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IMPACT OF WORLD CUP CRIKET 2011 ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

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Tavakkoli M. H, PhD
Tavakkoli M. H, PhD

There is a close link between sports events and urban development. Hosting mega sports events like the 2011 Cricket World Cup led to urban redevelopment projects in Indian cities and a refurbishment of sporting infrastructure to attract tourists and investment. All of the World Cup venues, especially the cricket grounds and player facilities, received improvements bringing them up to international standards. This upgraded infrastructure has benefited game development in India and positioned the country to better host large sporting events in the future.

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IMPACT OF WORLD CUP CRICKET 2011 ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA by MOHAMMADHADI TAVAKKOLI Under the Supervision of Dr. JOSE T.P August 2015 Welcome to Open Defence A Doctoral Thesis Presentation on
Hosting Stadiums of WCC 2011 at a glanceBANGALORE, M.CHINNASWAM Y STADIUM CHENNAI, M.A. CHIDAMBARAM STADIUM NAGPUR, VIDARBHA CRICKET ASSOCIATION MUMBAI, WANKHEDE STADIUM MOHALI, PUNJAB CRICKET ASSOCIATION STADIUM AHMEDABAD, SARDAR PATEL STADIUM KOLKATA, EDEN GARDEN NEW DELHI, FEROZ SHAH KOTLA GROUND 3
4 No. Kolkata Cricket Infrastructure Matting Wicket TurfWickets Concrete Wickets Nets Physical Training Technical assistance specialized training Physical& Mental Development Cricketballs Medical Checkup Bowling Machines Providing DietControl PlayingKit 1 Khadims Ashok Malhotra Cricket Academy 5 4 5 2 Calcutta Cricket Coaching Center (C4) 3 3 7 9 3 Sambaran Banerjee Cricket Academy 2 3 5 4 Bournvita Cricket Academy 2 3 4 7 5 Belgachia United Club 6 Vijay Sports Club 7 North Howrah Cricket Clinic 8 Pankaj Roy Cricket Academy 9 Pankaj Gupta Cricket Coaching Camp 10 Friends of the Stadium 11 Cricket Clinic, Uttarpara 12 Cricket Clinic of Deshbandhu Park 13 Bimalendhu Smriti Cricket Coaching Centre
5 14 Balak Sangha School of Cricket 15 School of Cricket BNR 16 Shute Banerjee Cricket Coaching Centre 17 Agrani Cricket Coaching Centre 18 Dukhiram Memorial Sports Coaching Centre 19 Mohamedan Sporting Club 20 Kalyani Young Mens Association 21 Union Athletic Club 22 Junior Cricket Coaching Centre 23 BKJS Cricket Coaching Centre 24 Tribeni Shibpur Sporting Club 25 Uttarpara Cricket Coaching Centre 26 Sonarpur Sporting Union Sports Academy 27 BENREC
6 No. Chennai Cricket Infrastructure Matting WicketTurf WicketsConcrete Wickets Nets Physical TrainingTechnical assistanc e specialize dtrainingPhysical &Mental Developm entCricket balls Medical Checkup Bowling Machines Providing Diet Control Playing Kit 1 Abdul Jabbar Cricket Academy 2 Asital Cricket Academy 3 Asiatic Cricket Academy B 4 Bharat Reddy Cricket Academy 5 Muthu Kumara Raj Cricket Coaching 6 Bajaj Cricket Academy 7 Chakradhar Cricket Academy 8 Chennai St Bedes Sports Foundation 9 Chennai St Bedes 10 CSSF 11 PK Dharmalingam Cricket Coaching 12 Dharma Cricket Academy 13 Fine Star Cricket Academy (A) 14 Fine Star Cricket Academy (B) 15 Fine Star Cricket Academy (C) 16 Fine Star Cricket Academy (D) 17 Kanniah Cricket Academy
7 18 Kedernath Cricket Academy 19 Masters Cricket Academy 20 Muthu Kumara Raj Cricket Coaching 21 Prahalad Cricket Academy 22 Rajesh Kannan Cricket Academy 23 CS Suresh Kumar Cricket Coaching 24 CS Suresh Kumar Academy 25 VB Cricket Academy 26 VNC Rao Cricket Academy 27 YMCA
8 No. Delhi Cricket Infrastructure Matt ing Wic ket Turf Wic kets Con cret e Wic kets NetsPhy sical Trai ning Tech nica l assi stan ce spec ializ ed trai ning Phy sical & Men tal Dev elop men t Cric ket ball s Med ical Che ck up Bow ling Mac hine s Prov idin g Diet Con trol Play ing Kit 1 Madan Lal Cricket Academy 2 West Delhi Cricket Academy 3 Delhi Cricket Club 4 Rehman Cricket Club 5 L B Shastri Cricket Club 6 Sonnet Cricket Club 7 Nirvana Cricket Club 8 Delhi Wonders Cricket Club 9 Resident Cricket Club 10 Empire Cricket Club 11 Dele Function Cricket Club 12 Chittaranjan Park Cricket Club 13 Vogler Cricket Club 14 A R Cricket Club 15 Young India Cricket Club 16 Vintage Cricket Club 17 Satish Cricket Club 18 Challengers cricket club 19 Man in White Cricket Club 36 Dronacharya Cricket Academy
9 20 Cricket Academy 21 Cricket Cricket 22 Cricket Samrat & Nanhey 23 Vidya Jain Cricket Academy 24 Harry Cricket Pg and Academy 25 Indraprastha Cricket Academy 26 Delhi the Best Cricket Coaching Centre 27 Three Star Cricket Academy 28 GYANTI CRICKET 29 Rkb Cricket Academy 30 Quetta Dav Cricket Training Centre 31 Rockwood Cricket Academy 32 Delhi & District Cricket Association 33 Sehwag Cricket Academy 34 Ust Cricket People
10 No. Nagpur Cricket Infrastructure MattingWicket TurfWickets ConcreteWickets Nets PhysicalTraining Technicalassistance specializedtraining Physical&Mental Development Cricketballs MedicalCheckup BowlingMachines ProvidingDiet Control PlayingKit 1 Pravin Hinganikar Cricket Academy 2 Jawahar Cricket Academy 3 Mujumdar Cricket Academy 4 Vidarbha Cricket Association 5 National School of Cricket
11 No. Ahmedabad Cricket Infrastructure MattingWicket TurfWickets ConcreteWickets Nets PhysicalTraining Technicalassistance specializedtraining Physical&Mental Development Cricketballs MedicalCheckup BowlingMachines ProvidingDietControl PlayingKit 1 Gujarat Cricket Coaching Camp 2 Kiran Brahmbhatt Cricket Coaching Camp 3 Sardar Patel Institute of Sports 4 Ranjee Cricket Coaching Camp
12 No. Mumbai Cricket Infrastructure Matting WicketTurf Wickets Concret e WicketsNets Physical TrainingTechnic al assista nce speciali zed training Physical & Mental Develop ment Cricket ballsMedical Check up Bowling Machin esProvidin gDiet ControlPlaying Kit 1 Amole Shejale 2 Andrew Lopez Cricket Academy 3 AR Kamat Cricket Academy 4 Dilip Kalyankar Cricket Academy 5 Deepak Bankapure Cricket Academy 6 DB Vengsarkar Cricket Academy 7 Darshan Mulherkar Cricket Academy 8 Eknath Solkar Cricket Academy 9 K Tiwari Cricket Academy 10 Sandeep Mahadkar 11 Suresh Tigdi Cricket Academy 12 Sanjay Gaitonde cricket Academy 13 P Kharkhanis Cricket Academy 14 Prakash Patil Cricket Academy 15 Ravi Kulkarni Cricket Academy 16 Vasant Dhanipkar Cricket Academy 17 U Mitra Cricket Academy 18 MS Rao Cricket Academy 19 NP Kale Cricket Academy
13 20 K Ramachandran Cricket Academy 21 Satish Samant Cricket Academy 22 Paryade Sports Foundation 23 Pravin Gogri 24 Udayraje Bhosle Cricket Academy 25 Girish Jawle Cricket Academy 26 Mahendra Ingle Cricket Academy 27 S Chavan Cricket Academy 28 S Nagwekar Cricket Academy 29 Rohan Talpude Cricket Academy 30 Vijay Shirke 31 C Vaidya 32 Vinod Salvi 33 Umakant Prabhu Cricket Academy 34 Mobin Shaikh Cricket Academy 35 R Ambhire Cricket Academy 36 R Raul Cricket Academy 37 Shyam N Raul Cricket Academy 38 Worli Sports Club
14 39 SP Group & Bengal Club Cricket Academy 40 Kingly Sports Club 41 Chandrakant Pandit Cricket Clinic 42 National Cricket Academy (West Zone) 43 Pratap Desai Cricket Coaching Camp 44 Pravin Kargaonkar Cricket Coaching Camp 45 Kishore H Kuvavala 46 Islam Ghymkhana Pace Bowling Academy
15 No. Bangalore Cricket Infrastructure MattingWicket TurfWickets ConcreteWickets Nets PhysicalTraining Technical assistance specializedtraining Physical&Mental Development Cricketballs Caps BowlingMachines T-shirts PlayingKit 1 Star Cricketers Coaching Camp 2 Bangalore City Cricket Club Coaching Camp 3 Rama Murthy Nagar Cricket Club Coaching Camp 4 Indira Nagar Cricket Academy 5 Southern Railway Institute Cricket Camp 6 Rajaji Nagar Colts Cricket Association Coaching Camp 7 Basavanagudi Cricket Academy 8 Chamarajpet Cricket Academy 9 Bangalore Cricket Academy 10 Roger Binny Cricket Academy 11 Jayaprakash Cricket Clinic 12 Jayanagar Cricket Academy
16 13 Jayanagar Sports Academy 14 JP Nagar Cricket Coaching Camp 15 Imtiaz Ahmed Cricket Academy 16 Karnataka Institute of Cricket 17 Koramangala Cricket Academy 18 Brijesh Patel Cricket Academy
IMPACT OF WORLD CUP CRIKET 2011 ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
1 There is a close link between sports and a countrys industrial development and the general progress of society. Industrialization and the general progress of the society are closely related to urbanization. Urban development is the social, cultural, economic and physical development of cities. Much pressure on cities is naturally applied to conduct mega events to attract mobile and global capital. Sports and games have a significant role in the urban development of the countries. Cities and localities are actively involved in initiatives to refurbish and refine national and local identities.
2 Mega sports events in cities leads to changes in the nature of planning and urban development in a series of large-scale urban redevelopment projects. Over the past 20 years, investment in sporting infrastructure at national level in cities was not primarily aimed at getting the local community involved in sport, but was instead aimed at attracting tourists, encouraging inward investment and changing the image of the cities. Public supports have turned to buildings that generate urban development. Sport has the potential to generate substantial economic and social returns to local and regional government investment in the sports industry. Most of existing theoretical explanations for the new urbanism in India focus on state socialism, foreign investment, and industrialization. Though international tourism and mega-events have become popular in India, few studies focus on their impacts on India cities.
3 In the first decade of 21st Century, India hosted different kinds of international mega-events such as commonwealth games 2010, WCC 2011, these mega- events had impacts on transforming India cities. For the conduct of the world cup, all the venues especially the grounds, the players practice and support facilities were given a commendable facelift. All the major grounds were re- furbished to ICC standards. The ground conditions were improved to international standards and would complement the bids for hosting such mega events in future. The game development activities would be directly benefited. Infrastructure in India has improved a lot. Now certain grounds are used exclusively for cricket. The infrastructure for the WCC should magnitude the Indias preparation. India need not share with any other neighbor in her border. But as a fraternity India shared the responsibility with Sri Lanka, Bangladesh. India is self sufficient with good grounds.
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12 4- To study the sport event increases the rate of growth of sport tourism. 5- To study the contribution of the WCC 2011 in the promotion of the sports in India. 6- To study the effect of the WCC 2011 on the economic status of the host cities.
13 The dependent variable is the urban development and the important independent variables are aspects related to promotion of sports, sport tourism, government policies, cricket infrastructure, spectators attracted and economic status with overall forty one sub-variables.
14 1- The government policies that deal with sporting mega-events would have significant effect on facilitation of urbanization in India. 3- There would have significant difference to effect of the WCC 2011 on the economic status of the cities. 2- It is hypothesized that there would be significant relationship between sporting mega-events and urban development in India on the eleven selected sub-variables. 4- There would have significant difference to increase the rate of growth of sport event due to the sport tourism.
15 Hosting the Game can never be said to be exclusively positive or negative. There is a mixture of both in all cases. The thesis will emphasize on the most relevant effects of the Game on host cities and its residents, and explore how these impacts should be best assessed in the future. As the aim of this thesis is not to list all potential impacts of the Game but to discuss sustainability issues, we will concentrate on some of the more significant long-term effects.
33 Overall 101 literatures have selected. Apart from all, 15 talked about boosting tourism and foreign investment. 5 about sport events has promoted economic & social development. 20 reviews said development of infrastructure projects by urban planning. 20 illustrated development of infrastructure projects by urban planning. 20 of them said sport events enhanced cities quality of life & sense of pride by residents. 5 talked about sport events foster community & build social capital. 5 described sport events providing a wide range of high- quality opportunities for young people to help them become the nation`s next generation of skilled, competent & responsible adults. 1 has mentioned the hosting events offered global exposure & prestige. 30 represented new/social media activities, job & business opportunities, increasing community visibility, positive psychic income, enhancing community image, cities have created a strong sports image to the world, increasing air seat capacity, increasing train & railway connectivity to important tourist destinations, four-lining of roads connecting important tourist centers & increasing availability of accommodation. 16
17 Data used for this study include both secondary and primary. The secondary data was related to sport tourism, BCCI, urban development and sports infrastructure. With regard to tourism, the number of foreign and domestic tourists in eight cities between 2010 to 2013 data has selected. Also, details about facilities, Road, Public transportation, airport, etc. has considered as well. Primary data was collected from 370 of sample such as cricket and sport experts, including coaches, managers, administrators, ground engineers and lectures on proportional sampling method from Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Mohali, New Delhi, Bangalore, Nagpur and Ahmadabad. Primary data was collected during the period of March 2013 to May 2013.
18 The statistical tools used for the analysis of the data includes Descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean, SD. F-test (one-way ANOVA) was used to compare the mean opinion scores of Coaches, Managers, Administrators and Lectures. One sample t-test was used to compare the mean opinion score with an arbiter constant (theoretical mean score). Pearson Chi-square test was applied to evaluate the independents of dependent variables with regards to the characteristics of the sample.
19 According to The sample size as per Kukeran formula calculator works out of at least 352 sample size. During the pilot study and consulting times with professional bodies, it seems that sample size should be collected at several sample additional more than minimum sample, Altogether 370 questionnaires were available for data analysis.
20 100x370/5000 = 8 2000x370/5000 = 148 800x370/5000 = 59 800x370/5000 = 59 800x370/5000 = 59 500x370/5000 = 37 N = 370
21 Focuses on the total group of the respondents, statistical population, sample size of the respondents and sample size percentage of the study. The selection was according to the simple random sampling, by Kukeran Formula. Title Statistical Population Sample Size Sample Size Percentage 1 BCCI (Manager, Administration) 100 8 2% 2 Cricket Coaches 800 59 16% 3 Officials of Cricket (Manager, Administration) 800 59 16% 4 Authentic Persons of Sport and Cricket (Manager, Administration, Lecturer) 2000 148 40% 5 Dept. of Tourism (Manager, Administration) 800 59 16% 6 Technical Persons (engineers of ground, Administration) 500 37 10% Total 5000 370 100%
22 The questions were related to perceptions and attitudes about the sport event and the impacts of the event on urban development. The instrument featured six sections which included the following areas of questioning: 1. Sport Tourism Events 2. India World Cup Cricket 3. Promotion of Sports 4. Promotion of Sports and Spectatorship 5. Sport Event and Sport Tourism 6. Sport Event and Urban Development/Economic Impact/ Gov. Policies The research questionnaire was distributed for response through the post, E-mail, face- to-face data collection and appointment by consulting the table for determining the required size of a randomly chosen sample from a given finite population.
23 Cricket and sports officials perceptions and attitudes; which used a Likert-type rating scale to ask for the level of agreement with a batch of statements, from: agree, disagree, strongly agree to strongly disagree, with a neutral response allowed for; and Respondents profile, which included age, qualification, experience, gender, and profession classification. The surveys and respondents included sport experts, authentic persons, university sport lecturers, secretary of local self, cricket coaches associations, operational managers of cricket, engineers of cricket ground, secretary of cricket associations, official persons of BCCI, general manager of the planning department in HUDCO, directors of tourism department, planning managers of tourism department, managers of cricket association, official members of cricket in host cities of India.
24 1- Because of WCC 2011 there were many jobs opportunity created for the people at the different levels ranging from laborers to managers. 2- WCC 2011 has played an important role in the promotion of the sports in the cities. 3- Hosting a WCC 2011 have been a strategy to stimulate new districts development instead of urban redevelopment in India. 4- The event WCC 2011 attracted many tourists and visitors from the different parts of the country and world. 5- A substantial economic growth was seen during WCC 2011 due to the boost in industries and services like hospitality, food and beverage, cultural and handy craft, travelling services, aviation, hotels and other transportation services.
25 6- The effect of the WCC 2011 on the economic status of the cities showed that the game boosted economic status of Indian cities positively. 7- The total sample responded that, they could use the stadiums after the WCC 2011. 8- The WCC 2011 boosted the cities transport facilities, new bridges were constructed, airports of the states were modernized and not the least the stadiums were renovated and as well as new stadiums were built. 9- There was a huge development in the cricket infrastructure of the cities due to WCC 2011 game. 10- The main sources of BCCIs income have been the media rights and after the WCC 2011 the result showed significantly increase the revenue.
26 1- A demographic profile of respondents reveals that 81.62 % were male, while 18.38 % were female. The age of respondents interviewed ranged from 24 years to 72 years. The average age of the respondents was 48 years. More than 50 % of the respondents had a bachelors degree qualification. The majority of the respondents had above 5 years experience. 2- The hosting of the WCC 2011 has benefited small businesses. 3- The WCC 2011 Increased the status of Indian. 4- The WCC 2011 Boosted foreign investment. 5- Diverse opinion on black economic empowerment resulting by hosting such a mega event. 6- During the WCC 2011 period, the overall cost of living was increased.
7- The event lead to increased in the price of some items such as food, transport and accommodation around the stadiums. 8- The hosting of the WCC 2011 created many inconveniences such as traffic congestion and parking difficulties as well as made delay in basic services in the poor areas. 9- Diverse opinion that there was higher incidence of criminal activities. 10- The WCC 2011 was successful because of the support of the people. 11- Success of the Government in hosting the WCC 2011. 12- The locals entertainment opportunities created by the WCC 2011. 13- The respondents had difference opinion that hosting of the WCC 2011 boosted the image of green point stadiums. 14- The community was benefited directly from the event. 15- The standard of living of communities located close to the stadiums increased. 27
16- Public funds in support of this event were acceptable. 17- Diverse opinion about social injustice increased during the event. 18- Difference of opinion that only some members of the community benefited from the WCC 2011. 19- The hosting of the WCC 2011 caused locals feel good about themselves and their community. 20- The community was prided directly from the event. 21- The event was a major boost for national pride and nation building. 22- The old parts of the areas were upgraded. Roads, parking facilities and amenities were refurbished, access to amenities and improvement in road facilities resulted. 23- The hosting of the event promoted the development and better maintenance of public facilities. 28
24- Respondents had diverse opinion on local residents access to public facilities because of closure or overcrowding. 25- India had the resources and potential to host triumphant W.C.C 2011. 26- India attained a legendary sports event and achieved a legacy. 27- State Governments were able to meet the needs of the WCC 2011. 28- Residents had significant contribution in active engagement in management/ hosting of WCC 2011. 29- Environmental degradation was being given attention during the planning and management phase. 30- Hosting of the WCC 2011 by India has benefited her neighbors namely Sri Lanka and Bangladesh who were being the other host countries. 31- It was found that majority of respondents were a spectator of the 2011 WCC. 29
32- It was found that the maximum number of spectators watched the matches from the M. Chinnaswamy stadium. 33- It was found that the highest number of respondents have updated on urban development in the region related to the WCC 2011. 34- The WCC 2011 attracted tourists to the areas. 35- The WCC 2011 Increased positive media coverage to the areas. 36- The cities were being internationally competitive. 37- Event attracted future businesses to the areas. 38- Maximum concerned of respondents was about safety and security. 39- Majority of respondents declared that they could use the stadiums for sport events and functions. 30
31 There is no significant increase in the rate of growth of sport tourism due to the sport event. Hence, the finding supports the alternative hypothesis that There is significant increase in the rate of growth of sport tourism due to the sport event. It rejects the null hypothesis that there is no significant effect of the WCC 2011 on the economic status of the cities. So, the finding supports the alternative hypothesis that there is a significant effect of the WCC 2011 on the economic status of the cities. The results reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between sporting mega-events & urban development in India & accept the alternate hypothesis that there is significant relationship between sporting mega-events and urban development in India. The result accepts the hypothesis that the government policies that deal with sporting mega-events do not facilitate urbanization in India. 1 2 3 4
32 The Government policies that deal with sporting mega-events, which also facilitate urbanization in India, private section cooperation with the Government should be increased. The Government emphasizes that the infrastructure construction promotes the city image and bring more conveniences to the citizens; facilitation of citizens during events should be more emphasized. The public participation in organizing the sporting mega-events such as WCC 2011 should be highlighted. Increasing quality of life for host cities should be given more attention. The local development strategies and community values such as economic localism, community stability, and human capital development should be considered. The same study should be conducted, including more areas of urban development.
33 The 2011 WCC which held in India and neighbors is one of the most important sporting events that held on the Asian continent. It promises to be a catalyst for future events of this magnitude to be exploited by other Asian countries. Specially it provided India with the opportunity to showcase its ability during commonwealth youth games 2008 and commonwealth games 2010 to host major sporting and cultural events in a bid to attract other mega-sports events like the WCC 2011 in India and the Olympic Games in future. The communication and distribution of information are another crucial aspects of creating awareness and informing the community where these events are taking place, not only about the event itself, but more importantly about the progress and anticipated disruptions that may likely to occur as a result of these events. 2011 organizers must realize that an innovative approach towards event communications is required. All possible mediums must be used to distribute information to the communities concerned in order to ensure that residents are fully informed and also feel a part of the event. This will not only promote a healthy relationship between the event organizers and the community but also get support for any future events that may take place at these venues.
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IMPACT OF WORLD CUP CRIKET 2011 ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

  • 1. 1
  • 2. IMPACT OF WORLD CUP CRICKET 2011 ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA by MOHAMMADHADI TAVAKKOLI Under the Supervision of Dr. JOSE T.P August 2015 Welcome to Open Defence A Doctoral Thesis Presentation on
  • 3. Hosting Stadiums of WCC 2011 at a glanceBANGALORE, M.CHINNASWAM Y STADIUM CHENNAI, M.A. CHIDAMBARAM STADIUM NAGPUR, VIDARBHA CRICKET ASSOCIATION MUMBAI, WANKHEDE STADIUM MOHALI, PUNJAB CRICKET ASSOCIATION STADIUM AHMEDABAD, SARDAR PATEL STADIUM KOLKATA, EDEN GARDEN NEW DELHI, FEROZ SHAH KOTLA GROUND 3
  • 4. 4 No. Kolkata Cricket Infrastructure Matting Wicket TurfWickets Concrete Wickets Nets Physical Training Technical assistance specialized training Physical& Mental Development Cricketballs Medical Checkup Bowling Machines Providing DietControl PlayingKit 1 Khadims Ashok Malhotra Cricket Academy 5 4 5 2 Calcutta Cricket Coaching Center (C4) 3 3 7 9 3 Sambaran Banerjee Cricket Academy 2 3 5 4 Bournvita Cricket Academy 2 3 4 7 5 Belgachia United Club 6 Vijay Sports Club 7 North Howrah Cricket Clinic 8 Pankaj Roy Cricket Academy 9 Pankaj Gupta Cricket Coaching Camp 10 Friends of the Stadium 11 Cricket Clinic, Uttarpara 12 Cricket Clinic of Deshbandhu Park 13 Bimalendhu Smriti Cricket Coaching Centre
  • 5. 5 14 Balak Sangha School of Cricket 15 School of Cricket BNR 16 Shute Banerjee Cricket Coaching Centre 17 Agrani Cricket Coaching Centre 18 Dukhiram Memorial Sports Coaching Centre 19 Mohamedan Sporting Club 20 Kalyani Young Mens Association 21 Union Athletic Club 22 Junior Cricket Coaching Centre 23 BKJS Cricket Coaching Centre 24 Tribeni Shibpur Sporting Club 25 Uttarpara Cricket Coaching Centre 26 Sonarpur Sporting Union Sports Academy 27 BENREC
  • 6. 6 No. Chennai Cricket Infrastructure Matting WicketTurf WicketsConcrete Wickets Nets Physical TrainingTechnical assistanc e specialize dtrainingPhysical &Mental Developm entCricket balls Medical Checkup Bowling Machines Providing Diet Control Playing Kit 1 Abdul Jabbar Cricket Academy 2 Asital Cricket Academy 3 Asiatic Cricket Academy B 4 Bharat Reddy Cricket Academy 5 Muthu Kumara Raj Cricket Coaching 6 Bajaj Cricket Academy 7 Chakradhar Cricket Academy 8 Chennai St Bedes Sports Foundation 9 Chennai St Bedes 10 CSSF 11 PK Dharmalingam Cricket Coaching 12 Dharma Cricket Academy 13 Fine Star Cricket Academy (A) 14 Fine Star Cricket Academy (B) 15 Fine Star Cricket Academy (C) 16 Fine Star Cricket Academy (D) 17 Kanniah Cricket Academy
  • 7. 7 18 Kedernath Cricket Academy 19 Masters Cricket Academy 20 Muthu Kumara Raj Cricket Coaching 21 Prahalad Cricket Academy 22 Rajesh Kannan Cricket Academy 23 CS Suresh Kumar Cricket Coaching 24 CS Suresh Kumar Academy 25 VB Cricket Academy 26 VNC Rao Cricket Academy 27 YMCA
  • 8. 8 No. Delhi Cricket Infrastructure Matt ing Wic ket Turf Wic kets Con cret e Wic kets NetsPhy sical Trai ning Tech nica l assi stan ce spec ializ ed trai ning Phy sical & Men tal Dev elop men t Cric ket ball s Med ical Che ck up Bow ling Mac hine s Prov idin g Diet Con trol Play ing Kit 1 Madan Lal Cricket Academy 2 West Delhi Cricket Academy 3 Delhi Cricket Club 4 Rehman Cricket Club 5 L B Shastri Cricket Club 6 Sonnet Cricket Club 7 Nirvana Cricket Club 8 Delhi Wonders Cricket Club 9 Resident Cricket Club 10 Empire Cricket Club 11 Dele Function Cricket Club 12 Chittaranjan Park Cricket Club 13 Vogler Cricket Club 14 A R Cricket Club 15 Young India Cricket Club 16 Vintage Cricket Club 17 Satish Cricket Club 18 Challengers cricket club 19 Man in White Cricket Club 36 Dronacharya Cricket Academy
  • 9. 9 20 Cricket Academy 21 Cricket Cricket 22 Cricket Samrat & Nanhey 23 Vidya Jain Cricket Academy 24 Harry Cricket Pg and Academy 25 Indraprastha Cricket Academy 26 Delhi the Best Cricket Coaching Centre 27 Three Star Cricket Academy 28 GYANTI CRICKET 29 Rkb Cricket Academy 30 Quetta Dav Cricket Training Centre 31 Rockwood Cricket Academy 32 Delhi & District Cricket Association 33 Sehwag Cricket Academy 34 Ust Cricket People
  • 12. 12 No. Mumbai Cricket Infrastructure Matting WicketTurf Wickets Concret e WicketsNets Physical TrainingTechnic al assista nce speciali zed training Physical & Mental Develop ment Cricket ballsMedical Check up Bowling Machin esProvidin gDiet ControlPlaying Kit 1 Amole Shejale 2 Andrew Lopez Cricket Academy 3 AR Kamat Cricket Academy 4 Dilip Kalyankar Cricket Academy 5 Deepak Bankapure Cricket Academy 6 DB Vengsarkar Cricket Academy 7 Darshan Mulherkar Cricket Academy 8 Eknath Solkar Cricket Academy 9 K Tiwari Cricket Academy 10 Sandeep Mahadkar 11 Suresh Tigdi Cricket Academy 12 Sanjay Gaitonde cricket Academy 13 P Kharkhanis Cricket Academy 14 Prakash Patil Cricket Academy 15 Ravi Kulkarni Cricket Academy 16 Vasant Dhanipkar Cricket Academy 17 U Mitra Cricket Academy 18 MS Rao Cricket Academy 19 NP Kale Cricket Academy
  • 13. 13 20 K Ramachandran Cricket Academy 21 Satish Samant Cricket Academy 22 Paryade Sports Foundation 23 Pravin Gogri 24 Udayraje Bhosle Cricket Academy 25 Girish Jawle Cricket Academy 26 Mahendra Ingle Cricket Academy 27 S Chavan Cricket Academy 28 S Nagwekar Cricket Academy 29 Rohan Talpude Cricket Academy 30 Vijay Shirke 31 C Vaidya 32 Vinod Salvi 33 Umakant Prabhu Cricket Academy 34 Mobin Shaikh Cricket Academy 35 R Ambhire Cricket Academy 36 R Raul Cricket Academy 37 Shyam N Raul Cricket Academy 38 Worli Sports Club
  • 14. 14 39 SP Group & Bengal Club Cricket Academy 40 Kingly Sports Club 41 Chandrakant Pandit Cricket Clinic 42 National Cricket Academy (West Zone) 43 Pratap Desai Cricket Coaching Camp 44 Pravin Kargaonkar Cricket Coaching Camp 45 Kishore H Kuvavala 46 Islam Ghymkhana Pace Bowling Academy
  • 15. 15 No. Bangalore Cricket Infrastructure MattingWicket TurfWickets ConcreteWickets Nets PhysicalTraining Technical assistance specializedtraining Physical&Mental Development Cricketballs Caps BowlingMachines T-shirts PlayingKit 1 Star Cricketers Coaching Camp 2 Bangalore City Cricket Club Coaching Camp 3 Rama Murthy Nagar Cricket Club Coaching Camp 4 Indira Nagar Cricket Academy 5 Southern Railway Institute Cricket Camp 6 Rajaji Nagar Colts Cricket Association Coaching Camp 7 Basavanagudi Cricket Academy 8 Chamarajpet Cricket Academy 9 Bangalore Cricket Academy 10 Roger Binny Cricket Academy 11 Jayaprakash Cricket Clinic 12 Jayanagar Cricket Academy
  • 16. 16 13 Jayanagar Sports Academy 14 JP Nagar Cricket Coaching Camp 15 Imtiaz Ahmed Cricket Academy 16 Karnataka Institute of Cricket 17 Koramangala Cricket Academy 18 Brijesh Patel Cricket Academy
  • 18. 1 There is a close link between sports and a countrys industrial development and the general progress of society. Industrialization and the general progress of the society are closely related to urbanization. Urban development is the social, cultural, economic and physical development of cities. Much pressure on cities is naturally applied to conduct mega events to attract mobile and global capital. Sports and games have a significant role in the urban development of the countries. Cities and localities are actively involved in initiatives to refurbish and refine national and local identities.
  • 19. 2 Mega sports events in cities leads to changes in the nature of planning and urban development in a series of large-scale urban redevelopment projects. Over the past 20 years, investment in sporting infrastructure at national level in cities was not primarily aimed at getting the local community involved in sport, but was instead aimed at attracting tourists, encouraging inward investment and changing the image of the cities. Public supports have turned to buildings that generate urban development. Sport has the potential to generate substantial economic and social returns to local and regional government investment in the sports industry. Most of existing theoretical explanations for the new urbanism in India focus on state socialism, foreign investment, and industrialization. Though international tourism and mega-events have become popular in India, few studies focus on their impacts on India cities.
  • 20. 3 In the first decade of 21st Century, India hosted different kinds of international mega-events such as commonwealth games 2010, WCC 2011, these mega- events had impacts on transforming India cities. For the conduct of the world cup, all the venues especially the grounds, the players practice and support facilities were given a commendable facelift. All the major grounds were re- furbished to ICC standards. The ground conditions were improved to international standards and would complement the bids for hosting such mega events in future. The game development activities would be directly benefited. Infrastructure in India has improved a lot. Now certain grounds are used exclusively for cricket. The infrastructure for the WCC should magnitude the Indias preparation. India need not share with any other neighbor in her border. But as a fraternity India shared the responsibility with Sri Lanka, Bangladesh. India is self sufficient with good grounds.
  • 21. 4
  • 22. 5
  • 23. 6
  • 24. 7
  • 25. 8
  • 26. 9
  • 27. 10
  • 28. 11
  • 29. 12 4- To study the sport event increases the rate of growth of sport tourism. 5- To study the contribution of the WCC 2011 in the promotion of the sports in India. 6- To study the effect of the WCC 2011 on the economic status of the host cities.
  • 30. 13 The dependent variable is the urban development and the important independent variables are aspects related to promotion of sports, sport tourism, government policies, cricket infrastructure, spectators attracted and economic status with overall forty one sub-variables.
  • 31. 14 1- The government policies that deal with sporting mega-events would have significant effect on facilitation of urbanization in India. 3- There would have significant difference to effect of the WCC 2011 on the economic status of the cities. 2- It is hypothesized that there would be significant relationship between sporting mega-events and urban development in India on the eleven selected sub-variables. 4- There would have significant difference to increase the rate of growth of sport event due to the sport tourism.
  • 32. 15 Hosting the Game can never be said to be exclusively positive or negative. There is a mixture of both in all cases. The thesis will emphasize on the most relevant effects of the Game on host cities and its residents, and explore how these impacts should be best assessed in the future. As the aim of this thesis is not to list all potential impacts of the Game but to discuss sustainability issues, we will concentrate on some of the more significant long-term effects.
  • 33. 33 Overall 101 literatures have selected. Apart from all, 15 talked about boosting tourism and foreign investment. 5 about sport events has promoted economic & social development. 20 reviews said development of infrastructure projects by urban planning. 20 illustrated development of infrastructure projects by urban planning. 20 of them said sport events enhanced cities quality of life & sense of pride by residents. 5 talked about sport events foster community & build social capital. 5 described sport events providing a wide range of high- quality opportunities for young people to help them become the nation`s next generation of skilled, competent & responsible adults. 1 has mentioned the hosting events offered global exposure & prestige. 30 represented new/social media activities, job & business opportunities, increasing community visibility, positive psychic income, enhancing community image, cities have created a strong sports image to the world, increasing air seat capacity, increasing train & railway connectivity to important tourist destinations, four-lining of roads connecting important tourist centers & increasing availability of accommodation. 16
  • 34. 17 Data used for this study include both secondary and primary. The secondary data was related to sport tourism, BCCI, urban development and sports infrastructure. With regard to tourism, the number of foreign and domestic tourists in eight cities between 2010 to 2013 data has selected. Also, details about facilities, Road, Public transportation, airport, etc. has considered as well. Primary data was collected from 370 of sample such as cricket and sport experts, including coaches, managers, administrators, ground engineers and lectures on proportional sampling method from Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Mohali, New Delhi, Bangalore, Nagpur and Ahmadabad. Primary data was collected during the period of March 2013 to May 2013.
  • 35. 18 The statistical tools used for the analysis of the data includes Descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean, SD. F-test (one-way ANOVA) was used to compare the mean opinion scores of Coaches, Managers, Administrators and Lectures. One sample t-test was used to compare the mean opinion score with an arbiter constant (theoretical mean score). Pearson Chi-square test was applied to evaluate the independents of dependent variables with regards to the characteristics of the sample.
  • 36. 19 According to The sample size as per Kukeran formula calculator works out of at least 352 sample size. During the pilot study and consulting times with professional bodies, it seems that sample size should be collected at several sample additional more than minimum sample, Altogether 370 questionnaires were available for data analysis.
  • 37. 20 100x370/5000 = 8 2000x370/5000 = 148 800x370/5000 = 59 800x370/5000 = 59 800x370/5000 = 59 500x370/5000 = 37 N = 370
  • 38. 21 Focuses on the total group of the respondents, statistical population, sample size of the respondents and sample size percentage of the study. The selection was according to the simple random sampling, by Kukeran Formula. Title Statistical Population Sample Size Sample Size Percentage 1 BCCI (Manager, Administration) 100 8 2% 2 Cricket Coaches 800 59 16% 3 Officials of Cricket (Manager, Administration) 800 59 16% 4 Authentic Persons of Sport and Cricket (Manager, Administration, Lecturer) 2000 148 40% 5 Dept. of Tourism (Manager, Administration) 800 59 16% 6 Technical Persons (engineers of ground, Administration) 500 37 10% Total 5000 370 100%
  • 39. 22 The questions were related to perceptions and attitudes about the sport event and the impacts of the event on urban development. The instrument featured six sections which included the following areas of questioning: 1. Sport Tourism Events 2. India World Cup Cricket 3. Promotion of Sports 4. Promotion of Sports and Spectatorship 5. Sport Event and Sport Tourism 6. Sport Event and Urban Development/Economic Impact/ Gov. Policies The research questionnaire was distributed for response through the post, E-mail, face- to-face data collection and appointment by consulting the table for determining the required size of a randomly chosen sample from a given finite population.
  • 40. 23 Cricket and sports officials perceptions and attitudes; which used a Likert-type rating scale to ask for the level of agreement with a batch of statements, from: agree, disagree, strongly agree to strongly disagree, with a neutral response allowed for; and Respondents profile, which included age, qualification, experience, gender, and profession classification. The surveys and respondents included sport experts, authentic persons, university sport lecturers, secretary of local self, cricket coaches associations, operational managers of cricket, engineers of cricket ground, secretary of cricket associations, official persons of BCCI, general manager of the planning department in HUDCO, directors of tourism department, planning managers of tourism department, managers of cricket association, official members of cricket in host cities of India.
  • 41. 24 1- Because of WCC 2011 there were many jobs opportunity created for the people at the different levels ranging from laborers to managers. 2- WCC 2011 has played an important role in the promotion of the sports in the cities. 3- Hosting a WCC 2011 have been a strategy to stimulate new districts development instead of urban redevelopment in India. 4- The event WCC 2011 attracted many tourists and visitors from the different parts of the country and world. 5- A substantial economic growth was seen during WCC 2011 due to the boost in industries and services like hospitality, food and beverage, cultural and handy craft, travelling services, aviation, hotels and other transportation services.
  • 42. 25 6- The effect of the WCC 2011 on the economic status of the cities showed that the game boosted economic status of Indian cities positively. 7- The total sample responded that, they could use the stadiums after the WCC 2011. 8- The WCC 2011 boosted the cities transport facilities, new bridges were constructed, airports of the states were modernized and not the least the stadiums were renovated and as well as new stadiums were built. 9- There was a huge development in the cricket infrastructure of the cities due to WCC 2011 game. 10- The main sources of BCCIs income have been the media rights and after the WCC 2011 the result showed significantly increase the revenue.
  • 43. 26 1- A demographic profile of respondents reveals that 81.62 % were male, while 18.38 % were female. The age of respondents interviewed ranged from 24 years to 72 years. The average age of the respondents was 48 years. More than 50 % of the respondents had a bachelors degree qualification. The majority of the respondents had above 5 years experience. 2- The hosting of the WCC 2011 has benefited small businesses. 3- The WCC 2011 Increased the status of Indian. 4- The WCC 2011 Boosted foreign investment. 5- Diverse opinion on black economic empowerment resulting by hosting such a mega event. 6- During the WCC 2011 period, the overall cost of living was increased.
  • 44. 7- The event lead to increased in the price of some items such as food, transport and accommodation around the stadiums. 8- The hosting of the WCC 2011 created many inconveniences such as traffic congestion and parking difficulties as well as made delay in basic services in the poor areas. 9- Diverse opinion that there was higher incidence of criminal activities. 10- The WCC 2011 was successful because of the support of the people. 11- Success of the Government in hosting the WCC 2011. 12- The locals entertainment opportunities created by the WCC 2011. 13- The respondents had difference opinion that hosting of the WCC 2011 boosted the image of green point stadiums. 14- The community was benefited directly from the event. 15- The standard of living of communities located close to the stadiums increased. 27
  • 45. 16- Public funds in support of this event were acceptable. 17- Diverse opinion about social injustice increased during the event. 18- Difference of opinion that only some members of the community benefited from the WCC 2011. 19- The hosting of the WCC 2011 caused locals feel good about themselves and their community. 20- The community was prided directly from the event. 21- The event was a major boost for national pride and nation building. 22- The old parts of the areas were upgraded. Roads, parking facilities and amenities were refurbished, access to amenities and improvement in road facilities resulted. 23- The hosting of the event promoted the development and better maintenance of public facilities. 28
  • 46. 24- Respondents had diverse opinion on local residents access to public facilities because of closure or overcrowding. 25- India had the resources and potential to host triumphant W.C.C 2011. 26- India attained a legendary sports event and achieved a legacy. 27- State Governments were able to meet the needs of the WCC 2011. 28- Residents had significant contribution in active engagement in management/ hosting of WCC 2011. 29- Environmental degradation was being given attention during the planning and management phase. 30- Hosting of the WCC 2011 by India has benefited her neighbors namely Sri Lanka and Bangladesh who were being the other host countries. 31- It was found that majority of respondents were a spectator of the 2011 WCC. 29
  • 47. 32- It was found that the maximum number of spectators watched the matches from the M. Chinnaswamy stadium. 33- It was found that the highest number of respondents have updated on urban development in the region related to the WCC 2011. 34- The WCC 2011 attracted tourists to the areas. 35- The WCC 2011 Increased positive media coverage to the areas. 36- The cities were being internationally competitive. 37- Event attracted future businesses to the areas. 38- Maximum concerned of respondents was about safety and security. 39- Majority of respondents declared that they could use the stadiums for sport events and functions. 30
  • 48. 31 There is no significant increase in the rate of growth of sport tourism due to the sport event. Hence, the finding supports the alternative hypothesis that There is significant increase in the rate of growth of sport tourism due to the sport event. It rejects the null hypothesis that there is no significant effect of the WCC 2011 on the economic status of the cities. So, the finding supports the alternative hypothesis that there is a significant effect of the WCC 2011 on the economic status of the cities. The results reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between sporting mega-events & urban development in India & accept the alternate hypothesis that there is significant relationship between sporting mega-events and urban development in India. The result accepts the hypothesis that the government policies that deal with sporting mega-events do not facilitate urbanization in India. 1 2 3 4
  • 49. 32 The Government policies that deal with sporting mega-events, which also facilitate urbanization in India, private section cooperation with the Government should be increased. The Government emphasizes that the infrastructure construction promotes the city image and bring more conveniences to the citizens; facilitation of citizens during events should be more emphasized. The public participation in organizing the sporting mega-events such as WCC 2011 should be highlighted. Increasing quality of life for host cities should be given more attention. The local development strategies and community values such as economic localism, community stability, and human capital development should be considered. The same study should be conducted, including more areas of urban development.
  • 50. 33 The 2011 WCC which held in India and neighbors is one of the most important sporting events that held on the Asian continent. It promises to be a catalyst for future events of this magnitude to be exploited by other Asian countries. Specially it provided India with the opportunity to showcase its ability during commonwealth youth games 2008 and commonwealth games 2010 to host major sporting and cultural events in a bid to attract other mega-sports events like the WCC 2011 in India and the Olympic Games in future. The communication and distribution of information are another crucial aspects of creating awareness and informing the community where these events are taking place, not only about the event itself, but more importantly about the progress and anticipated disruptions that may likely to occur as a result of these events. 2011 organizers must realize that an innovative approach towards event communications is required. All possible mediums must be used to distribute information to the communities concerned in order to ensure that residents are fully informed and also feel a part of the event. This will not only promote a healthy relationship between the event organizers and the community but also get support for any future events that may take place at these venues.
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