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Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are strong, corrosion resistant materials that lack a crystalline microstructure. While BMGs offer advantages like high strength and formability, they are also brittle and expensive to produce. Current applications are limited to niche uses where properties like biocompatibility or magnetism are valuable. However, research continues on utilizing BMGs in composites or developing new alloys to improve ductility and toughness for applications in aerospace, precision tools, and more. Challenges remain in reducing cost and brittleness for widespread structural use.
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independentinquiry
- 1. BULK METALLIC GLASSES MATE 310/350 Independent Inquiry Cal Poly Materials Engineering RHYS GILMORE
- 2. MATERIALS SCIENCE BACKGROUND Theoretical strength of a material is significantly higher than what is observed in reality. Why? Dislocations and grain boundaries provide zones for a material to fracture Theoretical strength is exclusively a property of atomic bonding
- 3. BACKGROUND What if engineers could take advantage of the inherent strength and ductility of metals, without weakening the material with grain boundaries and dislocations?
- 4. WHAT IS A BULK METALLIC GLASS? BULK: Material that can be manufactured to a thickness of at least one millimeter. METALLIC: Composed of at least one metallic element. GLASS: The microstructure of the material is amorphous, rather than crystalline.
- 5. ATTRACTIVE PROPERTIES High hardness, yield strength Lack of microstructural features gives good corrosion resistance Glass Transition Temperatures allows for thermoplastic forming capabilities Magnetism, Resistivity independent of temperature Significant Advantages: BMGs are strong, corrosion resistant materials that are easily formable. Some alloys have unique magnetic, polish, or biocompatible properties that allow for use in niche markets.
- 7. UNATTRACTIVE PROPERTIES Current high cost of material and processing limits applications. Severe localization of plastic flow produces zero ductility in tension. Unstable at high temperatures due to crystallization or low viscosity. Fracture toughness can be very low. Significant Disadvantages: BMGs are expensive and difficult to manufacture. Brittle failure is a significant concern, especially for large parts.
- 9. PROCESSING Common Production Methods Extremely fast cooling Vapor Deposition Solid-state Reactions Ion Irradiation Mechanical Allloying
- 10. EXTREMELY FAST COOLING WITH MELT SPINNING
- 11. FAILURE MECHANISM: SHEAR BANDING
- 12. CURRENT APPLICATIONS Most are niche applications, focusing on biocompatibility, springiness, or magnetic properties. Transformers Electronic Article Surveillance Sports Equipment Biomedical Implants
- 13. TOUGHEST MATERIAL IN THE WORLD Research suggests that BMGs are capable of incredible toughness. Toughest material in the world is a Palladium based BMG.
- 14. BMG USE AS A COMPOSITE Research by Dr. Kevin Laws suggests that BMGs might find the best use as a Metal Matrix Composite (MMC). Forgeable Carbon Fiber reinforced MMC (Mg, Cu, Y) Amorphous structure obtained with Melt Spinning
- 15. THE FUTURE FOR BULK METALLIC GLASSES As Pure BMG: Precision Tooling Springs and Clubs Information storage Fashion Items As a Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) Aerospace Automotive
- 16. REFERENCES Ashby, M.F. Metallic glasses as structural materials Scripta Materialia, 2005 Demetrious, Marios D. A damage-tolerant glass Nature Materials, 2011 Laws, Kevin J. Supercooled liquid fusion of carbon fibre-bulk metallic glass composites with superplastic forming properties Scripta Materialia, 2015
Editor's Notes
- #3: Theoretical strength of a material is significantly higher than what is observed in reality. Dislocations Grain Boundaries
- #4: What if engineers could take advantage of the inherent strength and ductility of metals, without weakening the material with grain boundaries and dislocations?
- #5: Bulk: thickness Metallic: Metals Glass: Amorphous
- #6: High hardness, yield strength Lack of microstructural features gives good corrosion resistance Glass Transition Temperatures allows for thermoplastic forming capabilities Magnetism, Resistivity independent of temperature
- #7: Close to theoretical strength, higher than other alloys, ashby plot/paper
- #8: Materials, processing is expensive Unstable at high temperatures Fracture toughness tends to be low Biggest issue: brittle-- Severe localization of plastic flow produces zero ductility in tension
- #9: Low fracture toughness but wait HUGE range
- #10: Extremely fast cooling Vapor Deposition Solid-state Reactions Ion Irradiation Mechanical Allloying
- #11: Molten metal, spinning copper wheel, liquid nitrogen cooled. Near infinite cooling rates prohibits crystallization from occurring.
- #12: Shear Band: A narrow zone of intense shearing strain that occurs during deformation of ductile materials. New research suggests that this occurs in brittle materials too, just much more rapid (shear band is much more narrow). In fact, depends on the type of atomic bonding, NOT exclusively crystal structure (or lack thereof). Ceramic covalent bonding vs Metallic bonding in metals.
- #13: Unique properties, niche applications: Transformers, Electronic tags, sports equipment, dissolvable bone screws
- #14: Cal Tech research suggests that a palladium based BMG is capable of shielding crack propagation, thereby producing high toughness. In fact, it is the toughest material in the world.
- #15: Dr. Laws from UNSW suggests that BMGs might find best use as an MMC. Forgeable composite, first of its kind. Superplastic forming.
- #16: As a pure BMG: precision tooling, sports, information storage, fashion As MMC: high performance, low weight, high strength scenarios: aerospace and automotive.