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Cross-cultural Tolerance and Intolerance in Mongolia:An Exploration Based on Analyses of Survey Data

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Kunio Minato
Kunio Minato

Presentation at the 2nd International Research Conference “New Trends in Mongol Studies II” Event Date: Mar 21, 2014

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Cross-cultural Tolerance and Intolerance in Mongolia: An Exploration Based on Analyses of Survey Data Kunio Minato Ritsumeikan University (Kyoto, Japan), Ph.D. The 2nd International Research Conference “New Trends in Mongol Studies II”
Introduction ? Mongolia has witnessed the rise of ultra- nationalists that advocate exclusivism since mid- 2000s ? The problem is whether their claim gains popularity ? Some argue that those groups don’t represent majority of the Mongolians ? Others point out that prejudice to foreign people or resentment toward China is not uncommon ? However, neither kind of arguments lack empirical grounding 2
Research Questions (1) Do the ordinary Mongolians show tolerant / intolerant attitude toward people with different culture more than with other groups of people? (2) Do the ordinary Mongolians, compared to other former socialist countries, show tolerant / intolerant attitude toward people with different culture? (3) What factors relate to tolerant / intolerant attitude toward people with different culture? 3
Data ? Life in Transition Survey II (LiTSII) will be used for analyses ? LiTSII is the second survey designed and conducted by the European Bank of Resurrection and Development ? The survey was conducted in former socialist countries (except Turkmenistan) and some other European countries in 2010 ? Respondents in Mongolia are 1,000 people aged 18 or over, selected through multi-stage random sampling method 4
Questions in Focus (q3.17) “To what extent do you agree with the following statements?” 5 Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Strongly Agree Not Applicable DK a. People from other ethnic groups are enriching the cultural life of our country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 b. The presence of people from other ethnic groups is a cause of insecurity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 c. The presence of people from other ethnic groups increases unemployment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Questions in Focus (q3.33) “On this list are various groups of people. Could you please mention any that you would not like to have as neighbors? Please just read out the letter that applies.” (Multiple answers) 6 a. Families with children i. Gypsies b. Pedophiles j. People of a different religion c. Drug addicts k. Poor people d. People of a different race l. Heavy drinkers e. People who have AIDS m.Unmarried couples living together f. Elderly people n. Jewish people g. Immigrants / Foreign workers o. People who speak a different language h. Homosexuals p. Other (specify: ) ? The four items in red are in focus
Result (q3.17) 7? Majority of the Mongolians hold negative attitude toward people from different ethnic groups
Result (q3.33) 8 ? “Selected” in the four items on different culture does not gain a majority, but is higher than many other items
Cross-national Comparison ? Result in Mongolia will be compared with other former socialist countries ? For the sake of simplicity, response categories “Strongly agree” and “Agree” is put together into “Yes” ? Similarly, the categories “Strongly disagree” and “Disagree” is merged into “No” 9
Comparison (q3.17a) 10 People from other ethnic groups are enriching the cultural life of our country Yes Neither No Yes Neither No 1Estonia (961) 63.9% 22.8% 13.3% 16Lithuania (907) 39.6% 34.3% 26.1% 2Kazakhstan (886) 63.7% 24.7% 11.6% 17Ukraine (1386) 38.5% 32.2% 29.3% 3Tajikistan (853) 63.2% 14.3% 22.5% 18Slovakia (907) 37.5% 37.7% 24.8% 4Croatia (950) 60.1% 29.7% 10.2% 19Hungary (991) 37.4% 30.9% 31.7% 5Latvia (938) 57.4% 21.3% 21.3% 20Bosnia-Herzegovina (1016) 36.2% 40.7% 23.0% 6Serbia (1453) 51.8% 32.3% 15.9% 21Russia (1394) 36.1% 24.0% 39.9% 7Moldova (791) 50.7% 25.2% 24.1% 22Georgia (832) 35.7% 22.5% 41.8% 8Uzbekistan (1024) 49.8% 25.4% 24.8% 23Kosovo (953) 33.4% 33.2% 33.5% 9Romania (847) 47.3% 29.4% 23.3% 24Albania (932) 32.0% 38.5% 29.5% 10Poland (1486) 47.1% 36.1% 16.8% 25Azerbaijan (822) 31.1% 22.7% 46.1% 11Macedonia (1,029) 47.0% 30.3% 22.6% 26Bulgaria (890) 30.8% 34.7% 34.5% 12Belarus (791) 46.8% 31.0% 22.3% 27Armenia (762) 25.7% 20.7% 53.5% 13Slovenia (930) 46.2% 30.5% 23.2% 28Mongolia (784) 25.6% 18.5% 55.9% 14Montenegro (880) 46.0% 38.2% 15.8% 29Czech Republic (980) 20.1% 36.8% 43.1% 15Kyrgyzstan (920) 45.0% 16.2% 38.8% Total (28295) 43.1% 29.2% 27.7% Note: Countries are listed in order of the percentage of “Yes”. Figure in the parentheses show the number of respondents.
Comparison (q3.17b) 11 The presence of people from other ethnic groups is a cause of insecurity Yes Neither No Yes Neither No 1Mongolia (814) 69.0% 12.8% 18.2% 16Kyrgyzstan (897) 28.1% 23.7% 48.2% 2Czech Republic (988) 53.1% 25.6% 21.3% 17Romania (842) 28.0% 34.1% 37.9% 3Russia (1424) 51.8% 22.8% 25.4% 18Armenia (743) 27.5% 24.4% 48.2% 4Hungary (992) 44.1% 32.4% 23.6% 19Poland (1487) 26.8% 40.4% 32.8% 5Bulgaria (889) 38.8% 32.8% 28.3% 20Kazakhstan (873) 26.6% 29.7% 43.8% 6Georgia (831) 37.5% 31.8% 30.7% 21Slovenia (925) 25.1% 33.2% 41.7% 7Estonia (951) 33.5% 26.6% 39.9% 22Lithuania (901) 23.6% 39.2% 37.2% 8Macedonia (1042) 33.1% 32.7% 34.2% 23Belarus (779) 23.2% 38.6% 38.1% 9Kosovo (971) 32.3% 37.8% 29.9% 24Moldova (731) 20.9% 35.2% 43.9% 10Latvia (890) 31.0% 25.3% 43.7% 25Croatia (942) 19.4% 32.3% 48.3% 11Tajikistan (808) 30.3% 18.9% 50.7% 26Serbia (1452) 18.9% 32.9% 48.3% 12Slovakia (906) 30.2% 45.7% 24.1% 27Albania (923) 15.9% 44.0% 40.1% 13Azerbaijan (809) 29.9% 27.1% 43.0% 28Bosnia-Herzegovina (1011) 15.7% 43.1% 41.1% 14Ukraine (1412) 29.5% 37.8% 32.7% 29Montenegro (862) 12.5% 47.1% 40.4% 15Uzbekistan (974) 29.4% 31.6% 39.0% Total (34379) 32.2% 31.7% 36.1% Note: Countries are listed in order of the percentage of “Yes”. Figure in the parentheses show the number of respondents.
Comparison (q3.17c) 12 The presence of people from other ethnic groups increases unemployment Yes Neither No Yes Neither No 1Mongolia (842) 75.7% 15.0% 9.4% 16Slovenia (934) 36.0% 28.8% 35.2% 2Czech Republic (986) 64.0% 24.7% 11.3% 17Poland (1494) 34.9% 36.5% 28.6% 3Russia (1443) 60.1% 21.1% 18.8% 18Armenia (730) 30.7% 21.5% 47.8% 4Hungary (994) 57.8% 25.9% 16.3% 19Romania (839) 30.6% 31.1% 38.3% 5Georgia (860) 48.7% 24.4% 26.9% 20Belarus (795) 30.6% 36.7% 32.7% 6Azerbaijan (809) 47.7% 16.7% 35.6% 21Tajikistan (782) 28.9% 22.5% 48.6% 7Latvia (900) 46.0% 21.6% 32.4% 22Croatia (941) 28.7% 34.0% 37.3% 8Bulgaria (879) 44.0% 30.7% 25.3% 23Uzbekistan (970) 28.2% 32.0% 39.8% 9Kosovo (966) 43.7% 36.5% 19.8% 24Serbia (1447) 27.9% 32.9% 39.3% 10Estonia (927) 43.1% 21.5% 35.4% 25Kyrgyzstan (897) 25.9% 23.2% 50.9% 11Ukraine (1406) 42.5% 31.5% 26.0% 26Montenegro (868) 24.7% 43.2% 32.1% 12Macedonia (1037) 39.8% 27.4% 32.8% 27Moldova (719) 21.3% 29.3% 49.4% 13Slovakia (892) 39.3% 42.7% 17.9% 28Albania (918) 19.3% 42.0% 38.7% 14Kazakhstan (871) 39.0% 29.6% 31.3% 29Bosnia-Herzegovina (1010) 18.3% 40.6% 41.1% 15Lithuania (899) 38.4% 33.1% 28.5% Total (34338) 39.1% 29.1% 31.8% Note: Countries are listed in order of the percentage of “Yes”. Figure in the parentheses show the number of respondents.
Comparison (q3.33d) 13 People of a different race Selected Not Selected ??р ?нг?тэй арьстан Selected Not Selected 1Armenia (1000) 32.3 67.7 16Georgia (999) 13.3 86.7 2Moldova (1043) 31.5 68.5 17Albania (1055) 12.7 87.3 3Azerbaijan (1002) 27.2 72.9 18Uzbekistan (1498) 12.6 87.4 4Czech Republic (1007) 23.7 76.3 19Slovakia (1009) 10.5 89.5 5Mongolia (1000) 23.6 76.4 20Slovenia (994) 10.3 89.7 6Tajikistan (1007) 21.5 78.6 21Bosnia-Herzegovina (1084) 10.2 89.8 7Kyrgyzstan (1014) 19.8 80.2 22Poland (1608) 9.7 90.3 8Macedonia (1072) 19.7 80.3 23Montenegro (1010) 8.7 91.3 9Hungary (1040) 19.4 80.6 24Estonia (1001) 8.5 91.5 10Kosovo (1091) 17.4 82.6 25Kazakhstan (999) 8.1 91.9 11Lithuania (1010) 16.5 83.5 26Latvia (985) 7.8 92.2 12Russia (1581) 15.3 84.7 27Romania (1065) 7.8 92.2 13Belarus (1000) 14.4 85.6 28Serbia (1510) 7.6 92.4 14Bulgaria (1006) 14.3 85.7 29Croatia (1000) 6.4 93.6 15Ukraine (1553) 13.7 86.4 Total (32243) 15.1 85.0 Note: Countries are listed in order of the percentage of “Selected”. Figure in the parentheses show the number of respondents.
Comparison (q3.33g) 14 Immigrants / foreign workers Selected Not Selected Цагаач / гадаадын ажилчид Selected Not Selected 1Mongolia (1000) 31.3 68.7 16Lithuania (1010) 14.9 85.2 2Russia (1581) 28.8 71.2 17Kyrgyzstan (1014) 14.5 85.5 3Czech Republic (1007) 27.4 72.6 18Armenia (1000) 12.2 87.8 4Moldova (1043) 24.3 75.7 19Slovakia (1009) 11.8 88.2 5Hungary (1040) 24.0 76.0 20Montenegro (1010) 10.6 89.4 6Estonia (1001) 23.6 76.4 21Tajikistan (1007) 10.5 89.5 7Belarus (1000) 21.6 78.4 22Bulgaria (1006) 10.4 89.6 8Kazakhstan (999) 20.8 79.2 23Romania (1065) 9.3 90.7 9Macedonia (1072) 20.0 80.0 24Serbia (1510) 8.8 91.2 10Uzbekistan (1498) 18.4 81.6 25Poland (1608) 8.3 91.7 11Ukraine (1553) 17.9 82.1 26Georgia (999) 8.1 91.9 12Slovenia (994) 17.7 82.3 27Bosnia-Herzegovina (1084) 7.8 92.3 13Latvia (985) 17.4 82.6 28Croatia (1000) 7.3 92.7 14Azerbaijan (1002) 17.0 83.0 29Albania (1055) 4.4 95.6 15Kosovo (1091) 16.0 84.1 Total (32243) 16.3 84.0 Note: Countries are listed in order of the percentage of “Yes”. Figure in the parentheses show the number of respondents.
Comparison (q3.33j) 15 People of a different religion Selected Not Selected ??р шашинтан Selected Not Selected 1Moldova (1043) 30.6 69.4 16Bosnia-Herzegovina (1084) 7.4 92.6 2Armenia (1000) 27.8 72.2 17Bulgaria (1006) 7.1 92.9 3Tajikistan (1007) 26.3 73.7 18Kazakhstan (999) 6.9 93.1 4Azerbaijan (1002) 24.3 75.8 19Slovenia (994) 6.3 93.7 5Kyrgyzstan (1014) 22.7 77.3 20Poland (1608) 5.7 94.3 6Mongolia (1000) 17.6 82.4 21Serbia (1510) 5.3 94.7 7Georgia (999) 13.2 86.8 22Hungary (1040) 5.1 94.9 8Kosovo (1091) 12.6 87.4 23Romania (1065) 5.0 95.0 9Lithuania (1010) 11.9 88.1 24Estonia (1001) 4.5 95.5 10Czech Republic (1007) 10.8 89.2 25Albania (1055) 4.4 95.6 11Macedonia (1072) 10.1 89.9 26Montenegro (1010) 3.6 96.4 12Russia (1581) 9.6 90.5 27Latvia (985) 3.6 96.5 13Ukraine (1553) 9.3 90.7 28Slovakia (1009) 2.9 97.1 14Belarus (1000) 8.5 91.5 29Croatia (1000) 2.4 97.6 15Uzbekistan (1498) 8.5 91.5 Total (32243) 10.5 89.5 Note: Countries are listed in order of the percentage of “Yes”. Figure in the parentheses show the number of respondents.
Comparison (q3.33o) 16 People who speak a different language Selected Not Selected ??р хэлээр ярьдаг х?м??с Selected Not Selected 1Moldova (1043) 22.7 77.3 16Romania (1065) 5.1 94.9 2Mongolia (1000) 17.5 82.5 17Montenegro (1010) 5.1 95.0 3Kosovo (1091) 13.4 86.6 18Bosnia-Herzegovina (1084) 4.4 95.6 4Kyrgyzstan (1014) 12.7 87.3 19Georgia (999) 4.4 95.6 5Russia (1581) 11.1 88.9 20Serbia (1510) 3.8 96.2 6Czech Republic (1007) 9.2 90.8 21Azerbaijan (1002) 3.4 96.6 7Ukraine (1553) 8.8 91.2 22Bulgaria (1006) 3.4 96.6 8Tajikistan (1007) 8.7 91.3 23Slovakia (1009) 3.4 96.6 9Uzbekistan (1498) 8.7 91.3 24Estonia (1001) 3.3 96.7 10Armenia (1000) 8.3 91.7 25Albania (1055) 2.8 97.3 11Belarus (1000) 8.1 91.9 26Kazakhstan (999) 2.4 97.6 12Macedonia (1072) 6.0 94.0 27Lithuania (1010) 2.3 97.7 13Slovenia (994) 5.6 94.4 28Croatia (1000) 2.0 98.0 14Hungary (1040) 5.3 94.7 29Latvia (985) 0.9 99.1 15Poland (1608) 5.2 94.8 Total (32243) 6.9 93.1 Note: Countries are listed in order of the percentage of “Yes”. Figure in the parentheses show the number of respondents.
The Result Shows … ? Negative attitude toward people from different ethnic group is more common in Mongolia than other former socialist countries ? The percentage of people who selected the groups of people with different culture is relatively high (or the highest) in Mongolia 17
MCA ? MCA stands for multiple correspondence analysis ? MCA is a method of multivariate analysis to examine relationship among categorical variables ? The result is presented as a 2-dimentional scatter chart ? Distance between two points shows the relationship of the categories 18
Single-Country Analysis 19 Note: IFWs stands for “Immigrants/Foreign workers.” ? “OK”-s of q3.33 are very close ? Factors relating to exclusive attitude (q3.33) are hard to find
Cross-National Analysis 20 ? Mongolia is close to all the negative categories ? Mongolia almost overlaps with “IFWs”
Conclusion ? A majority of the Mongolians are tolerant to people with different culture ? However, the level of tolerance is relatively low in Mongolia ? Factors relating to (in-)tolerance is not clear ? Further research is required to find factors relating to the Mongolian attitude toward different culture 21 Анхаарал хандуулсантанд баярлалаа! Acknowledgement: This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25870905. The presentation of this paper at this conference was supported by the Overseas Travel Support Program for Researchers at Ritsumeikan University. I appreciate the EBRD for providing the Mongolian version of the questionnaire.

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Cross-cultural Tolerance and Intolerance in Mongolia:An Exploration Based on Analyses of Survey Data

  • 1. Cross-cultural Tolerance and Intolerance in Mongolia: An Exploration Based on Analyses of Survey Data Kunio Minato Ritsumeikan University (Kyoto, Japan), Ph.D. The 2nd International Research Conference “New Trends in Mongol Studies II”
  • 2. Introduction ? Mongolia has witnessed the rise of ultra- nationalists that advocate exclusivism since mid- 2000s ? The problem is whether their claim gains popularity ? Some argue that those groups don’t represent majority of the Mongolians ? Others point out that prejudice to foreign people or resentment toward China is not uncommon ? However, neither kind of arguments lack empirical grounding 2
  • 3. Research Questions (1) Do the ordinary Mongolians show tolerant / intolerant attitude toward people with different culture more than with other groups of people? (2) Do the ordinary Mongolians, compared to other former socialist countries, show tolerant / intolerant attitude toward people with different culture? (3) What factors relate to tolerant / intolerant attitude toward people with different culture? 3
  • 4. Data ? Life in Transition Survey II (LiTSII) will be used for analyses ? LiTSII is the second survey designed and conducted by the European Bank of Resurrection and Development ? The survey was conducted in former socialist countries (except Turkmenistan) and some other European countries in 2010 ? Respondents in Mongolia are 1,000 people aged 18 or over, selected through multi-stage random sampling method 4
  • 5. Questions in Focus (q3.17) “To what extent do you agree with the following statements?” 5 Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Strongly Agree Not Applicable DK a. People from other ethnic groups are enriching the cultural life of our country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 b. The presence of people from other ethnic groups is a cause of insecurity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 c. The presence of people from other ethnic groups increases unemployment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
  • 6. Questions in Focus (q3.33) “On this list are various groups of people. Could you please mention any that you would not like to have as neighbors? Please just read out the letter that applies.” (Multiple answers) 6 a. Families with children i. Gypsies b. Pedophiles j. People of a different religion c. Drug addicts k. Poor people d. People of a different race l. Heavy drinkers e. People who have AIDS m.Unmarried couples living together f. Elderly people n. Jewish people g. Immigrants / Foreign workers o. People who speak a different language h. Homosexuals p. Other (specify: ) ? The four items in red are in focus
  • 7. Result (q3.17) 7? Majority of the Mongolians hold negative attitude toward people from different ethnic groups
  • 8. Result (q3.33) 8 ? “Selected” in the four items on different culture does not gain a majority, but is higher than many other items
  • 9. Cross-national Comparison ? Result in Mongolia will be compared with other former socialist countries ? For the sake of simplicity, response categories “Strongly agree” and “Agree” is put together into “Yes” ? Similarly, the categories “Strongly disagree” and “Disagree” is merged into “No” 9
  • 10. Comparison (q3.17a) 10 People from other ethnic groups are enriching the cultural life of our country Yes Neither No Yes Neither No 1Estonia (961) 63.9% 22.8% 13.3% 16Lithuania (907) 39.6% 34.3% 26.1% 2Kazakhstan (886) 63.7% 24.7% 11.6% 17Ukraine (1386) 38.5% 32.2% 29.3% 3Tajikistan (853) 63.2% 14.3% 22.5% 18Slovakia (907) 37.5% 37.7% 24.8% 4Croatia (950) 60.1% 29.7% 10.2% 19Hungary (991) 37.4% 30.9% 31.7% 5Latvia (938) 57.4% 21.3% 21.3% 20Bosnia-Herzegovina (1016) 36.2% 40.7% 23.0% 6Serbia (1453) 51.8% 32.3% 15.9% 21Russia (1394) 36.1% 24.0% 39.9% 7Moldova (791) 50.7% 25.2% 24.1% 22Georgia (832) 35.7% 22.5% 41.8% 8Uzbekistan (1024) 49.8% 25.4% 24.8% 23Kosovo (953) 33.4% 33.2% 33.5% 9Romania (847) 47.3% 29.4% 23.3% 24Albania (932) 32.0% 38.5% 29.5% 10Poland (1486) 47.1% 36.1% 16.8% 25Azerbaijan (822) 31.1% 22.7% 46.1% 11Macedonia (1,029) 47.0% 30.3% 22.6% 26Bulgaria (890) 30.8% 34.7% 34.5% 12Belarus (791) 46.8% 31.0% 22.3% 27Armenia (762) 25.7% 20.7% 53.5% 13Slovenia (930) 46.2% 30.5% 23.2% 28Mongolia (784) 25.6% 18.5% 55.9% 14Montenegro (880) 46.0% 38.2% 15.8% 29Czech Republic (980) 20.1% 36.8% 43.1% 15Kyrgyzstan (920) 45.0% 16.2% 38.8% Total (28295) 43.1% 29.2% 27.7% Note: Countries are listed in order of the percentage of “Yes”. Figure in the parentheses show the number of respondents.
  • 11. Comparison (q3.17b) 11 The presence of people from other ethnic groups is a cause of insecurity Yes Neither No Yes Neither No 1Mongolia (814) 69.0% 12.8% 18.2% 16Kyrgyzstan (897) 28.1% 23.7% 48.2% 2Czech Republic (988) 53.1% 25.6% 21.3% 17Romania (842) 28.0% 34.1% 37.9% 3Russia (1424) 51.8% 22.8% 25.4% 18Armenia (743) 27.5% 24.4% 48.2% 4Hungary (992) 44.1% 32.4% 23.6% 19Poland (1487) 26.8% 40.4% 32.8% 5Bulgaria (889) 38.8% 32.8% 28.3% 20Kazakhstan (873) 26.6% 29.7% 43.8% 6Georgia (831) 37.5% 31.8% 30.7% 21Slovenia (925) 25.1% 33.2% 41.7% 7Estonia (951) 33.5% 26.6% 39.9% 22Lithuania (901) 23.6% 39.2% 37.2% 8Macedonia (1042) 33.1% 32.7% 34.2% 23Belarus (779) 23.2% 38.6% 38.1% 9Kosovo (971) 32.3% 37.8% 29.9% 24Moldova (731) 20.9% 35.2% 43.9% 10Latvia (890) 31.0% 25.3% 43.7% 25Croatia (942) 19.4% 32.3% 48.3% 11Tajikistan (808) 30.3% 18.9% 50.7% 26Serbia (1452) 18.9% 32.9% 48.3% 12Slovakia (906) 30.2% 45.7% 24.1% 27Albania (923) 15.9% 44.0% 40.1% 13Azerbaijan (809) 29.9% 27.1% 43.0% 28Bosnia-Herzegovina (1011) 15.7% 43.1% 41.1% 14Ukraine (1412) 29.5% 37.8% 32.7% 29Montenegro (862) 12.5% 47.1% 40.4% 15Uzbekistan (974) 29.4% 31.6% 39.0% Total (34379) 32.2% 31.7% 36.1% Note: Countries are listed in order of the percentage of “Yes”. Figure in the parentheses show the number of respondents.
  • 12. Comparison (q3.17c) 12 The presence of people from other ethnic groups increases unemployment Yes Neither No Yes Neither No 1Mongolia (842) 75.7% 15.0% 9.4% 16Slovenia (934) 36.0% 28.8% 35.2% 2Czech Republic (986) 64.0% 24.7% 11.3% 17Poland (1494) 34.9% 36.5% 28.6% 3Russia (1443) 60.1% 21.1% 18.8% 18Armenia (730) 30.7% 21.5% 47.8% 4Hungary (994) 57.8% 25.9% 16.3% 19Romania (839) 30.6% 31.1% 38.3% 5Georgia (860) 48.7% 24.4% 26.9% 20Belarus (795) 30.6% 36.7% 32.7% 6Azerbaijan (809) 47.7% 16.7% 35.6% 21Tajikistan (782) 28.9% 22.5% 48.6% 7Latvia (900) 46.0% 21.6% 32.4% 22Croatia (941) 28.7% 34.0% 37.3% 8Bulgaria (879) 44.0% 30.7% 25.3% 23Uzbekistan (970) 28.2% 32.0% 39.8% 9Kosovo (966) 43.7% 36.5% 19.8% 24Serbia (1447) 27.9% 32.9% 39.3% 10Estonia (927) 43.1% 21.5% 35.4% 25Kyrgyzstan (897) 25.9% 23.2% 50.9% 11Ukraine (1406) 42.5% 31.5% 26.0% 26Montenegro (868) 24.7% 43.2% 32.1% 12Macedonia (1037) 39.8% 27.4% 32.8% 27Moldova (719) 21.3% 29.3% 49.4% 13Slovakia (892) 39.3% 42.7% 17.9% 28Albania (918) 19.3% 42.0% 38.7% 14Kazakhstan (871) 39.0% 29.6% 31.3% 29Bosnia-Herzegovina (1010) 18.3% 40.6% 41.1% 15Lithuania (899) 38.4% 33.1% 28.5% Total (34338) 39.1% 29.1% 31.8% Note: Countries are listed in order of the percentage of “Yes”. Figure in the parentheses show the number of respondents.
  • 13. Comparison (q3.33d) 13 People of a different race Selected Not Selected ??р ?нг?тэй арьстан Selected Not Selected 1Armenia (1000) 32.3 67.7 16Georgia (999) 13.3 86.7 2Moldova (1043) 31.5 68.5 17Albania (1055) 12.7 87.3 3Azerbaijan (1002) 27.2 72.9 18Uzbekistan (1498) 12.6 87.4 4Czech Republic (1007) 23.7 76.3 19Slovakia (1009) 10.5 89.5 5Mongolia (1000) 23.6 76.4 20Slovenia (994) 10.3 89.7 6Tajikistan (1007) 21.5 78.6 21Bosnia-Herzegovina (1084) 10.2 89.8 7Kyrgyzstan (1014) 19.8 80.2 22Poland (1608) 9.7 90.3 8Macedonia (1072) 19.7 80.3 23Montenegro (1010) 8.7 91.3 9Hungary (1040) 19.4 80.6 24Estonia (1001) 8.5 91.5 10Kosovo (1091) 17.4 82.6 25Kazakhstan (999) 8.1 91.9 11Lithuania (1010) 16.5 83.5 26Latvia (985) 7.8 92.2 12Russia (1581) 15.3 84.7 27Romania (1065) 7.8 92.2 13Belarus (1000) 14.4 85.6 28Serbia (1510) 7.6 92.4 14Bulgaria (1006) 14.3 85.7 29Croatia (1000) 6.4 93.6 15Ukraine (1553) 13.7 86.4 Total (32243) 15.1 85.0 Note: Countries are listed in order of the percentage of “Selected”. Figure in the parentheses show the number of respondents.
  • 14. Comparison (q3.33g) 14 Immigrants / foreign workers Selected Not Selected Цагаач / гадаадын ажилчид Selected Not Selected 1Mongolia (1000) 31.3 68.7 16Lithuania (1010) 14.9 85.2 2Russia (1581) 28.8 71.2 17Kyrgyzstan (1014) 14.5 85.5 3Czech Republic (1007) 27.4 72.6 18Armenia (1000) 12.2 87.8 4Moldova (1043) 24.3 75.7 19Slovakia (1009) 11.8 88.2 5Hungary (1040) 24.0 76.0 20Montenegro (1010) 10.6 89.4 6Estonia (1001) 23.6 76.4 21Tajikistan (1007) 10.5 89.5 7Belarus (1000) 21.6 78.4 22Bulgaria (1006) 10.4 89.6 8Kazakhstan (999) 20.8 79.2 23Romania (1065) 9.3 90.7 9Macedonia (1072) 20.0 80.0 24Serbia (1510) 8.8 91.2 10Uzbekistan (1498) 18.4 81.6 25Poland (1608) 8.3 91.7 11Ukraine (1553) 17.9 82.1 26Georgia (999) 8.1 91.9 12Slovenia (994) 17.7 82.3 27Bosnia-Herzegovina (1084) 7.8 92.3 13Latvia (985) 17.4 82.6 28Croatia (1000) 7.3 92.7 14Azerbaijan (1002) 17.0 83.0 29Albania (1055) 4.4 95.6 15Kosovo (1091) 16.0 84.1 Total (32243) 16.3 84.0 Note: Countries are listed in order of the percentage of “Yes”. Figure in the parentheses show the number of respondents.
  • 15. Comparison (q3.33j) 15 People of a different religion Selected Not Selected ??р шашинтан Selected Not Selected 1Moldova (1043) 30.6 69.4 16Bosnia-Herzegovina (1084) 7.4 92.6 2Armenia (1000) 27.8 72.2 17Bulgaria (1006) 7.1 92.9 3Tajikistan (1007) 26.3 73.7 18Kazakhstan (999) 6.9 93.1 4Azerbaijan (1002) 24.3 75.8 19Slovenia (994) 6.3 93.7 5Kyrgyzstan (1014) 22.7 77.3 20Poland (1608) 5.7 94.3 6Mongolia (1000) 17.6 82.4 21Serbia (1510) 5.3 94.7 7Georgia (999) 13.2 86.8 22Hungary (1040) 5.1 94.9 8Kosovo (1091) 12.6 87.4 23Romania (1065) 5.0 95.0 9Lithuania (1010) 11.9 88.1 24Estonia (1001) 4.5 95.5 10Czech Republic (1007) 10.8 89.2 25Albania (1055) 4.4 95.6 11Macedonia (1072) 10.1 89.9 26Montenegro (1010) 3.6 96.4 12Russia (1581) 9.6 90.5 27Latvia (985) 3.6 96.5 13Ukraine (1553) 9.3 90.7 28Slovakia (1009) 2.9 97.1 14Belarus (1000) 8.5 91.5 29Croatia (1000) 2.4 97.6 15Uzbekistan (1498) 8.5 91.5 Total (32243) 10.5 89.5 Note: Countries are listed in order of the percentage of “Yes”. Figure in the parentheses show the number of respondents.
  • 16. Comparison (q3.33o) 16 People who speak a different language Selected Not Selected ??р хэлээр ярьдаг х?м??с Selected Not Selected 1Moldova (1043) 22.7 77.3 16Romania (1065) 5.1 94.9 2Mongolia (1000) 17.5 82.5 17Montenegro (1010) 5.1 95.0 3Kosovo (1091) 13.4 86.6 18Bosnia-Herzegovina (1084) 4.4 95.6 4Kyrgyzstan (1014) 12.7 87.3 19Georgia (999) 4.4 95.6 5Russia (1581) 11.1 88.9 20Serbia (1510) 3.8 96.2 6Czech Republic (1007) 9.2 90.8 21Azerbaijan (1002) 3.4 96.6 7Ukraine (1553) 8.8 91.2 22Bulgaria (1006) 3.4 96.6 8Tajikistan (1007) 8.7 91.3 23Slovakia (1009) 3.4 96.6 9Uzbekistan (1498) 8.7 91.3 24Estonia (1001) 3.3 96.7 10Armenia (1000) 8.3 91.7 25Albania (1055) 2.8 97.3 11Belarus (1000) 8.1 91.9 26Kazakhstan (999) 2.4 97.6 12Macedonia (1072) 6.0 94.0 27Lithuania (1010) 2.3 97.7 13Slovenia (994) 5.6 94.4 28Croatia (1000) 2.0 98.0 14Hungary (1040) 5.3 94.7 29Latvia (985) 0.9 99.1 15Poland (1608) 5.2 94.8 Total (32243) 6.9 93.1 Note: Countries are listed in order of the percentage of “Yes”. Figure in the parentheses show the number of respondents.
  • 17. The Result Shows … ? Negative attitude toward people from different ethnic group is more common in Mongolia than other former socialist countries ? The percentage of people who selected the groups of people with different culture is relatively high (or the highest) in Mongolia 17
  • 18. MCA ? MCA stands for multiple correspondence analysis ? MCA is a method of multivariate analysis to examine relationship among categorical variables ? The result is presented as a 2-dimentional scatter chart ? Distance between two points shows the relationship of the categories 18
  • 19. Single-Country Analysis 19 Note: IFWs stands for “Immigrants/Foreign workers.” ? “OK”-s of q3.33 are very close ? Factors relating to exclusive attitude (q3.33) are hard to find
  • 20. Cross-National Analysis 20 ? Mongolia is close to all the negative categories ? Mongolia almost overlaps with “IFWs”
  • 21. Conclusion ? A majority of the Mongolians are tolerant to people with different culture ? However, the level of tolerance is relatively low in Mongolia ? Factors relating to (in-)tolerance is not clear ? Further research is required to find factors relating to the Mongolian attitude toward different culture 21 Анхаарал хандуулсантанд баярлалаа! Acknowledgement: This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25870905. The presentation of this paper at this conference was supported by the Overseas Travel Support Program for Researchers at Ritsumeikan University. I appreciate the EBRD for providing the Mongolian version of the questionnaire.