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Indian temple architecture

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The document describes the three main styles of Indian temple architecture - Nagara, Dravida, and Vesara. The Nagara style originated in North India and is characterized by a cruciform plan and curved, tapering tower. The Dravida style is associated with South India and features temples with multiple sides and a pyramid-shaped tower made of progressively smaller stories. The styles differ in plan, tower shape, and elements like pillars versus cruciform shapes.

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INDIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE ACCORDINGTOTHEVARIOUSARCHITECTURAL TEXTSWRITTEN IN EARLY MEDIEVAL TIMES,TEMPLEARCHITECTURE CAN BE BROADLY CLASSIFIEDAS NAGARA, DRAVIDA ANDVESARA.
DIFFERENT STYLES OF TEMPLE NAGARA STYLE IS ASSOCIATED WITHTHE LAND BETWEENTHE HIMALAYAS ANDVINDHYAS. DRAVIDA STYLE WITHTHE LAND BETWEENTHE KRISHNA AND KAVERI RIVERS. VESARA STYLE IS SOMETIMES ASSOCIATED WITH THE AREA BETWEENTHEVINDHYAS AND THE KRISHNA RIVER.
NAGARA STYLE THE NAGARA STYLE HAS ITS ORIGIN INTHE STRUCTURAL TEMPLES OFTHE GUPTA PERIOD. DASHAVTARA TEMPLE OF DEOGARH AND BRICK TEMPLE OF BHITARGAON ARE EXAMPLES OFTHIS STYLE. TWO DISTINCT FEATURES OF THE NAGARA STYLE ARE- PLANNING AND ELEVATION
THE PLAN IS SQUAREWITH A NUMBEROF GRADUAL PROJECTIONS INTHE MIDDLE OF EACH SIDEWHICH IMPARTS IT A CRUCIFORM SHAPE. THESE PROJECTIONSCAN OCCURTHROUGHOUT THE HEIGHT OFTHE STRUCTURE. IN ELEVATION IT EXHIBITSA TOWER (SHIKHARA) GRADUALLY INCLINING TOWARDS IN A CONVEX CURVE. THE PROJECTIONS INTHE PLAN ARE ALSO CARRIED UPWARDS TOTHETOP OFTHE SHIKHARA AND IS CALLEDTHE REKHA SHIKHARA.
THE STRUCTURE CONSISTS OF TWO BUILDINGS,THE MAIN SHRINE TALLER AND AN ADJOINING SHORTER MANDAPA. THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEENTHESETWO ISTHE SHAPE OFTHE SHIKHARA. INTHE MAIN SHRINE, A BELL SHAPED STRUCTURE FURTHER ADDSTOTHE HEIGHT. TEMPLES ARE FORMED OF FOUR CHAMBERS- GARBHAGRIHA, JAGMOHAN, NATYAMANDIR AND BHOGAMANDIR.
ORIGINALLY IN NAGARA STYLETHERE WERE NO PILLAR. BYTHE EIGHTH CENTURYTHE NAGARA STYLE EMERGES IN ITS CHARACTERISTIC FORM. THE NAGARA STYLE EXHIBITS DISTINCTVARIESTIES IN ELABORATION. THIS STYLE IS SEEN FROMTHE HIMALAYATOTHE NORTH OF BIJAPUR DISTRICT INTHE SOUTH,FROMTHE PUNJAB IN THEWESTTO BENGALTOTHE EAST.
THEREFORE,THERE ARE LOCAL VARIATIONSAND RAMIFICATIONS IN THE FORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE STYLE INTHE DIFFERENT REGIONS. HOWEVER,THE CRUCIFORM PLAN ANDTHE CURILINEARTOWER ARE COMMON.
DRAVIDIAN STYLE DRAVIDIANARCHITECTURAL STYLE IS ASSOCIATED WITHTHETEMPLESOF SOUTHERN INDIAOR DECCAN. COMMONCHARACTERSTICS OFTHE DRAVIDA STYLE ISTHE PYRAMIDAL ELEVATIONOFTHETOWER (VIMARI ORVIMANA) VIMARI CONSISTSOF MULTIPLICATION OF STOREYAFTER STOREY SLIGHTY REDUCEDTHAN ONE BELOW,ENDING IN A DOMICAL MEMBER,TECHNICALLY KNOWNASTHE STUPI OR STUPICA. VIMANA IS CROWNED BY A CHAKRA INA LORDVISHNUTEMPLEANDATRIDENT IN A LORD SIVATEMPLE.
INTHIS STYLETHERE ARE MORETHAN 4 SIDES IN THE SANCTUM PILLARS AND PILASTERS AREVASTLY USED INTHIS ARCHITECTURAL STYLE THEY ALSO HAVE DEDICATED PAVILIONS, FOR EXAMPLE ,SHIVA TEMPLES HAVE DEDICATED MANDAPA OF NANDI ORVISHNU TEMPLES HAVE GARUDA MANDAPA
IN DRAVIDIAN STYLE TEMPLES,THE SQUARE INNER SANCTUM IS SETWITHINA LARGE COVERED ENCLOSURE AND EXTERNALWALLSWERE DIVIDED INTO NICHES BY PLASTERS. DRAVIDIANTEMPLES HAVE BOUNDARYWALLS. IN LATER PERIOD, STOREYS IN VIMANA BECOME MOREAND MORE COMPRESSED , PILLARED HALLSAND CORRIDORSANDTHE IMMENSEGOPURAMSWERE ADDED. PILLASTERS AND CORRIDOR PLAN
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NAGARA & DRAVIDIAN NAGARA STYLE DRAVIDIAN STYLE THE PLAN IS SQUARE WITH A NUMBER OF A GRADUAL PROJECTIONS INTHE MIDDLE OF EACH SIDEWHICH IMPARTS IT A CRUCIFORM SHAPE. INTHE PLANTHETEMPLE REPRESENTS A SQUARE CHAMBER AS A SANCTUM CELL WITHINTHE SQUARE ENCLOSURE SERVING AS PRADAKSHINA . PLAN SIZE SOUTHERNTEMPLES ARE MUCH LARGER IN COMPARISION
THE NAGARA STYLE HAVE A BEEHIVE SHAPEDTOWER MADE UP OF LAYER UPON LAYER OF ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS SUCH AS KAPOTAS AND GAVAKSAS, ALLTOPPED BY A LARGE ROUNDCUSHION- LIKE ELEMENTCALLEDAN AMALAKA DRAVIDA OR SOUTHERN STYLE HAS A PYRAMID SHAPEDTOWER CONSISTING OF PROGRESSIVELY SMALLER STOREYSOF SMALL PAVILIONS,A NARROW THROAT, AND A DOME ONTHE TOP CALLEDA SHIKHARA SHIKHARA SHAPE GOPURAM DRAVIDIANTEMPLE ARCHITECTURE USUALLY HAS A RAJA GOPURAM (BIGGEST TOWER)ATTHE MAIN GATE AND A SMALLTOWER FORTHE SANCTUM SANCTORUM SOUTH INDIANTEMPLE GOPURAMSARE EXTREMELY INTRICATE FILLEDWITH STATUES

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Indian temple architecture

  • 1. INDIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE ACCORDINGTOTHEVARIOUSARCHITECTURAL TEXTSWRITTEN IN EARLY MEDIEVAL TIMES,TEMPLEARCHITECTURE CAN BE BROADLY CLASSIFIEDAS NAGARA, DRAVIDA ANDVESARA.
  • 2. DIFFERENT STYLES OF TEMPLE NAGARA STYLE IS ASSOCIATED WITHTHE LAND BETWEENTHE HIMALAYAS ANDVINDHYAS. DRAVIDA STYLE WITHTHE LAND BETWEENTHE KRISHNA AND KAVERI RIVERS. VESARA STYLE IS SOMETIMES ASSOCIATED WITH THE AREA BETWEENTHEVINDHYAS AND THE KRISHNA RIVER.
  • 3. NAGARA STYLE THE NAGARA STYLE HAS ITS ORIGIN INTHE STRUCTURAL TEMPLES OFTHE GUPTA PERIOD. DASHAVTARA TEMPLE OF DEOGARH AND BRICK TEMPLE OF BHITARGAON ARE EXAMPLES OFTHIS STYLE. TWO DISTINCT FEATURES OF THE NAGARA STYLE ARE- PLANNING AND ELEVATION
  • 4. THE PLAN IS SQUAREWITH A NUMBEROF GRADUAL PROJECTIONS INTHE MIDDLE OF EACH SIDEWHICH IMPARTS IT A CRUCIFORM SHAPE. THESE PROJECTIONSCAN OCCURTHROUGHOUT THE HEIGHT OFTHE STRUCTURE. IN ELEVATION IT EXHIBITSA TOWER (SHIKHARA) GRADUALLY INCLINING TOWARDS IN A CONVEX CURVE. THE PROJECTIONS INTHE PLAN ARE ALSO CARRIED UPWARDS TOTHETOP OFTHE SHIKHARA AND IS CALLEDTHE REKHA SHIKHARA.
  • 5. THE STRUCTURE CONSISTS OF TWO BUILDINGS,THE MAIN SHRINE TALLER AND AN ADJOINING SHORTER MANDAPA. THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEENTHESETWO ISTHE SHAPE OFTHE SHIKHARA. INTHE MAIN SHRINE, A BELL SHAPED STRUCTURE FURTHER ADDSTOTHE HEIGHT. TEMPLES ARE FORMED OF FOUR CHAMBERS- GARBHAGRIHA, JAGMOHAN, NATYAMANDIR AND BHOGAMANDIR.
  • 6. ORIGINALLY IN NAGARA STYLETHERE WERE NO PILLAR. BYTHE EIGHTH CENTURYTHE NAGARA STYLE EMERGES IN ITS CHARACTERISTIC FORM. THE NAGARA STYLE EXHIBITS DISTINCTVARIESTIES IN ELABORATION. THIS STYLE IS SEEN FROMTHE HIMALAYATOTHE NORTH OF BIJAPUR DISTRICT INTHE SOUTH,FROMTHE PUNJAB IN THEWESTTO BENGALTOTHE EAST.
  • 7. THEREFORE,THERE ARE LOCAL VARIATIONSAND RAMIFICATIONS IN THE FORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE STYLE INTHE DIFFERENT REGIONS. HOWEVER,THE CRUCIFORM PLAN ANDTHE CURILINEARTOWER ARE COMMON.
  • 8. DRAVIDIAN STYLE DRAVIDIANARCHITECTURAL STYLE IS ASSOCIATED WITHTHETEMPLESOF SOUTHERN INDIAOR DECCAN. COMMONCHARACTERSTICS OFTHE DRAVIDA STYLE ISTHE PYRAMIDAL ELEVATIONOFTHETOWER (VIMARI ORVIMANA) VIMARI CONSISTSOF MULTIPLICATION OF STOREYAFTER STOREY SLIGHTY REDUCEDTHAN ONE BELOW,ENDING IN A DOMICAL MEMBER,TECHNICALLY KNOWNASTHE STUPI OR STUPICA. VIMANA IS CROWNED BY A CHAKRA INA LORDVISHNUTEMPLEANDATRIDENT IN A LORD SIVATEMPLE.
  • 9. INTHIS STYLETHERE ARE MORETHAN 4 SIDES IN THE SANCTUM PILLARS AND PILASTERS AREVASTLY USED INTHIS ARCHITECTURAL STYLE THEY ALSO HAVE DEDICATED PAVILIONS, FOR EXAMPLE ,SHIVA TEMPLES HAVE DEDICATED MANDAPA OF NANDI ORVISHNU TEMPLES HAVE GARUDA MANDAPA
  • 10. IN DRAVIDIAN STYLE TEMPLES,THE SQUARE INNER SANCTUM IS SETWITHINA LARGE COVERED ENCLOSURE AND EXTERNALWALLSWERE DIVIDED INTO NICHES BY PLASTERS. DRAVIDIANTEMPLES HAVE BOUNDARYWALLS. IN LATER PERIOD, STOREYS IN VIMANA BECOME MOREAND MORE COMPRESSED , PILLARED HALLSAND CORRIDORSANDTHE IMMENSEGOPURAMSWERE ADDED. PILLASTERS AND CORRIDOR PLAN
  • 11. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NAGARA & DRAVIDIAN NAGARA STYLE DRAVIDIAN STYLE THE PLAN IS SQUARE WITH A NUMBER OF A GRADUAL PROJECTIONS INTHE MIDDLE OF EACH SIDEWHICH IMPARTS IT A CRUCIFORM SHAPE. INTHE PLANTHETEMPLE REPRESENTS A SQUARE CHAMBER AS A SANCTUM CELL WITHINTHE SQUARE ENCLOSURE SERVING AS PRADAKSHINA . PLAN SIZE SOUTHERNTEMPLES ARE MUCH LARGER IN COMPARISION
  • 12. THE NAGARA STYLE HAVE A BEEHIVE SHAPEDTOWER MADE UP OF LAYER UPON LAYER OF ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS SUCH AS KAPOTAS AND GAVAKSAS, ALLTOPPED BY A LARGE ROUNDCUSHION- LIKE ELEMENTCALLEDAN AMALAKA DRAVIDA OR SOUTHERN STYLE HAS A PYRAMID SHAPEDTOWER CONSISTING OF PROGRESSIVELY SMALLER STOREYSOF SMALL PAVILIONS,A NARROW THROAT, AND A DOME ONTHE TOP CALLEDA SHIKHARA SHIKHARA SHAPE GOPURAM DRAVIDIANTEMPLE ARCHITECTURE USUALLY HAS A RAJA GOPURAM (BIGGEST TOWER)ATTHE MAIN GATE AND A SMALLTOWER FORTHE SANCTUM SANCTORUM SOUTH INDIANTEMPLE GOPURAMSARE EXTREMELY INTRICATE FILLEDWITH STATUES