Iii.morfologi dan tipe kerusakan Daslintan
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The document discusses the morphology and structures of insects and their importance for identification and understanding insect biology and control. It describes the key external structures of insects including the exoskeleton, cuticle, body regions of head, thorax, and abdomen, sensory organs like antennae and eyes, and mouthpart types. The functions of various leg, wing, and abdominal structures are also outlined. Understanding insect morphology is essential for tasks like identification, studying insect behaviors and interactions with their environment, and developing management strategies.
Iii.morfologi dan tipe kerusakan Daslintan
- 1. III. MORFOLOGI SERANGGA DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN GEJALA SERANGAN
- 2. The Number and Proportions of species in major taxa species Mengapa serangga ?
- 3. Mengapa Morfologi Serangga Perlu Dipelajari ? Keperluan identifikasi Pemahaman tentang Biologi dan Usaha pengendaliannya
- 4. Serangga Eksoskeleton (kerangka luar) Manusia vertebrata Endoskeleton (kerangka dalam) Nematoda Kerangka cair Kerangka, bentuk tubuh
- 5. ExoskeletonExoskeleton Outer layer or skinOuter layer or skin Functions:Functions: - Protection of soft parts- Protection of soft parts - Muscle attachment- Muscle attachment - Support- Support - Site for sensory organs- Site for sensory organs - Helps prevent desiccation- Helps prevent desiccation - Reduces pathogen entry- Reduces pathogen entry
- 6. Components of theComponents of the ExoskeletonExoskeleton CuticleCuticle - non-living- non-living EpidermisEpidermis - living- living - secretes the cuticle- secretes the cuticle Basement membraneBasement membrane - non-living- non-living - function not known- function not known
- 7. CuticleCuticle Key contributor to the success of insectsKey contributor to the success of insects - barrier between living tissue/environment- barrier between living tissue/environment - restriction of water loss- restriction of water loss - abrasion protection- abrasion protection endocuticle exocuticle wax cement epicuticle cuticle
- 8. Body StructureBody Structure 3 body regions3 body regions 1 pair of antennae1 pair of antennae 3 pair of legs on the thorax3 pair of legs on the thorax HeadHead ThoraxThorax AbdomenAbdomen
- 9. Head/caput (kepala)Head/caput (kepala) Functions:Functions: - Mouthparts (feeding appendages)- Mouthparts (feeding appendages) - Sensory organs (interaction with nature)- Sensory organs (interaction with nature) - photoreceptors/vision- photoreceptors/vision - receptors on antennae- receptors on antennae - Houses the brain- Houses the brain
- 10. AntennaeAntennae Single pairSingle pair Located between and in front of eyesLocated between and in front of eyes Sensory functionSensory function - touch- touch - smell- smell - humidity- humidity - sound- sound
- 12. VisionVision Compound eyesCompound eyes - main organ of vision- main organ of vision Composed of individual units - ommatidiaComposed of individual units - ommatidia - each registers a portion of a mosaic image- each registers a portion of a mosaic image - number vary (>25,000 for dragonflies)- number vary (>25,000 for dragonflies) - surface of eye is protected with a cuticle- surface of eye is protected with a cuticle Resolution of image variesResolution of image varies - dragonfly: several meters away- dragonfly: several meters away - other insects: only a meter or so away- other insects: only a meter or so away
- 13. MouthpartsMouthparts Basic types:Basic types: - chewing- chewing - sponging- sponging - piercing-sucking- piercing-sucking - siphoning- siphoning - rasping-sucking- rasping-sucking - chewing-lapping- chewing-lapping Important for insect identificationImportant for insect identification Provides information on feeding habitsProvides information on feeding habits and types of damageand types of damage
- 14. Chewing Type (penggigit pengunyah)Chewing Type (penggigit pengunyah) Simplest typeSimplest type Used to chew holes in leaves, bore in stemsUsed to chew holes in leaves, bore in stems Examples: grasshoppers, crickets,Examples: grasshoppers, crickets, caterpillars, beetlescaterpillars, beetles
- 17. Piercing-Sucking Type (penusuk pengisap)Piercing-Sucking Type (penusuk pengisap) Common and important typeCommon and important type Greatly modified for puncturingGreatly modified for puncturing plants and animalsplants and animals Mouthpart components form needle-like styletsMouthpart components form needle-like stylets Capable of transmitting virusesCapable of transmitting viruses Toxic salivaToxic saliva Examples: mosquitoes, stink bugs, etc.Examples: mosquitoes, stink bugs, etc.
- 19. Rasping-Sucking Type (pemarut pengisap)Rasping-Sucking Type (pemarut pengisap) Combination of chewing and piercing-suckingCombination of chewing and piercing-sucking Rasp (scrap) surfaces of leave, suck up sapRasp (scrap) surfaces of leave, suck up sap Example: thripsExample: thrips
- 20. Sponging Type (spons)Sponging Type (spons) Modified for liquids or solid foodsModified for liquids or solid foods - solid foods must be dissolved by salivary- solid foods must be dissolved by salivary secretionssecretions Example: house flyExample: house fly
- 22. Siphoning Type (pengisap)Siphoning Type (pengisap) Mouthparts form a sucking tube (proboscis)Mouthparts form a sucking tube (proboscis) - modified for uptake of nectar/liquids- modified for uptake of nectar/liquids Coiled beneath head when not in useCoiled beneath head when not in use Examples: butterflies and mothsExamples: butterflies and moths
- 24. Chewing-Lapping Type (penggigit pengisap)Chewing-Lapping Type (penggigit pengisap) Modified to use liquid or semi-liquid foodsModified to use liquid or semi-liquid foods Some mouthpart components function for chewingSome mouthpart components function for chewing - mold wax- mold wax - grasping prey- grasping prey - cutting flowers- cutting flowers Other components form the proboscisOther components form the proboscis - lapping surface- lapping surface Examples: honey bee, bumble beeExamples: honey bee, bumble bee
- 26. Thorax (dada)Thorax (dada) Divided into 3 regionsDivided into 3 regions - prothorax- prothorax - mesothorax- mesothorax - metathorax- metathorax Main function: locomotionMain function: locomotion - walking/running- walking/running - jumping- jumping - swimming- swimming - flying- flying
- 27. LegsLegs Three pairs of true legsThree pairs of true legs 6 basic segments of the leg6 basic segments of the leg - coxa- coxa - trochanter- trochanter - femur- femur - tibia- tibia - tarsus- tarsus - pretarsus- pretarsus Adapted for various functionsAdapted for various functions
- 28. Types of LegsTypes of Legs Cursorial runningCursorial running Fossorial diggingFossorial digging Raptorial predaceousRaptorial predaceous Saltatorial jumpingSaltatorial jumping Natatorial - swimmingNatatorial - swimming
- 29. Cursorial
- 30. Fossorial
- 31. Raptatorial
- 33. Saltatorial
- 35. WingsWings Number of wings varies by speciesNumber of wings varies by species - 2 pairs- 2 pairs - 1 pair on the mesothorax- 1 pair on the mesothorax - absent- absent FunctionsFunctions - locomotion- locomotion - protection- protection - camaflouge- camaflouge
- 36. Types of WingsTypes of Wings MembranousMembranous Elytra -Elytra - hardened, front wingshardened, front wings that serve as protective coversthat serve as protective covers for membranous hind wingsfor membranous hind wings Hemelytra -Hemelytra - front wings that arefront wings that are leathery or parchment-leathery or parchment- like at the base andlike at the base and membranous near the tipmembranous near the tip Halteres -Halteres - small, club-like hind wingssmall, club-like hind wings that serve as gyroscopicthat serve as gyroscopic stabilizers during flightstabilizers during flight ScalesScales Tegmina -Tegmina - front wings that arefront wings that are completely leathery orcompletely leathery or parchment-like in textureparchment-like in texture
- 37. membranous
- 38. Hemylitra
- 40. Scale
- 42. Tegmina
- 44. Abdomen (perut)Abdomen (perut) Functions:Functions: - respiration- respiration - excretion- excretion - reproduction- reproduction
- 45. AbdomenAbdomen SpiraclesSpiracles - openings involved in respiration- openings involved in respiration - located on each side of abdomen- located on each side of abdomen CerciCerci - sensory organs- sensory organs OvipositorOvipositor - egg-laying structure- egg-laying structure - stingers (modified ovipositor- stingers (modified ovipositor found in some females)found in some females)
- 46. Sensory organ
- 47. Ovipositor
- 48. sting