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The Tasks of Longevity Promotion:
Science, Ethics and Public Policy
Ilia Stambler, PhD
Department of Science, Technology and Society
Bar Ilan University, Israel
ilia.stambler@gmail.com
Author: A History of Life-Extensionism in the Twentieth Century
http://www.longevityhistory.com/
http://www.longevityforall.org/
http://isoad.org/

Healthy Life Extension –
How? Why? Who?
? 1. Feasibility
? 2. Desirability
? 3. Action

1. Feasibility
Aging – the Main Risk Factor
of Non-Communicable Diseases
http://web.stanford.edu/group/brunet/background.html
The Demographic and Biomedical Case for
Late-Life Interventions in Aging
Michael J. Rae,1 Robert N. Butler,2* Judith
Campisi,3 Aubrey D. N. J. de Grey,1
Caleb E. Finch,4 Michael Gough,5 George M.
Martin,6 Jan Vijg,7 Kevin M.
Perrott,8 Barbara J. Logan8??. Science
Translational Medicine.
Published 14 July 2010; Volume 2 Issue 40 40cm21
http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/2/40/40cm21.full

Aging is not commonly considered
a risk factor for disease
But it should be!
To extend healthy life – we need to
ameliorate degenerative aging!
Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei
G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al.
(2012). A comparative risk
assessment of burden of disease
and injury attributable to 67 risk
factors and risk factor clusters in 21
regions, 1990–2010: a systematic
analysis for the Global Burden of
Disease Study 2010, Lancet,
380:2224-2260.

If the Degenerative Aging Processes are the Main Risk Factors for Diseases
– The aging processes should be addressed preferentially!
Can we postpone, or even reverse those processes?
Yes. We Can!
Basic Aging Process Disease Potential Treatment
Inflammation
(“Inflammaging”)
Heart Disease, Cancer Anti-inflammatory
substances
Cross-linkage Atherosclerosis Enzymatic hydrolysis,
Oxido-reductive
depolimerization,
immunoclearance
Demineralization Osteoporosis Supplementation
Loss of DNA Repair Cancer DNA Repair Enhancement
Stem cell depletion Neurodegenerative diseases Stem cell therapy
Beta Cell senescence Diabetes Cell therapy, elimination of
senescent cells
Na?ve T cell depletion Susceptibility to infectious
diseases
Thymus regeneration

Can we extend Healthy Longevity? Yes, we can!
Feasibility: Some sources of hope
Life expectancy increases Technology advances
Long-lived/non-aging Life-forms Experimental life-extension

The Pursuit of Longevity is ancient
But its scientific pursuit is young
Just about 100 years old
Elie Metchnikoff (1845 – 1916)
Cytotoxic Serum
(Immunotherapy),
Probiotic Diet – 1900s
Hormone Replacement
Therapy - 1889
www.longevityhistory.com
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/rej.2013.1527
Charles-?douard Brown-
Séquard (1817 – 1894)
New Therapies were developed in the study of aging and longevity

Some un-orthodox methods were proposed for the combat of aging
and extending longevity (1900s-1930s)
Though flawed – they were important for the development of
medical technology
Subtraction - resections:
? Colectomy (William Arbuthnot-
Lane, 1856 – 1943)
? Appendectomy
? Tonsillectomy
? Hysterectomy
Addition - Transplantations:
? Sex Gland Transplantation
(Heteroplastic) - Serge
Voronoff (1866 – 1951)
? Sex Gland Vasoligation
(Autoplastic) - Eugen
Steinach (1861 - 1944)
? Culture of Organs - Alexis
Carrel (1873 – 1944)
Before and After Steinach’s OperationCarrel’s Perfusion PumpLane’s colectomy
Addition: Blood transfusion –
Alexander Bogdanov (1873-1928)

After the war – medical technologies advance dramatically,
making elimination of damage and replacement of aging organs
feasible (1950s-1970s)
Subtraction – Elimination of Damage
? Antibiotics
? Immunosuppressants
? Chemotherapy
? Antioxidants
? Laparoscopy
Addition – Tissue replacement
? Biological Transplants:
? Artery bypass graft (1953), human
kidney (1954), heart valve (1955),
bone-marrow containing adult
stem cells (1956), liver (1963),
lung (1963), hand (1964),
pancreas (1966), heart (1967),
head (in a monkey,1963).
Cryopreservation (1952, 1967).
? Bionic Transplants and
Resuscitation devices:
? Heart valve (1951), cardiac pace-
maker (1952), heart and lung
machine (1953), artificial kidney –
dialysis machine (1955), artificial
hip replacements (1962), the first
prototypes of biosensors and
artificial blood (1962), a computer-
controlled arm (1963), synthetic
skin (1965), cardiac stent (1964,
1977).
Laparoscopic
procedure
Hip replacement

Interventions now reach the genetic level (1990s-2010s)
Genetic engineering
Subtraction
Gene Inhibition for “Aging
Accelerating Genes”:
DAF, mTOR, IGF, NF-κB
RNA Interference
Addition
Gene Stimulation for
“Longevity Genes”:
Sirtuins, FOXO, Klotho,
cholesteryl ester transfer
protein (CETP), Telomerase
Gene Inhibition/Stimulation Gene Splicing DNA Repair RNA Interference
There is a need to consider
epigenetic – environmental factors
in relation to the genes
http://www.senescence.info/genetics_of_aging.html

Geroprotectors – Substances
to delay degenerative aging processes and
extend healthy longevity
Working through subtraction of damage vs. addition of deficits –
Toward Balance
The correct dosage is vital (“The Dose makes the Poison”)
Subtraction / Detoxification
? Chelation
? Enterosorbents
? Statins
? Anti-inflammatory
? Anti-glycemic
? Anti-oxidant
? Anti-coagulants
Addition / Supplementation
? Hormone Replacement Therapy
? Hyaluronan
? Vitamins
? Microelements
? Macroergics
? Mitochondrial modulators
? Peptide bio-regulators
http://www.denigma.de/lifespan/interventions/?manipulation=12
http://genomics.senescence.info/drugs/ http://www.geroprotectors.org/ http://ageing-map.org/

The interventions reach the molecular/nano level –
Nanomedicine
Subtraction
? Carbon and Gold nano-shells to
eliminate cancer and senescent
cells
? Targeted Drug Delivery
(Liposomes)
? “Artificial immune cells”
are in Research and Development
Addition
- C60 fullerene nano-particles
- Artificial Cells such as:
? “Nanobots” for molecular repair
? “Artificial respirocytes” for oxygen
delivery
are in Research and Development
Gold nano-shells Artificial Immune
Cells
Artificial Respirocytes
(Oxygen Delivery)
http://www.understandingnano.com/medicine.html
http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/

Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence (SENS)
“The 7 Deadly Things”
? Addition:
? 6) Cell loss and tissue atrophy to
be replenished by adding stem
cells and tissue engineering
(RepleniSENS)
? 7) Mutant mitochondria to be
backed up by allotopic expression
of 13 proteins in the nucleus
(MitoSENS);
? Subtraction:
? 1) Death-resistant cells to be
removed by targeted ablation
(ApoptoSENS)
? 2) Tissue stiffening to be
prevented by compounds breaking
Advanced Glycation End-products
– AGE-breakers (GlycoSENS)
? 3) Extracellular aggregates to be
cleaned up by immunotherapeutic
clearance (AmyloSENS)
? 4) Intracellular aggregates to be
dissolved by novel lysosomal
hydrolases (LysoSENS)
? 5) Nuclear (epi-)mutations leading
to cancer to be neutralized by the
removal of telomere-lengthening
machinery (OncoSENS)
http://www.sens.org/
https://mfoundation.org/

Regenerative Medicine
Subtraction
Cell removal
? Apoptosis – regulated cell death
? Tumor Suppression
? Removal of senescent cells
Addition
Cell replenishment
? Induction of regeneration
? Stem cells and their products
? Tissue engineering (bioreactors /
scaffolds/ tissue printing)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_engineering
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_medicine
http://www.wakehealth.edu/WFIRM/

Robotics/Bionics/AI
Subtraction:
? Robotic Surgery
Addition:
? Artificial Limbs
? Artificial Organs
? Exoskeletons
? Brain-Computer Interfaces/Neuro-prosthetics
Brain-Computer Interface
Neuro-prosthetics
Artificial Heart Robotic Arm
Exoskeleton
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_organ
http://www.humanlongevity.com/
Data mining

Holistic Treatments for Extending Longevity
Moderation - Rest - Meditation Exercise
Natural Nutrition Electromagnetic Therapy

“Those who, on the other hand, take an optimistic view, … must
regard as conduct to be approved that which fosters life in self
and others, and as conduct to be disapproved that which injures
or endangers life in self or others…
Legislation conducive to increased longevity would, on the
pessimistic view, remain blameable; while it would be
praiseworthy on the optimistic view.” (Herbert Spencer, 1820-
1903, The Data of Ethics, 1879)
“It is written: ‘When you build a new house, you should make
a parapet for your roof so that you bring not bloodshed upon
your house should any man fall therefrom’ [Deut. 22:8]. …
This demonstrates, however, that there is no firmly
determined time for death. Moreover, the elimination of
harmful things is efficacious in prolonging life, whereas the
undertaking of dangerous things is the basis for shortening
life.” (Maimonides, Rabbi Mosheh ben Maimon,1135-1204,
Responsum on Longevity)
2. Desirability
Life Extension – Expression of the Valuation of Life

“There are no intellectual reasons or rules to denote the
impossibility of an extended life span; therefore, we
cannot deny it”
(Allameh Tabatabaei, 1904-1981)
“We must rebel against the vulnerability of the human body. …
Life is now too precious … More than ever therefore it is urgent
to overcome death”
(Fereidoun M. Esfandiary, 1930-2000, The Upwingers, 1977)
“If you could take a man, dissect him in such a way as to balance
his natures [qualities] and then restore him to life, he would no
longer be subject to death”
(Abu Mūsā Jābir ibn Hayyān – a.k.a. Jabir / Geber, c. 721-815)

Desirability: Longevity is a
pragmatic value
? Human Development Index:
Longevity, Education, Income
(these values are correlated)

Longevity – The Correlate of
Wellbeing
? Longevity ? Education
? Longevity ? Intellectual Activity
? Longevity ? Prosperity
? Longevity ? “Indicator of economic
success and failure” (GDP/GDP per
capita)
? Longevity ? Equality (Gini Index)
? Longevity ? Peacefulness

Objections to Extended Longevity
(for the Individual)
? Objections:
? Diminishing change
? Spiritual and mental
stagnation, boredom,
lack of progress and
achievement
? Prolonged suffering
? Death gives meaning
to life
? Counterarguments:
? Stability is necessary
? Potential for learning
and achievement is
increased with
increasing lifespan
? Suffering preventable
? Life has a meaning of
its own

Life Quality and Life Quantity
are Inseparable
(The Centenarians are the Model)

Is extended longevity detrimental to the society?
The question of “shortage of resources” and
“overpopulation”
Ethical counterarguments:
- Valuation of life overrides inconvenience
- Controlled social development preferable over blind
selection
- Social solidarity and unification desirable even at some
loss of resources

Empirical counterarguments –
“Will Malthus continue to be wrong?”
World (1963)
? Land and Food Requirements: ~550 people per square kilometer (over 700 if all the
food comes from nutritious crops); minimal food requirement ~500 kilograms dry
weight per person per year; the world dry land available for agriculture ~82 million
square kilometers
? Agricultural productivity – Yield of wheat in the UK (best in 1960) – 3,500 kg per
hectare
? Enough to feed at least 45 billion people
(The Agricultural Economics Research Institute of Oxford, Clark 1963)
? Since that time, both agricultural and industrial productivity increased
dramatically
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Demographic and Economic Change - UK - 1960-
2000
Life Expectancy Increase %
Population Increase %
Agricultural Productivity Increase
%
General Productivity - GDP per
Capita Increase %
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Yield of Crops (kg per hectare)
UK - 1960
UK - 2000
Kuwait - 2010
Oman 2010
Demographic and economic change – UK – 1960-2000 Yield of crops – kg per hectare

Overpopulation will NOT be the result of Life
Extension
? Overpopulation is the problem of countries
with relatively *LOW* Life Expectancy –
overcompensating for high mortality with
high fertility
? Still, efforts for egalitarian development are
necessary.
? Given the benefits, Longevity
needs to be actively pursued.

3. Action
Given the Feasibility and Desirability
– a Program for the Pursuit of
Healthy Longevity
is needed

The Program for the Pursuit of
Healthy Longevity
From the outside:
? Gerontotechnologies (Robotics/
Assisted Living)
? Healthy Lifestyle (nutrition, exercise, rest)
? Preventive geriatrics
? Cognitive and psychological techniques
? Environmental technologies
? Improving conditions of daily life, means
of access and convenience for the aged
? Social, educational and occupational
integrative frameworks for the aged

The Program for Healthy
Longevity
From the inside:
? Regenerative medicine:
stem cells and their products,
regeneration and cell death
? Tissue engineering
? Gene therapy: activation of sirtuins,
telomerase, other “longevity genes”.
Epigenetic therapy
? Geroprotectors
? Nanomedicine
? Artificial organ replacement
? Quantified self. Data Mining

How do we make it?
? How do we pursue healthy life extension? What is the
plan?
? How do we make it an individual and social priority?
? Who pays and for what?
? Who makes the decisions?
? How do we make life-extending technologies universally
accessible?

Program for the Pursuit of Longevity -
Health Policy and Research Policy Changes are
needed
? Possible Initial Recommendations: Providing increased funding,
incentives and coordination for academic, commercial and public
organizations involved in Research and Development to ameliorate
degenerative aging processes as the basis for future treatment of non-
communicative diseases, health care for the aged and extending healthy
longevity.

? Governments should ensure the creation and implementation of the following policies to
promote research into the biology of aging and aging-related diseases, for improving the
health and longevity of the global elderly population
(The Critical Need to Promote Research of Aging. Aging and Disease, 6, 2015
http://www.aginganddisease.org/EN/10.14336/AD.2014.1210)
? Funding:
? Ensuring a significant increase of governmental and non-governmental funding for goal-
directed (translational) research in preventing the degenerative aging processes, and the
associated chronic non-communicable diseases and disabilities, and for extending healthy
and productive life, during the entire life course.
? Specifically:
? Dedicating a designated percentage of budget within relevant ministries, such as ministries of health and/or science, particularly in the divisions concerning research and
treatment of non-communicable chronic diseases.
? Dedicating a specific percentage of the profits of commercial pharmacological, biotechnology and medical technology companies to such research and development.
? Establishing relevant research grant programs on a competitive as well as goal-directed basis.
? Doubling of funding for such research every 5 years for the next 20 years.
? Incentives:
? Developing and adopting legal and regulatory frameworks that give incentives for goal-
directed research and development designed to specifically address the development,
registration, administration and accessibility of drugs, medical technologies and other
therapies that will ameliorate the aging processes and associated diseases and extend
healthy life.
? Specifically:
? Developing criteria for efficacy and safety of geroprotective therapies.
? Facilitating in silico and animal testing, and ethical safety-enhanced human testing of such therapies.
? Deploying and ensuring geroprotective therapies in the status of adjuvant and life-extending therapies.
? Providing a shortened approval pathway for therapies with high level of efficacy evidence in preclinical and early clinical trials, as well as in cases of advanced
degenerative and seemingly futile conditions.
? Granting a special recognition, status and benefits to commercial and public entities engaged is such research and development.
? Institutions:
? Establishing and expanding national and international coordination and consultation
structures, programs and institutions to steer promotion of research, development and
education on the biology of aging and associated diseases and the development of clinical
guidelines to modulate the aging processes and associated aging-related diseases and to
extend the healthy and productive lifespan for the population.
? Specifically:
? Establishing Biogerontology specialty and courses in Biogerontology as a common part of university curriculum.
? Developing and disseminating geroprotective regiments, based on the best available evidence, as part of authoritative health recommendations.
? Establishing cooperative centers of excellence for fundamental, translational and applied studies, alongside centers for strategic analysis, forecast, education and policy
development on aging and longevity research, at academic institutes and various governmental and supra-governmental agencies.

Healthy Longevity – The Common Goal
Everyone Can Help
? Research. Educate yourself about recent advances in longevity
science, as well as its social implications.
? Study relevant fields, such as: bio-gerontology; geriatrics;
biotechnology; medical technology; social work; regenerative
medicine; nano-medicine; nutrition; ergonomics; and other fields
related to healthy longevity.
? Join others. Discuss longevity research with friends. Organize study
groups and live meetings. Join or start a network of supporters for
longevity science on line.
? Participate, research, work, volunteer or donate for academic and
public organizations involved in longevity research.
? Lobby. Promote legislation and policies supportive for longevity
research.
? Practice a healthy, life-prolonging life-style.
http://isoad.org/
http://www.longecity.org/
http://www.longevityalliance.org/
http://www.longevityforall.org/
Healthy Longevity – The Common Goal
Everyone Can Help

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