
21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 24 THANK YOU!

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ICAO Montreal September 2006 - Morris - Air Carrier Efficiencies

  • 1. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 1 Air Carrier Efficiencies Kevin Morris Manager Environmental Affairs British Airways
  • 2. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 2 Air Carrier Efficiencies - Goals To always operate: the lightest aircraft, with the maximum payload, perfectly maintained for fuel conservation, following the most direct (air) route, always at the optimum altitude, and following the most efficient speed/Mach schedule
  • 3. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 3 From the manufacturers: We want aircraft that: dont burn any fuel dont make any noise dont produce any emissions dont require any maintenance Does make money for the operator and now back to the real world!
  • 4. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 4 Focussing on Weight and Non-revenue Flights Drivers: Fuel is expensive (15-20+% of total costs) Heavier aircraft burn more fuel Non-revenue flights burn fuel for no return Weight effects Reduction initiatives Monitoring Non-revenue flights Diversions Flight testing
  • 5. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 5 Why look at weight? A Rule of thumb: Additional fuel requirement = 3-4% of weight increase x hours flown e.g. extra weight = 500 kg Flight time = 10 hours Extra fuel burn = 150-200 kg Extra CO2 = 470-630 kg For Every flight!
  • 6. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 6 Costs of weight (1 aircraft) Assuming utilisation = 5000 hrs/year Extra fuel burn = 87 500 kg Extra CO2 = 276 000 kg Extra cost = $64 750 (@ $740 per tonne) And thats just the fuel! So weight control is very important.
  • 7. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 7 Case study: Potable Water Aircraft carry potable water in water tanks for use in flight Not all are necessarily required, but mostly always filled to capacity for every flight
  • 8. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 8 B777 Potable water Blanking off 1 out of 3 possible water tanks for medium haul B777-200, prevents their use 100 kg of water, per flight not loaded as a result Annual savings (for BA) estimated as 380 tonnes fuel 1 200 tonnes of CO2
  • 9. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 9 Plastic Gin Bottles Duty Free bottles of Gin Opportunity to substitute plastic bottles for glass ones (Gin is unaffected!) Weight saving approx. 遜 kg per bottle Average of 12 bottles carried on each long-haul flight
  • 10. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 10 Plastic Gin Bottles Total annual fuel savings for long-haul flights B747-400 = 64 200 kg B777-200 = 48 450 kg B767-300 = 6 400 kg Total fuel saved = 119 050 kg Total CO2 saved = 375 480 kg Conclusion: help the environment - buy your duty free on board!
  • 11. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 11 Weight monitoring and control You cant control what you cant measure Modifications (mandatory & other) Unaccounted weight growth Fuel tankering Extra fuel requirement, emissions Extra expense, less profit!
  • 12. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 12 Monitoring and Control Weights Group: Track aircraft weight over time Monitor the actual weight of modifications! Fuel Efficiency Monitoring: Track aircraft fuel efficiency over time Allows the use of statistical contingency fuel (worth >$10M per year to BA) Staff feedback and initiatives BAfuelsaver Saves fuel/money/environment!
  • 13. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 13 Modifications! Can add a lot of weight! Need to ensure that they are completely removed when not required! Some might also require test flights Minimise flight time, do as much on the ground beforehand as possible
  • 14. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 14 Non-revenue flights Any flight that doesnt generate money! Some non-revenue flying is unavoidable, but it is expensive, uses fuel, and creates unwanted emissions Can sometimes be reduced, combined or coupled with a commercial service
  • 15. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 15 Engine Ground Running Post maintenance action, e.g.: Check starts Function checks Thrust reverser correct operation Pressure leak tests Aim is to minimise: Running time Power settings Lower fuel burn, noise and emissions!
  • 16. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 16 Diversions & positioning
  • 17. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 17 Diversions/positioning Diversions are BAD NEWS! Choice of suitable alternate is important: Too close both can have same weather (weather is greatest cause for diversions) Too far high cost in time and fuel for both diversion and recovery. Need to choose wisely!
  • 18. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 18 Positioning flights Split operations or remote maintenance can require positioning of aircraft Positioning empty is the cheapest on fuel but most expensive on revenue Not always possible, but sometimes a commercial load can be carried e.g. B777-200 delivery flight with cherries! Some revenue for BA (the operator) Happy Seattle cherry grower!
  • 19. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 19 Flight Testing
  • 20. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 20 Maintenance Verification Results of some maintenance actions can not be accurately verified on the ground e.g. Engine re-light envelope Manual reversion Some emergency systems, etc. Some test flying may be necessary
  • 21. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 21 Flight Testing - Minimisation Use B.I.T.E where possible Do what can be done on the ground Record everything, and review/relate to in flight measurements: e.g. B737 manual reversion Check required after changes to elevator control rods Requires manual reversion check at FL350 (1-2 hrs) Correlation found between ground, FL100 and FL350 checks Allowed revision to a manual reversion check at FL100 Short flight (1/2 hr) as a result, saving fuel and time.
  • 22. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 22 Flight Testing Potential may exist to combine tests? e.g: Concorde AWFT and Noise measurements Function tests during positioning flights B737 Alternate flap checks by mgmt pilots into LHR But its not always possible, and some things just have to be found out in the air...
  • 23. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 23 unable to reproduce on the ground!
  • 24. 21/09/2006Workshop on Aviation Operational Measures for Fuel and Emissions Reductions 24 THANK YOU!