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Amna Haider

This document reports on a study that examined how individual differences influence preferences for user interfaces. It hypothesizes that preferred interface style, operating system, and work style are influenced by culture, personal style, and other attributes like age and experience. The results show the complex relationship between individual differences and preferences. To better design interfaces for all users, more needs to be understood about how factors like culture, personality, and abilities affect human-computer interaction.

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indefeual diffrences
This paper reports on a study of the significance of individual differences in human computer interaction (HCI). The study examined three aspects of individual differences and their impact on peoples preferences for different types of user interfaces. The hypothesis for the study was that, preferred interface style, preferred operating system and individual work style are expected to be influenced by :- culture personal style other individual attributes
The results of this study demonstrate the complexity of the relationship between individual differences and interface preference Individuals differ in their culture and their personal style However, also differ in other individual attributes, such as: age, computer experience and disabilities. In order to make allowance for individual differences in the design process for user interfaces we need to understand much more about the nature of these factors and how they impact on HCI.
Review:- HCI plays an important role in design of computer-based systems ( Beardon, Gollifer, Rose and Worden, 1997 ) Design processes for HCI aspects of computer systems need to be simple and effective ( Sukaviriya, Foley and Griffith ) To achieve effective HCI it is important that prototype systems be evaluated. Usability of the system is a key consideration (Wilson and Clarke, 1993 ) supports the supposition that human-computer interface acceptance is indeed influenced by culture (Evers and Day, 1997 ) Their research findings indicate significant HCI preference differences between subjects from different cultures. The study had several limitations
Individual Differences (Independent Variables) :- can be defined as the fact that distinguish one person from another. There are several such areas but for the sake of this study, only some aspects relevant to HCI will be considered EX: culture; personal style; and other individual attributes. Individual Preferences (Dependent Variables) :- dependent variables are perceived as being influenced by the individual differences. EX: preferred interface style; preferred operating system; and individual work style.
indefeual diffrences
Culture:- the way peoples actions reflect their cultural backgrounds, including use of computers. In a general sense, culture shapes social life, The complex construct culture needs to be broken down into a set of dimensions: Religion : Awareness of the religions of computer users is of great importance when it comes to designing interfaces e.g. by using inappropriate icons. Detailed information about a persons religion is impossible to obtain from the questionnaire and only general religious categories are used. Race : Individuals differ in their genetic background and this influences their behavior and preferences, Where a group of people have similar genetic background they may be classified as belonging to the same 'race '. However, this does not mean that an individual will necessarily identify with one specific race. For example, one parent may be English while the other may be German.
Social Class : Social class reflects an individuals status in society. If an individual belongs to the high income-bracket group, he or she is seen as someone with a higher social class. With this view, individuals may be inclined to perceive things differently when it concerns their status, especially in associating particular objects or symbols with high social class. individuals may be inclined to perceive things differently when it concerns their status. Language: Language plays an important role in different cultures. It can be used to distinguish between cultures. members of the same culture understand the same language Due to the environment, people may have the same cultural background, they may not necessarily understand the same language. For example, a Chinese family may speak English most of the time and the children in this family naturally pick it up as their mother tongue .
Personal Style: a direct relationship to an individuals use of HCI. Gender: Gender represents whether individuals are male or female. Individuals of different genders are usually considered to differ in the way they perceive computer tasks Personality: An individual's pattern of psychological processes arising from motives, feelings, thoughts, and other major areas of psychological function. Personality is expressed through its influences on the body, in conscious mental life, and through the individual's social behavior .
Cognitive style: The cognitive styles describe how the individual acquires knowledge (cognition) and how an individual processes information (conceptualization). The cognitive styles are related to mental behaviors. Mode:
Other Individual Attributes: Age: As people grow older, Thinking speed and memory power will also differ Computer Experience: user expert knowledge to use computer and software. Disabilities: There are different types of disabilities,( Physical disabilities can involve sight, hearing, speech, movement ) Certain cases of disabilities may be either from birth or through accidents.
Preferred Interface Style: The design of a user interface one is motivated to use rather than another. At a more specific level, things like color, icons, sounds, or even animated graphics. Preferred Operating System: User prevent type of operating system depends on which one is easy to used . Individual Work Style : Individuals have different work styles. Some prefer to work in a quiet environment while others may be comfortable working in a busy environment.
This study has a number of research hypotheses to comparison with specific reported findings from the Evers and Day (1997) study. A) General Hypotheses: H1: Preferred Interface Style is influenced by culture, personal style and other individual attributes. H2: Preferred Operating System is influenced by culture, personal style and other individual attributes. H3: Individual Work Style is influenced by culture, personal style and other individual attributes. B) Specific hypotheses to test some of Evers and Days findings, e.g.: H4: Chinese prefer a lot of different colors. H5: Chinese like graphical user interface. H6: Chinese like pull-down menus.
Table 1 Percentages of subjects (in culture categories) who favor particular interface features, for each study.
Table 2 Percentages of subjects (in culture categories) who favor particular interface features, for each study.

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indefeual diffrences

  • 2. This paper reports on a study of the significance of individual differences in human computer interaction (HCI). The study examined three aspects of individual differences and their impact on peoples preferences for different types of user interfaces. The hypothesis for the study was that, preferred interface style, preferred operating system and individual work style are expected to be influenced by :- culture personal style other individual attributes
  • 3. The results of this study demonstrate the complexity of the relationship between individual differences and interface preference Individuals differ in their culture and their personal style However, also differ in other individual attributes, such as: age, computer experience and disabilities. In order to make allowance for individual differences in the design process for user interfaces we need to understand much more about the nature of these factors and how they impact on HCI.
  • 4. Review:- HCI plays an important role in design of computer-based systems ( Beardon, Gollifer, Rose and Worden, 1997 ) Design processes for HCI aspects of computer systems need to be simple and effective ( Sukaviriya, Foley and Griffith ) To achieve effective HCI it is important that prototype systems be evaluated. Usability of the system is a key consideration (Wilson and Clarke, 1993 ) supports the supposition that human-computer interface acceptance is indeed influenced by culture (Evers and Day, 1997 ) Their research findings indicate significant HCI preference differences between subjects from different cultures. The study had several limitations
  • 5. Individual Differences (Independent Variables) :- can be defined as the fact that distinguish one person from another. There are several such areas but for the sake of this study, only some aspects relevant to HCI will be considered EX: culture; personal style; and other individual attributes. Individual Preferences (Dependent Variables) :- dependent variables are perceived as being influenced by the individual differences. EX: preferred interface style; preferred operating system; and individual work style.
  • 7. Culture:- the way peoples actions reflect their cultural backgrounds, including use of computers. In a general sense, culture shapes social life, The complex construct culture needs to be broken down into a set of dimensions: Religion : Awareness of the religions of computer users is of great importance when it comes to designing interfaces e.g. by using inappropriate icons. Detailed information about a persons religion is impossible to obtain from the questionnaire and only general religious categories are used. Race : Individuals differ in their genetic background and this influences their behavior and preferences, Where a group of people have similar genetic background they may be classified as belonging to the same 'race '. However, this does not mean that an individual will necessarily identify with one specific race. For example, one parent may be English while the other may be German.
  • 8. Social Class : Social class reflects an individuals status in society. If an individual belongs to the high income-bracket group, he or she is seen as someone with a higher social class. With this view, individuals may be inclined to perceive things differently when it concerns their status, especially in associating particular objects or symbols with high social class. individuals may be inclined to perceive things differently when it concerns their status. Language: Language plays an important role in different cultures. It can be used to distinguish between cultures. members of the same culture understand the same language Due to the environment, people may have the same cultural background, they may not necessarily understand the same language. For example, a Chinese family may speak English most of the time and the children in this family naturally pick it up as their mother tongue .
  • 9. Personal Style: a direct relationship to an individuals use of HCI. Gender: Gender represents whether individuals are male or female. Individuals of different genders are usually considered to differ in the way they perceive computer tasks Personality: An individual's pattern of psychological processes arising from motives, feelings, thoughts, and other major areas of psychological function. Personality is expressed through its influences on the body, in conscious mental life, and through the individual's social behavior .
  • 10. Cognitive style: The cognitive styles describe how the individual acquires knowledge (cognition) and how an individual processes information (conceptualization). The cognitive styles are related to mental behaviors. Mode:
  • 11. Other Individual Attributes: Age: As people grow older, Thinking speed and memory power will also differ Computer Experience: user expert knowledge to use computer and software. Disabilities: There are different types of disabilities,( Physical disabilities can involve sight, hearing, speech, movement ) Certain cases of disabilities may be either from birth or through accidents.
  • 12. Preferred Interface Style: The design of a user interface one is motivated to use rather than another. At a more specific level, things like color, icons, sounds, or even animated graphics. Preferred Operating System: User prevent type of operating system depends on which one is easy to used . Individual Work Style : Individuals have different work styles. Some prefer to work in a quiet environment while others may be comfortable working in a busy environment.
  • 13. This study has a number of research hypotheses to comparison with specific reported findings from the Evers and Day (1997) study. A) General Hypotheses: H1: Preferred Interface Style is influenced by culture, personal style and other individual attributes. H2: Preferred Operating System is influenced by culture, personal style and other individual attributes. H3: Individual Work Style is influenced by culture, personal style and other individual attributes. B) Specific hypotheses to test some of Evers and Days findings, e.g.: H4: Chinese prefer a lot of different colors. H5: Chinese like graphical user interface. H6: Chinese like pull-down menus.
  • 14. Table 1 Percentages of subjects (in culture categories) who favor particular interface features, for each study.
  • 15. Table 2 Percentages of subjects (in culture categories) who favor particular interface features, for each study.