ICHST 2009 - Budapest
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The document outlines the history of histological research at Ghent University, Belgium, tracing its development from the seventeenth century to the late nineteenth century, with a focus on the evolution of microscopy and microtome techniques. It highlights key figures and innovations, such as Charles van Bambeke, who integrated histology into academic curricula at the university. The history of histology at Ghent reflects broader advancements in microscopy and technical methods essential for histological studies.
ICHST 2009 - Budapest
- 1. The early years of histological research at Ghent University (Belgium)Kristel WautierAlexander JonckheereDanny SegersMuseum for the History of Sciences Ghent Universityhttp://www.ScienceMuseum.UGent.be
- 2. An overview of its historyHistologyHistology, the study of the microscopic structure of tissues, has its remote roots in the seventeenth century, germinated sporadically in the eighteenth, grew apace in the middle of the nineteenth, to flower and fruit mightily at the end of this last century.Brain BracegirdleThe history of histology: a brief survey of sourcesHist. Sci., xv (1977): 77-101ICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences2
- 3. Part IA very brief history of histologyICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences3
- 4. HistologyAspects that shaped its history it is impossible to appreciate the significance of such results (red.: results of investigations into the microscopic structure of animal tissues) in the absence of three other areas of knowledge.Brain BracegirdleThe history of histology: a brief survey of sourcesHist. Sci., xv (1977): 77-101 history of the microscope
- 5. history of specimen preparation, including the history of the microtome
- 6. general history of disciplines using histological research, such as medicine, biological sciences, veterinary sciences, including the history of education in these disciplinesICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences4
- 7. History of the MicroscopeICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences5
- 8. Van LeeuwenhoekA brief history of the microscopeAntoni Van Leeuwenhoek first microscope suitable for scientific purposes
- 9. kick started the field of microscopic observation
- 10. different tools for microscopy
- 11. capillaries for the microscopic study of fluids
- 12. first histological stain
- 13. alcoholic saffron stain: dried muscle tissue was sectioned, and stained with a solution of saffron in brandyICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences6
- 14. Mechanical improvementsA brief history of the microscopeJohn Marshall(ca. 1663-1725) field lens
- 15. 2-step focussing
- 16. tiltingEdmund Culpeper(ca. 1660-1738) 2 tripods above each other
- 17. object stage
- 18. mirrorJohn Cuff(ca. 1708-1772) 1 stand carrying both tube and stageICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences7
- 19. OpticsA brief history of the microscopeAchromatic lenses: ca. 1757 John Dollond, first achromatic tele- scope lenses
- 20. history and production of achromatic micro- scope lenses is much more complicatedProduction of lenses: trial and error
- 21. 1870 Ernst Abbe develops a theory for the production of lenses based on scientific principles
- 22. industrial production of microscopesSelligue, ca. 1825ICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences8
- 23. The comfortable microscopeA brief history of the microscope1885ca. 1835Early 20thcenturyGeorges Oberhaeuser drum shaped base
- 24. mirror not accessible
- 25. no oblique illuminationCarl Zeiss horseshoe shaped baseNachet Nouveau mod竪le 7 solid mechanics
- 26. good optics
- 27. comfortableICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences9
- 28. History of the MicrotomeICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences10
- 29. Prerequisites for high-quality sectionsA brief history of the microtomeSpecimen preparationTissue sectioningTissue preparationfixationtechnical progress of the microtomeclearingdecalcificationprerequisites: sections have to be
- 30. as flat as possible
- 31. of equal thickness throughout
- 32. subsequent sections have to be of equal thickness
- 33. it must be possible to determine section thickness beforehandembeddingstaining no earlier than 1870ICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences11
- 34. Hand-made sectionsA brief history of the microtomeMaking sections with handheld knifesRanvier microtomeSigned Hs. S端chs, MarburgSerial Number 134Bi-concave microtome knifeAccording to GuddenICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences12
- 35. The breakthroughA brief history of the microtomeG. Capanema 1848: copper, elongated profile
- 36. slanted slope (positioning of tissue block)
- 37. horizontal plane with knifeLeyser 1870:produces a Capanema-likemicrotomeLeyser microtomeSigned: Leyser, LeipzigSerial Number 33ICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences13
- 38. The big 4A brief history of the microtomeMinot typeLate 19th centurySliding microtomeRotation microtomeModel ThomaSigned: C. Reicert, WienCambridge Scientific Instrument Company1889Rocking microtomeBecker microtomeCryotomeICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences14
- 39. Part IIHow does Ghent University fit the picture?ICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences15
- 40. Belgium and GhentFacts and FiguresGhent: capital of the province East Flanders
- 41. ca. 60 km southwest of Antwerp
- 42. ca. 60 km northwest of Brussels
- 43. 237250 inhabitants (01/01/2008)
- 44. second largest municipality of BelgiumICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences16
- 45. Ghent UniversityFacts and FiguresGhent University: pluralistic
- 46. 11 faculties:
- 47. Arts and Philosophy
- 48. Law
- 49. Sciences
- 50. Medicine and Health Sciences
- 51. Engineering
- 52. Economics and Business Administration
- 54. Psychology and Educational Sciences
- 57. Political and Social Sciences
- 58. over 30.000 students
- 59. staff of 6800 personsICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences17
- 60. The origin of Ghent University1817Founded in 1817 by King William IInauguration October 9th, 1817Courses started on November 3rd, 1817 4 Faculties: Medicine
- 61. Sciences
- 62. Law
- 63. Arts & PhilosophyStaff: Rector: J.C. Van Rotterdam
- 64. 16 professors
- 65. 13 members of administrative staff190 studentsICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences18
- 66. 1817 - 1830Histology during the early days of Ghent UniversityDuring the early days of Ghent University there was no delineated course in histology medical sciences: part of courses in pathology, anatomy, physiology?
- 67. biological sciences: all biological courses were taught by one professor, including zoology, mineralogy, comparative anatomy, botany and plant physiology
- 68. veterinary sciences: no such faculty existedICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences19
- 69. 1830 - 1835Belgian independence: repercussions for Ghent UniversityProfound reorganization of higher educationGhent University is deprived of its Science faculty and its Arts & Philosophy facultyA free Science faculty is founded and maintained by a number of professorsICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences20
- 70. 1835 - 1900Ghent University back in the game...Sep. 1835: new reorganization of higher educationGhent University starts anew with the 4 traditional faculties general trend: histology is still part of other courses histology is often merely a minor part of the curriculum reflected by the nature of scientific research
- 71. some examplesICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences21
- 72. Some examples: botany1835 - 1900Section through the stem of a fernSection through an onion pealResearch: initially conducts histological and embryological researchturns to botany and develops the field of biostatisticsJulius MacLeodCours pratique de BotaniqueAcademic year 1894-1895Section through the pistil of acaryophyllaceous plant ICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences22
- 73. Some examples: zoology1835 - 1900Felix PlateauCours de ZoologieAcademic year 1889-1890Research:Arthropod physiologyExperiment and dissection basedICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences23
- 74. 1871The turning pointSep. 30th, 1871 Charles Van Bambeke becomes professor at Ghent University
- 75. responsible for the course in human anatomyIn those days, the course in human anatomy already included a chapter on microscopic anatomy or histologyThis will become increasingly more important in Van Bambekes teachingsVan Bambeke also started a practical course in microscopic anatomyICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences24
- 76. 1898CoursdHistologieSp辿cialeICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences25
- 77. Van Bambekes scientific research1859 - 1914Van Bambekes interest for histology, reflected by his teachings, is also mirrored by his scientific researchTwo main topics:The early development of vertebratesThe anatomy and histology of fungi1868 Recherchessur le d辿veloppement du P辿lobatebrunICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences26
- 78. Van Bambekes instruments1867 vs. 1880La m辿thode laquelle jai eu recours est peu pr竪s celle que les botanistes emploient pour lexamen du pollen; loeuf durci est d辿barrass辿 de sa couche g辿latineuse que lentoure () est plac辿, au moyen dun pinceau, dans une petite excavation pratiqu辿e sur un fragment de moelle de sureau; on sassure alors sil se trouve dans une position convenable pour la coupe quon se propose de faire; une goute de st辿arine fondue provenant dune bougie allum辿e le fixe en suite dans la petite excavation susdite: apr竪s cela, il ne reste plus qu faire les coupes au moyen du rasoir; la tranche ou les tranches obtenues sont plac辿es dans un verre de montre renfermant de lessence de t辿r辿benthine et d辿barrass辿es ainsi de la st辿arine qui les entoure; enfin elles sont port辿es au moyen du pincet sur le verre porte-objet et pr辿par辿es dapr竪s les r竪gles ordinaires.Gliding microtome, type Rivet-LeyserSigned: C.Reichert, T. Wien Serial nr.: 12428Dated ca. 1880ICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences27
- 79. Van Bambekes other legacy: fungi1888 1912The anatomy andhistology of fungi24 publicationsseveral new speciesca. 950 slidesICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences28
- 80. In Van Bambekes footstepsCamille De Bruyne doctor in natural sciences
- 81. started his career as histologist
- 82. turned to biogeographyGroundbreaking work on phagocytosisICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences29
- 83. Van Bambekes true successorOmerVanderStricht doctor in medicine
- 84. 1884 deputy assistant histology course
- 85. 1889 wins a travel grant
- 86. 1899 succeeds Van Bambeke
- 87. WWI travels to the USA
- 88. 1915-17: Fellow in Biology Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Ohio)
- 89. 1917-18: Lecturer in Biology John Hopkins Medical School, BaltimoreGroundbreaking work on:the development of bloodthe structure of the inner earovogenesis and the development of the mammalian eggICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences30
- 90. Vander Strichts heritage 100-1000s of histological slides embedded tissue blocks animal (human) tissue autopsyICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences31
- 91. Early histological research at Ghent UniversityConclusionsThe history of histology is clearly affected by the history of the microscope and the microtomeThe history of these instruments shows that the prerequisites for histological research were met no earlier than the end of the 19th centuryThis is also reflected by the history of histological research and teachings at Ghent UniversityICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences32
- 92. The Museum for the History of SciencesScienceMuseum@UGent.behttp://www.ScienceMuseum.Ugent.behttp://sciencemuseum.ning.comICHST Budapest 2009Kristel Wautier Museum for the History of Sciences33