In the Break Room: Perennial Plant Photoperiod Bulking & Initiation Response
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Ball Tech On Demand continues our monthly series of educational sessions to get greenhouse professionals ready for Spring with a discussion of Photoperiod. This chart covers perennial plants and accompanies the video at www.growertalks.com/techondemand
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In the Break Room: Perennial Plant Photoperiod Bulking & Initiation Response
- 1. Latin Name Photoperiodic Response Group Bulking Flowering Achillea aegyptiaca Taygetea FLDP SD LD Achillea clypeolata x Taygetea, Anthea, Moonshine FLDP SD LD Achillea filipendulina Cloth of Gold OLDP SD LD Achillea filipendulina x Gold Plate FLDP SD LD Achillea filipendulina x clypeolata Coronation Gold FLDP SD LD Achillea millefolium x Summer Pastels OLDP SD LD Achillea millefolium x Taygetea, Appleblossum, Fireland, Galaxy, Hope, Paprika, Terra Cotta, Red Velvet FLDP/OLDP SD LD Achillea ptarmica The Pearl FLDP SD LD Achillea tomentosa King Edward VIII DNP NR NR Ajuga Bronze Beauty, Chocolate Chip Golden Beauty and others DNP NR NR Alcea rosea FLDP SD LD Alchemilla mollis DNP NR NR Allium ampeloprasum FLDP SD LD Allium cepa FSDP/DNP SD NR Allium sphaerocephalon FLDP SD LD Alstroemeria hybrids FLDP SD LD Ammi majus OLDP SD LD Anagallis arvensis OLDP SD LD Anagallis tenella OLDP SD LD Anemone coronaria DNP-OLDP NR LD Anemone hupehensis OLDP SD LD Aquilegia flaballata Mini Star DNP NR NR Aquilegia flabellata Cameo, Mini Star DNP NR NR Aquilegia species DNP/FLDP NR LD Aquilegia x hybrid Origami Blue DNP NR NR Aquilegia x hybrida Crimson Star DNP NR NR Aquilegia x hybrida Musik series DNP NR NR Aquilegia x hybrida Songbird series DNP NR NR Armeria latifolia DNP NR NR Armeria maritime Cottontail DNP NR NR Perennial Flower Requirements (LD=long day, SD=short day, NR=not required) for plant buling and flower development.
- 2. Latin Name Photoperiodic Response Group Bulking Flowering Perennial Flower Requirements (LD=long day, SD=short day, NR=not required) for plant buling and flower development. Armeria x hybrida Dwarf Ornament Mix DNP NR NR Asclepias tuberosa OLDP (>15 hr photoperiod) SD LD Asperula arvensis Blue Mist OLDP SD LD Aster alpinus Goliath DNP NR NR Aster dumosus DNP NR NR Aster dumosus Purple Dome SDP LD SD Aster ericoides FLDP - FSDP LD SD Aster novi-belgii FLDP - FSDP LD SD Aster pilosus OSDP LD SD Astilbe chinensis Superba DNP NR NR Astilbe chinensis pumila FLDP NR LD Astilbe x arendsii DNP to FLDP NR LD Astilbe x hybrid many cvs DNP NR NR Baptisia australis DNP NR NR Brunnera macrophylla Jack Frost OLDP SD LD Calamintha officinalis FLDP SD LD Campanula Birch Hybrid FLDP SD LD Campanula Cherry Bells FLDP SD LD Campanula Kent Belle DNP NR NR Campanula alliariaefolia FLDP SD LD Campanula carpatica Blue Chips. White Clips OLDP (>16 hr) SD LD Campanula fragilis OLDP (>12-14 hr; rec. NI) SD LD Campanula garganica FLDP SD LD Campanula grandiflorus Sentimental Blue FLDP SD LD Campanula isophylla OLDP to FLDP (>14 hr) SD LD Campanula leucophylla OLDP SD LD Campanula medium OLDP (after 8-9 leaves; 8-12 hr critical photoperiod) SD LD Campanula medium OSDP - OLDP SD LD Campanula medium SD (during vernalization) followed by LD SD LD Campanula medium Champion OLDP SD LD Campanula persicaefolia FLDP SD LD
- 3. Latin Name Photoperiodic Response Group Bulking Flowering Perennial Flower Requirements (LD=long day, SD=short day, NR=not required) for plant buling and flower development. Campanula persicaefolia Takion Blue and Takion White DNP NR NR Campanula persicifolia Chettle Charm DNP NR NR Campanula poscharskyana OLDP to FLDP (>14 hr) SD LD Campanula primulaefolia FLDP SD LD Campanula pyrmidalis OLDP (>14-15 hr) SD LD Carpanthea pomeridiana Golden Carpet DNP NR NR Carthamus tinctorius Lasting Yellow FLDP SD LD Caryopteris incana FSDP LD SD Catananche caerula Blue OLDP SD LD Centaurea Americana OLDP SD LD Centaurea cyanus FLDP SD LD Centaurea cyanus Blue Boy OLDP SD LD Centaurea Montana OLDP SD LD Centranthus macrosiphon DNP NR NR Ceratostigma plumbaginoides IDP (intermediate day plant; 14 hours recommended) NR LD Ceropegia FSDP LD SD Cheiranthus cheiri FLDP SD LD Chelone glabra LD-SD LD SD Chrysanthemum coccineum James Kelway OLDP SD LD Chrysanthemum frutescens OLDP SD LD Chrysanthemum indicum OSDP LD SD Chrysogonium virginianum Pierre DNP NR NR Cimicifuga racemosa FLDP SD LD Cirsium japonicum DNP NR NR Clarkia amoena FLDP (63-72oF) NR LD Clematis x jackmanii OLDP (after cooling) SD LD Consolida ambigua OLDP SD LD Convolvulus tricolor Blue Enchantment DNP NR NR Cordylis Blackberry Wine FLDP SD LD Cordylis lutea FLDP SD LD
- 4. Latin Name Photoperiodic Response Group Bulking Flowering Perennial Flower Requirements (LD=long day, SD=short day, NR=not required) for plant buling and flower development. Coreopsis auriculata DNP NR NR Coreopsis grandiflora FLDP SD LD Coreopsis rosea FLDP SD LD Coreopsis verticillata OLDP SD LD Coreposis Limerock Series OLDP SD LD Delasperma cooperi DNP NR NR Delphinium cultorum LDP at cool temp DNP at warm temp NR LD Delphinium grandiflorum Summer Blues and Volkerfrieden FLDP/DNP NR LD Delphinium x belladonna Volkerfrieden DNP NR NR Delphinium x cultorum (grandiflorum) Blue Mirror and Belladonna and others LDP at cool temp DNP at warm temp NR LD Dianthis arenarius OLDP SD LD Dianthus barbatus DNP/FLDP NR LD Dianthus carthusianorum FLDP (>14 hr) SD LD Dianthus caryophyllus FLDP SD LD Dianthus chinensis Ideal Cherry Picotee FLDP SD LD Dianthus coesius OLDP SD LD Dianthus deltoids Zing Rose DNP NR NR Dianthus gallicus OLDP SD LD Dianthus graniticus OLDP SD LD Dianthus gratianopolitanus Baths Pink DNP NR NR Dianthus gratianopolitanus Firewitch DNP NR NR Dianthus prolifer FLDP SD LD Dianthus superbus OLDP SD LD Dicentra Luxuriant DNP NR NR Digitalis grandiflora Carillon DNP NR NR Digitalis obscura DNP NR NR Digitalis purpurea FLDP SD LD Digitalis thapsi Spanish Peaks FLDP SD LD Dimorphotheca aurantiaca Mixed Colors DNP NR NR Dimorphotheca aurantiaca Salmon Queen OLDP SD LD
- 5. Latin Name Photoperiodic Response Group Bulking Flowering Perennial Flower Requirements (LD=long day, SD=short day, NR=not required) for plant buling and flower development. Echinacea purpurea OLDP Best growth is grown under SD for 6 weeks and then LD. SD LD Echinops bannaticus FLDP SD LD Erigeron FLDP SD LD Eryngium variifolium DNP NR NR Erysimum Apricot Twist FLDP SD LD Erysimum spp. DNP NR NR Eschscholzia californica Sundew FLDP SD LD Eupatorium rugosum Chocolate FSDP LD SD Euphorbia Jade Dragon OLDP for flower opening SD LD Euphorbia amygdaloides Purpurea DNP NR NR Euphorbia lathyrus DNP NR NR Euphorbia marginata OSDP LD SD Euphorbia pulcherrima OSDP LD SD Gaillardia x grandiflora OLDP SD LD Gaura lindheimeri Whirling Butterflies, Siskyou Pink, Ballerina Rose and others FLDP SD LD Geranium Rozanne DNP NR NR Geranium dalmaticum FLDP SD LD Geranium sanguineum New Hampshire Purple and others DNP NR NR Geum Mrs. Bradshaw DNP NR NR Geum bulgaricum DNP NR NR Geum canadense DNP NR NR Geum intermedium DNP NR NR Geum macrophyllum DNP NR NR Geum urbanum DNP NR NR Gynura aurantiaca FLDP SD LD Gypsophila elegans OLDP on Unvernalized plants, DNP on vernalized plants SD LD Gypsophila paniculata Double Snowflake OLDP SD LD Helianthus annuus Sundance Kid DNP NR NR Helinathus First Light, Low Down FSDP LD SD
- 6. Latin Name Photoperiodic Response Group Bulking Flowering Perennial Flower Requirements (LD=long day, SD=short day, NR=not required) for plant buling and flower development. Helinathus debilis Vanilla Ice FLDP SD LD Helipterum roseum OLDP SD LD Heuchera sanguinea Bressingham hybrids DNP NR NR Heucherella cvs. DNP NR NR Hibiscus moscheutos Disco Belle and others OLDP SD LD Hibiscus rosa-sinensis DNP NR NR Hibiscus syriacus OLDP SD LD Hosta Francee, Golden Tiara, and Golden Sceptor FLDP SD LD Hosta Golden Tiara, Golden Sceptor FLDP SD LD Hosta Tokudama FLDP SD LD Hosta fortuneis FLDP SD LD Hosta kikutiis FSDP LD SD Hosta longpipes FSDP LD SD Hosta Montana OLDP SD LD Hosta plantaginea Royal Standard FLDP SD LD Hosta sieboldianas FLDP SD LD Hyocyamus niger OLDP SD LD Hypericum species FLDP SD LD Hyptis brevipes OSDP LD SD Iberis durandii FSDP or OV LD SD Iberis intermedia OLDP SD LD Iberis sempervirens Snowflake DNP NR NR Iris germanica FLDP SD LD Lamium Album, Anne Greenaway, Orchid Frost, Pink Pewter, White Nancy and others DNP NR NR Lamium maculatum DNP NR NR Laurentia axillaris FLDP SD LD Lavandula angustifolia Hidcote Blue or Munstead FLDP SD LD Lavatera trimestris Silver Cup OLDP SD LD Leucanthemum cobennense FLDP SD LD Leucanthemum x superbum Alaska FLDP SD LD Leucanthemum x superbum Becky OLDP SD LD
- 7. Latin Name Photoperiodic Response Group Bulking Flowering Perennial Flower Requirements (LD=long day, SD=short day, NR=not required) for plant buling and flower development. Leucanthemum x superbum Ice Star OLDP (not vernalized) FLDP (vernalized) SD LD Leucanthemum x superbum Silver Princess FLDP SD LD Leucanthemum x superbum Snowcap OLDP SD LD Leucanthemum x superbum Snowlady FLDP SD LD Leucanthemum x superbum Summer Snowball FLDP SD LD Leucanthemum x superbum White Knight FLDP SD LD Liatrus spicata FLDP SD LD Limonium sinuatum Fortress Deep Rose, Heavenly Blue FLDP SD LD Linaria marcoccana DNP to FLDP NR LD Linum perenne DNP to OLDP NR LD Linum perenne Sapphire DNP NR NR Lobelia x speciosa Compliment Scarlet OLDP no cooling FLDP with cooling SD LD Lunaria annus DNP NR NR Lunaria biennis DNP NR NR Lupinus angustifolius FLDP SD LD Lupinus hartwegii Bright Gems FLDP SD LD Lychnis coronaria FLDP SD LD Lysimachia ciliate Firecracker FLDP SD LD Lysimachia clethroides OLDP SD LD Lysimachia nemorum OLDP SD LD Lysimachia punctata Alexander FLDP SD LD Malva verticillata FSDP LD SD Mentha piperita OLDP SD LD Mina lobata OSDP LD SD Mondara didyma Cambridge Scarlet and others OLDP SD LD Nemophila maculate Pennie Black DNP NR NR Nemophila menziesii DNP NR NR Nepeta subsessile FLDP SD LD Nepeta x faassenii Blue Wonder and Walkers Low OLDP SD LD
- 8. Latin Name Photoperiodic Response Group Bulking Flowering Perennial Flower Requirements (LD=long day, SD=short day, NR=not required) for plant buling and flower development. Nepeta x faassenii Snowflake DNP NR NR Nigella arvensis FLDP SD LD Nigella damascena FLDP SD LD Oenothera biennis OLDP SD LD Oenothera fruticosa Youngii- Lapsley OLDP SD LD Oenothera lamarkiana OLDP SD LD Oenothera longiflora OLDP SD LD Oenothera missouriensis OLDP SD LD Oenothera pallida Wedding Bells DNP NR NR Oenothera parviflora OLDP SD LD Oenothera rosea FLDP SD LD Oenothera speciosa Siskiyou FLDP SD LD Oenothera stricta OLDP SD LD Oenothera strigosa FSDP LD SD Oenothera suaveolens OLDP SD LD Orchidaceae (most species) DNP NR NR Oxalis crassipes Rosea OLDP SD LD Papaver rhoeas DNP NR NR Papaver somniferum OLDP SD LD Pennisetum setaceum Rubrum FLDP SD LD Pennstemon Violet Dusk FLDP SD LD Pennstemon barbatus Elfin Pink OLDP SD LD Pennstemon campanulatus, and P. campanulatus Garnet Red FLDP SD LD Pennstemon digitalis Husker Red FLDP SD LD Pennstemon mexicale Pikes Peak FLDP SD LD Perilla ocymoides OSDP LD SD Perovskia atriplicifolia Filigran, Little Spire and others DNP NR NR Phacelia campanularia DNP NR NR Phacelia tanacetifolia FLDP SD LD Phlox divaricata Laphammi, Lond on Grove DNP NR NR Phlox paniculata Eva Cullum and Tenor OLDP SD LD Phlox subulata DNP NR NR Physostegia virginiana FLDP SD LD
- 9. Latin Name Photoperiodic Response Group Bulking Flowering Perennial Flower Requirements (LD=long day, SD=short day, NR=not required) for plant buling and flower development. Platycodon grandiflorus Sentimental Blue OLDP SD LD Platystemon californicus OLDP SD LD Polemonium species including cv Brise D Anjou FLDP SD LD Polemonium viscosum OLDP SD LD Polianthes tuberose DNP NR NR Potentilla atrosanguinea Mrs. Willmot DNP NR NR Pulmonaria cvs. DNP NR NR Pyrethrum cinerariaefolium DNP NR NR Reseda alba FLDP SD LD Rodgersia aesculifolia FLDP SD LD Rudbeckia fulgida OLDP SD LD Rudbeckia hirta OLDP SD LD Saccharum officinarum FSDP LD SD Salvia leucantha OSDP LD SD Salvia sylvestris Pink Friesland and Sensation Rose FLDP SD LD Salvia x superba Blue Queen FLDP SD LD Sanvitallia procumbens FSDP LD SD Saxifraga hynoides OLDP SD LD Saxifraga rotundifolia DNP NR NR Saxifraga x arendsii Triumph FLDP SD LD Scabiosa atropurpurea FLDP SD LD Scabiosa canescens FLDP SD LD Scabiosa caucasica Butterfly Blue DNP NR NR Scabiosa sanescens FLDP SD LD Scabiosa succisa FLDP SD LD Scabiosa ukranica OLDP SD LD Scrophularia alata DNP NR NR Scrophularia arguta FLDP/DNP SD LD Scrophularia peregrina DNP NR NR Scrophularia vernalis DNP NR NR Sedum aizoon var. Aurantiacum OLDP SD LD Sedum cauticola Autumn Joy and Ruby Glow OLDP SD LD Sedum floriferum Weihenstephaner Gold OLDP SD LD Sedum maximum Honey Song and Morchen OLDP SD LD
- 10. Latin Name Photoperiodic Response Group Bulking Flowering Perennial Flower Requirements (LD=long day, SD=short day, NR=not required) for plant buling and flower development. Sedum spectabile OLDP SD LD Sedum spectabile Brilliant and Variegatum OLDP SD LD Sedum telephium L. subsp. Maximum Indian Chief OLDP SD LD Sedum telephium x spectabile Autumn Joy OLDP SD LD Senecio vulgaris DNP NR NR Sidalcea Party Girls DNP NR NR Silene armeria OLDP SD LD Sinapsis alba FLDP SD LD Sisyrinchium angustifolium Lucerne FLDP SD LD Sisyrinchium bellum FLDP SD LD Solanum nigrum FLDP SD LD Solanum pseudocapsicum DNP NR NR Solatium aviculare FLDP SD LD Solatium capsiciforme DNP NR NR Solatium simile DNP NR NR Solidago Fireworks FSDP LD SD Solidago canadensis OSDP LD SD Solidago graminifolia OSDP LD SD Solidago nemoralis OSDP LD SD Solidago rugosa OLDP SD LD Sonchus oleraceus FLDP SD LD Stokesia laevis FLDP LD LD Tanacetum niveum Jackpot FLDP SD LD Teucrium scorodonia FLDP SD LD Thalictrum kusianum DNP NR NR Tiarella wherryi DNP NR NR Trachelium caeruleum FLDP SD LD Tweedia caerulea Blue Sar DNP NR NR Verbascum phoeniceum DNP NR NR Veronica longifolia Sunny Border Blue, Icicle, Red Fox DNP NR NR Veronica spicata DNP NR NR