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59th International Conference on Analytical
Sciences and Spectroscopy(ICASS)
Nakkiran Arulmozhi
Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis Laboratory
Department of Chemistry
Queens University
1
Motivation
2
Electro-oxidation of COchem on Pt
Nanosurfaces: Solution of the Peak
Multiplicity Puzzle - Langmuir, 2012, 28
(7), pp 36583663
 Electrocatalyst crystal surface is
heterogeneous in nature
 Structure-reactivity relationship is
key factor
 Rational solution  studies on well
defined structure
 Oxide growth and Electrodissolution
studies
 Need for improved single crystal lab
3
Improved Laboratory
Advanced
Single
Crystal
Electro-
chemistry
Laboratory
Automated
Bead
Growth
Facility
CCD
Based
Laue
Diffraction
Precision
Surface
Finish
Annealing
Setup
EC Set-up
Electrolyte
100
Disorder
Bead Crystal Growth Principle
Melt Growth - Basis
Kinetics Effect
Solidification = nucleation + growth
Temperature
G
GSolid
GLiquid
Tm
Solid Liquid
Ts
T
G
Driving force
for Crystal GrowthThe driving force of Solidification
m
m
a
SolidLiq
a
T
TT
HG

緒

)(
Thermodynamics
T in small steps  uniform nucleation
T in large step  non uniform nucleation
Solid
5
Bead Growth System  Process and Advantage
Temperature Gradient in Flame
Process Parameter
Flow Rate
Mixing Ratio
Speed of flame movement
S/L boundary movement
Controlled (slow) S/L boundary movement
Precise temperature gradient (T )
Requirement
6
Bead Growth System  Improved Design
Set-Up Advantage
 Fully automated
 Min step size (sub
micron)
 Min speed (0.9
micron/sec)
 Precise flow rate
and mixing ratio
control
 Completely stable
and safe
7
Flame Optimization
Flow Rate Dependence Mixing Ratio Dependence
Why Optimization ?
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Length of Flame
Fit
FlameHeight(cm)
Flow Rate (L/min)
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
5
10
15
20
Hydrogen Volume % in Mixture
FlameHeight(cm)
2000
2500
3000
TheoriticalMaxFlameTemperature(K)
Bead
wobble
Low temp
Distribution
8
Growth Optimization
Bead Diameter Optimization
Weight of the molten drop vs max diameter
鰹逸 器器器器  rgR 2
3
4 3
max
R- radius of bead : r  radius of wire
袖 - mass :  surface tension
Zone Refining Cycle Optimization After 20 Cycle
夢 20 Cycles
Initial Cycle  0.0125 mm/s Final Cycle  0.1 mm/s
9
Video
Faceted Growth
Surface energy of FCC structure
粒{111} < 粒{100} < 粒{110}
Bead Wobbling Controlled Growth
10
Cost Analysis and Conclusion
Commercial Pt single crystal  more than 1500$
Quick and complete Safe
Physical Understanding
Process Parameter Optimization
No skill requirement (fully automated)
Highly consistent and efficient (optimized process parameter)
11
Acklowdegement
& our research group
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Towards an Improved Bead Single Crystal Electrochemistry And Electrocatalysis Laboratory

  • 1. 59th International Conference on Analytical Sciences and Spectroscopy(ICASS) Nakkiran Arulmozhi Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Queens University 1
  • 2. Motivation 2 Electro-oxidation of COchem on Pt Nanosurfaces: Solution of the Peak Multiplicity Puzzle - Langmuir, 2012, 28 (7), pp 36583663 Electrocatalyst crystal surface is heterogeneous in nature Structure-reactivity relationship is key factor Rational solution studies on well defined structure Oxide growth and Electrodissolution studies Need for improved single crystal lab
  • 4. Bead Crystal Growth Principle Melt Growth - Basis Kinetics Effect Solidification = nucleation + growth Temperature G GSolid GLiquid Tm Solid Liquid Ts T G Driving force for Crystal GrowthThe driving force of Solidification m m a SolidLiq a T TT HG 緒 )( Thermodynamics T in small steps uniform nucleation T in large step non uniform nucleation Solid
  • 5. 5 Bead Growth System Process and Advantage Temperature Gradient in Flame Process Parameter Flow Rate Mixing Ratio Speed of flame movement S/L boundary movement Controlled (slow) S/L boundary movement Precise temperature gradient (T ) Requirement
  • 6. 6 Bead Growth System Improved Design Set-Up Advantage Fully automated Min step size (sub micron) Min speed (0.9 micron/sec) Precise flow rate and mixing ratio control Completely stable and safe
  • 7. 7 Flame Optimization Flow Rate Dependence Mixing Ratio Dependence Why Optimization ? 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Length of Flame Fit FlameHeight(cm) Flow Rate (L/min) 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 5 10 15 20 Hydrogen Volume % in Mixture FlameHeight(cm) 2000 2500 3000 TheoriticalMaxFlameTemperature(K) Bead wobble Low temp Distribution
  • 8. 8 Growth Optimization Bead Diameter Optimization Weight of the molten drop vs max diameter 鰹逸 器器器器 rgR 2 3 4 3 max R- radius of bead : r radius of wire 袖 - mass : surface tension Zone Refining Cycle Optimization After 20 Cycle 夢 20 Cycles Initial Cycle 0.0125 mm/s Final Cycle 0.1 mm/s
  • 9. 9 Video Faceted Growth Surface energy of FCC structure 粒{111} < 粒{100} < 粒{110} Bead Wobbling Controlled Growth
  • 10. 10 Cost Analysis and Conclusion Commercial Pt single crystal more than 1500$ Quick and complete Safe Physical Understanding Process Parameter Optimization No skill requirement (fully automated) Highly consistent and efficient (optimized process parameter)