狠狠撸

Date- 26th July 2012
The ancient language of Sanskrit is regarded as the mother of all European languages. Etymologists (people who
study languages) point to similarities between vocabularies of various languages such as Latin and Greek which are
ancestors of all modern European languages including English.
The language was transported by the emigrating tribes from India, westward into Europe where it mixed with local
languages and dialects giving rise to the predecessors of modern western languages. This connection can be easily
identified by simple analysis of common words. Languages in Europe and some
languages in the Far-East have Indian influence, either in script (Tibetan and Old Mongol
script written in 2nd
Century AD Brahmi script from North India and is the predecessor to
Korean Hangeul Script) or language [Some words in Chinese, Thai and Khmer are Sanskrit
in Origin eg. “Zen” = through Japanese 禅 and Chinese 禪 Chán ultimately from Pali
?? jhāna and Sanskrit ? dhyana, which means "a meditation"]
This link was first identified by Florentine merchant Filippo Sassetti (1540 - 1588) who
during his voyages to India wrote privately to fellow Florentine Bernardo Davanzati in
1585, about some word similarities between Sanskrit and Italian such as:
deva/dio 'God', sarpa/serpe 'snake',sapta/sette 'seven', ashta/otto 'eight', nava/nove 'nine'. It wasn’t until the
18th
Century when Englishman Sir William Jones, a judge in Calcutta, looked deeper into the relations of the various
languages.
Some common words with Sanskrit origin:
? ?????? (bhrāt?) / ?????? (bhrātā) –> Bruder (German) -> Brother (English)
? ????? (swasar) –> swestēr (German) -> Sister (English)
? (pitr) -> πατ?ρ (patēr) [Greek] -> pater (Latin) -> Vater (German) -> f?der (Old English) ->
fader (Middle English) -> Father (English)
? ?????? (duhit?) -> θσγ?τηρ (thugatēr) *Ancient Greek+ -> Tochter (German) -> dōhtor (Old English) ->
doughter (Middle English) –> Daughter (English)
? ???? (māt?) -> μ?τηρ (mētēr) [Ancient Greek] -> māter (Latin) -> Mutter (German) -> Moder (Middle
English) - ---> Mother (English)
?
? Tri (three) + kon (angle) + miti (parametre) = Trikonmiti (Measuring the Triangle) -> trigōnon
(triangle) + metria (measure) (Greek) -> Trigonometry (English)

?
? gya (earth) + miti (parameter) = gyaamiti (measuring the earth) ->
=> γ? (gē, “earth, land, country”) + μετρ?ω (metréō, “to measure, to count”) or
μετρ?α (metria, “measurement”) = γεωμετρ?α (geometría, “geometry, land-survey”)
-> Geometry (English)
? nāus (ship) + (agati)[to drive, propel] = Navgati (to go by boat) -> Navigatus (Latin) -> Navigate
(English)
? ??? (m?tá) (to die) -> μροτ?? (mrotos) [Ancient Greek] -> Mortalis (Latin) -> Muerta (Spanish) ->
Mortal (English)
? (deva) (diety/demigod) -> Daevas (Avestan/Old Persian) (A being of shining light) ->
Deiwos (God of Daylight and Sky) -> Dyàu? -> Dies (day), Divus (divine), Deus (god) [Latin] -> Δε?? (Zeus)
(Greek) -> Dio (God) [Italian] -> Dios (Spanish) -> Dieu (French) -> Tiwaz (German) -> Deity, Divine (English)
*also note Tuesday, like all other days of the week were named after Norse Gods of German origin. This
connection is visible in TUESDAY or “Tiwaz” Day (Tiwaz’s Day)
? Dyàu? + (pitr) = Dyàu?pítr (Sky Father) -> Zeu pater [Sky Father] (Greek) -> Deus pater (Latin) -
> Iūpiter (Jupiter) [Latin]
India not only influenced Western languages, but also Eastern languages:
? Siddham (Sanskrit , "accomplished" or "perfected")
? Used for writing Sanskrit during the period 600-1200 CE
? Descended from the Brahmi script via the “Gupta script”, which also gave rise to the Devanāgarī, Tibetan and several other Asian
scripts.
? It was considered important to preserve the pronunciation of mantras, for which Chinese characters were unsuitable. This led to the
retention of the Siddha? Script in East Asia and survived in East Asia where Tantric Buddhism persisted.
? Kūkai introduced the Siddha? script to Japan when he returned from China in 806, where he studied Sanskrit with Nalanda-trained
monks including one known as Praj?ā. By the
time Kūkai learned this script, the trading and
pilgrimage routes over land to India, were closed
by the expanding Islamic empire of the Abbasids.
? In the middle of the 9th century, China
experienced a series of purges of "foreign
religions", thus cutting Japan off from the
sources of Siddha? texts. In time, other scripts,
particularly Devanagari, replaced Siddha? in
India, leaving East Asia as the only region where
Siddha? is used.
? The oldest extant printed book is a Tang Dynasty
work of the Sanskrit text “Diamond Sutra”
(Vajracchedikā Praj?āpāramitā Sūtra) and dates
back to 868

? The forty-seven letters of the Japanese alphabet are said to have been devised after the pattern of the Sanskrit alphabet by the
Japanese Buddhist saint Kobo Daishi (774-835 AD). The arrangement of the Japanese syllabary based on the Sanskrit system is also
attributed to the influence of Bodhisena (Sanskrit ? Chinese and Japanese 菩提僊那) (704–760) an Indian Buddhist scholar
and monk, known for traveling to Japan and establishing the Kegon school.
The reach of language to other parts of the world also facilitated the transfer
of literature from India to all across the old known world. In the east this
transfer (mostly of Buddhist scriptures) was
immortalized in one of the four greatest
Chinese literatures ever written.
“Journey to the West” the fictionalised
chronicle of the Buddhist monk Xuanzang’s
journey to India to obtain sacred texts. The
protagonist is a monkey king named Sun
Wukong who bears a striking resemblance to
Hanuman, the Monkey God from the epic
RAMAYANA.
Sun Wukong (孫悟空) is known/pronounced
as Suen Ng Hung in Cantonese, Son Oh
Gong in Korean, T?n Ng?
Kh?ng in Vietnamese, Son
Gokū in Japanese, Sun Go Kong In
Indonesian, and Sun' Ukun in Russian.
This character is also well known in popular culture via the Japanese comics (Manga)
“Dragonball Series” as the protagonist Son Goku or simply GOKU, who is part
monkey and part human with great martial skill.

The character Son Goku, or simply GOKU, is a well-known character in popular culture, via the Japanese comics
(Manga), as the protagonist of the “Dragonball Series”. He is a Saiyan warrior who appears like a human and is
capable of turning into a giant ape. He also possesses great martial skill.
The epic RAMAYANA is popular in South-East Asia as the region was once ruled by Hindu kingdoms. Besides the
language similarities with Sanskrit, the dances and folk tales are reminiscent of its Indian connection. In Thailand
RAMAYANA (known as Ramakien) and the character Hanuman is especially revered. Like in India, he is the patron of
martial arts and combat. The classical dance steps portraying Hanuman were adopted and modified for use in
combat. This formed a deadly Thai martial art, incorporating several monkey-like movements and martial dances
(RAMAYANA in origin, as the names of those postures are taken from the epic). This martial art is known as Muay
Thai. (Note the similarity in poses between the first two and last two images.)
(Left to right: image 1) - Hanuman presents Sita the ring of Rama.
(Image 2) - “Hanuman Thawai Waen” *Hanuman presents the ring+ posture modified for combat.
(Image 3) - “Yo Khao Prasumaru” [Lifting the Sumer Mountain] posture modified for combat.
(Image 4) - “Hanuman Lifting the Sumer Mountain” poster as found in India.

? Consists of 24,000 verses in 7 books (kāndas)
and 500 cantos (sargas).
? Played a pivotal role in establishing the role of
Dhárma as a principle guiding force for a Hindu
way of life.
? Versions have been adopted as the epics of
Southeast Asian countries like Thailand,
Malaysia and Indonesia.
? In Thailand, RAMAYANA is known as RAMAKIEN.
? The character of Hanuman inspired “Sun
Wukong” the protagonist in Chinese Classic –
“Journey to the West” and is portrayed as a
monkey king with great martial skill.
“Sun Wukong” is known as “Son Goku” in Japan
and is famous in popular culture as the
protagonist in the “Dragonball” anime/manga
series who is a human capable of turning into an
ape, and possesses great martial skills.
? The origins of the story probably fall between the 8th
and 9th centuries BCE.
? Earliest parts of the text date to 400 BC and is
estimated to have reached its final form by the early
Gupta Period (ca. 4
th
Century AD).
? The title may be translated as "The Great Tale of the
Bhārata Dynasty". According to the Mahabharata
itself, the tale is an extension from a shorter version
of 24,000 verses called simply “Bhārata”.
? Longest Sanskrit epic. Its longest version consists of
over 100,000 shloka or over 200,000 individual
verse lines (each shloka is a couplet) and long prose
passages. About 1.8 million words in total. It’s
roughly ten times the length of the Iliad and
Odyssey combined, or about four times the length of
the Ramayana.
? Stories forming the Mahabharata are the Bhagavad
Gita, the story of Damayanti, an abbreviated version
of the Ramayana, and the Rishyasringa, often
considered as works in their own right.

India since antiquity has been a secular nation where various religions flourished and grew. 4 of the world’s
major religious beliefs originated here: HINDUISM, BUDDHISM, JAINISM and SIKHISM. All the four
religions trace their origins to HINDUISM. Over the ages other religious groups settled and made India their
home: Jews, Christians, Muslims and Zoroastrians. India’s religious influence stretched from the
Gangetic Plains all the way to Japan in the East and Rome in the West.
There previously existed a Tamil Hindu community in Quanzhou (China) who, in the late 13th century, built
a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple is now in ruins, but over 300 carvings are still within the city. Many are
currently on display in the Quanzhou museum, and some have become a part of Buddhist temple—Kaiyuan
Temple. Behind its main hall "Mahavira Hall”, there are some columns decorated by some Hindu carvings. The
carvings are dispersed across five primary sites in Quanzhou and the neighbouring areas. They were made in the
South Indian style, and share close similarities with 13th century temples constructed in the Kaveri Delta region
in Tamil Nadu.
Extent of
spread of
Hinduism in
South East
Asia.
Kaiyuan
Temple.
Mahavir Hall.

Several Hindu gods and Goddesses have found their way into Far Eastern culture.
Garuda Karura Yama->Yan (China)->Yemma (Japan) Brahma Bonten Saraswati Benzaiten
迦楼羅 ? 閻閻魔 ? 梵天 ??????? 弁才天, 弁財天
There are countless deities adopted by the Far East via Buddhist Scriptures. But the East is not the only region that has Indian
Mythological influence. The Western world, especially Greek and Roman Myths, have Indian connections e.g. In Roman, Greek
and Indian myths the “King of the gods” have the same manifested powers – Indra (Indian), Zeus (Greek) and Jupiter (Roman)
are Gods of Thunder, Lightening and Rain.
Some Mythological Parallels:
? The Great Flood Myth: Common with Hebrew Bible, Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Hindu Myth, Christian Bible and
Quran.
? Many cultures have stories about divine figures whose death creates an essential part of reality. The Chinese
myth of Pangu, the Vedic myth of Purusha, and the Norse myth of Ymir: all tell of a cosmic giant who is killed to create
the world.
? Many mythologies mention a place that sits at the centre of the world and acts as a point of contact between different
levels of the universe. This "axis mundi" is often marked by a sacred tree, mountain peak or man-made objects like
Towers (Etamnanki, the fabled tower of Babel) or other mythical object. For example, many myths describe a great
tree or pillar joining heaven, earth, and the underworld. Vedic India, ancient China, and the ancient Germans all had
myths featuring a "Cosmic Tree" whose branches reach heaven and whose roots reach hell.
? High mountain peaks are usually the seat of Gods as in Greek (Mt. Olympus), India (Mt. Kailash and Meru) and Japanese
(Mt. Fuji).
? Many cultures have a creation myth in which a group of younger, more civilized gods conquer and/or struggle against a
group of older gods who represent the forces of chaos. In the Greek myth of the Titanomachy, the Olympian
gods defeat the Titans, an older and more primitive divine race, and establish cosmic order. In Hindu mythology,
the devas (gods) battle the asuras (demons). And the Celtic gods of life and light struggle against the Fomorians,
ancient gods of death and darkness.
? Many cultures believe in a celestial Supreme Being who has cut off contact with humanity. In many myths, the Supreme
Being withdraws into the heavens after the creation of the world. Baluba mythology features such a story, in which the
supreme God withdraws from the earth, leaving man to search for him. Similarly, the mythology of the Hereros tells of
a Sky God who has abandoned mankind to lesser divinities. Vedic Indian mythology speaks of a celestial supreme being:
BRAHMAN that cannot be personified and are represented by the deities. In the mythologies of highly complex
cultures, the Supreme Being tends to disappear completely, replaced by a strongly polytheistic belief system, as in
Hinduism.

? India has the world’s largest
Hindu, Jain, Sikh, Zoroastrian
and Baha’i populations.
? India has the 3rd
largest Muslim
population in the world; Largest
population for any Non-Muslim
country.
? Islam is the 2nd
most practiced
religion in India.
? Islam came to India with the
Arab merchants and traders on
the Western Malabar Coast in
the 7th
Century and in Northern
India in the 12th
Century.
? The Mustali sect (Ismailite),
which originated in Egypt and
later moved its religious centre
to Yemen, gained a foothold in
India through missionaries of
11th
Century. These people
settled in Western India, where
they were called “Bohras”, a
reinterpretation of the Gujarati
word “vahaurau” which means
“To Trade”.
? Judaism is the first foreign
religion to arrive in India in
recorded history.
? Some of the Jewish
Communities arrived in India
during the time of the Kingdom
of Judah.
? Some of the Jewish
Communities are thought to be
descendants of Israel’s mythical
”;: Lost Tribes”.
? Unlike many other parts of the
world, Jews have historically
lived in India without any
instances of anti-Semitism from
the majority populace.
? Of the total Jewish population in
india, about half live in Manipur
and Mizoram and a quarter live
in the city of Mumbai.
? Ohel David Synagogue in Pune is
the largest synagogue in Asia
outside Israel.
? The Cochin Jews arrived in India
2,500 years ago and settled in
Kerala as traders.
? Bene Israel Jews arrived in
Maharashtra 2,100 years ago.
? Baghdadi Jews arrived in
Mumbai from Iraq, Iran,
Afghanistan and other Arab
countries 250 years ago.
? Bnei Menashe are tribes from
Mizoram and Manipur in
Eastern India who claim descent
from the tribe of Manasseh.
? Bene Ephraim (Telugu Jews) are
a small Telugu speaking
community whose observance
dates to 1981.
? Christianity is the third most
practiced religion in India.
? Christianity was introduce by
Thomas the Apostle in 52 AD
to spread the Gospel to the
Jewish community residing in
Kerala (South-West India).
? Christianity was established in
India long before it was
established in Europe, making
it one of the oldest Christian
Communities in Asia, outside
the Holy Land.
? India is predominantly a
Hindu nation.
? Hinduism can be traced
back to 5500 BC making
it the oldest system of
beliefs in practice.
? Hinduism has no founder
and is classified as a
Philosophy, not a
religion.
? Hinduism formed when
Aryan Invaders entered
the Indus Valley and
mixed with local beliefs.
? Variations of Hindu
Mythologies were
adopted by various
regions in Asia and
modified to suit their
realities.
? “Panchtantra” (5
principles) is a collection
of animal fables
composed in the 3rd
Century BC, to impart
knowledge of morals
and worldly conduct and
is known, in the Western
World as “Aesop’s
Fables”, which contain
many of the same
stories as “Panchtantra”.
? Jainism, Sikhism and
Buddhism are all derived
from Hinduism.
? Hinduism once extended
from Afghanistan to
Indonesia. The influence
can still be seen today in
terms of traditions,
language and
architecture.

? “Demos” (People) + “Kratos” (Power) = Democracy (People Power) [Greek]
? Word coined in Athens (Greece) at around 400BC.
? Democratic government installed in 508-507 BC in Athens (Greece).
? Democracy is the rule of Majority over minority.
? Athens is generally regarded as the world’s first democracy.
? Cleisthenes is referred to as “The father of Athenian Democracy”.
? Repblic (from Latin: res publica) means “Public Matter”.
? A Republic is similar to a democracy.
? REPUBLIC DEMOCRACY
? Power of government is limited and
constrained by a Constitution.
? Rights of all people are safeguarded in
the constitution.
? A republic may or may not be a
democracy
? E.g. India is a democracy and a
republic as it is bound by a written
constitution.
? E.g. Ukrainian SSR was a republic with
a seat in the UN, but was ultimately
controlled by the non-democratic Soviet
Union.
? Majority/Government has unlimited
power over minority.
? Safeguard of minority rights is not
present.
? A democracy may or may not be a
republic.
? E.g. New Zealand, Australia and
Canada are democratic constitutional
monarchies but not republics.
? Greek accounts indicate that ancient Indian kingdoms followed republican form of
governments as early as 700 BC stretching from Indus Valley in the West to
Gangaetic Plains in the East.
? These kingdoms were called “Janapadas”. Through assimilations and diplomacy
some of these kingdoms united to form a Confederacy. These big kingdoms were
called “Mahajanapadas”.
? The Vajji Confederacy Mahajanapada of Licchavi is one of the world’s first
republics. Its capital is the ancient city of Vaishali (In Bihar province, Nothern India)
? 16 major Mahajanapadas are recorded to have grown across the plains. (see map on
page 12).

A famous literary work in the field of politics and economics is called
ARTHSHASTRA (The Science of Wealth), written by Kautilya [350 – 283 BC] (also
known as Chanakya and Vishnugupt) in around the 4th
Century BC. A scholar at
Takshila, political scientist, tactician, teacher and guardian of Chandragupta
Maurya (founder of the Mauryan Empire) he is regarded by scholars as one of
the greatest tactician and strategist in human history along with Sun Tzu (China,
the author of THE ART OF WAR) and Niccolo Machiavelli (Italy, author of THE
PRINCE).

The treatise is revered for its dealing with political issues like:
? When violence is justified.
? When assassinating an enemy is useful.
? When killing domestic opponents is wise.
? How one uses secret agents.
? When one needs to sacrifice one's own secret agent.
? How the king can use women and children as spies and even assassins.
? When a nation should violate a treaty and invade its neighbour.
? In what cases must a king spy on his own people?
? How should a king test his ministers, even his own family members, to see
if they are worthy of trust.
? When must a king kill a prince, his own son, who is heir to the throne?
? How does one protect a king from poison?
? What precautions must a king take against assassination by one's own
wife?
? When is it appropriate to arrest a troublemaker on suspicion alone?
? When is torture justified?

List of the 16 major republican kingdoms (mahajanapadas):
1. Anga
2. Kosala
3. Kashi
4. Magadha
5. Videha
6. Malla
7. Chedi
8. Vatsa (or Vamsa)
9. Kuru
10. Panchala
11. Machcha (or Matsya)
12. Surasena
13. Assaka(or Asmaka)
14. Avanti
15. Gandhara
16. Kamboja

This detailed map shows the locations of Kingdoms mentioned in the Indian epics.

Ancient Cities of India during the time of Ramayana, Mahabharata and Buddha. LEGEND: yellow:
kingdoms; blue: rivers; green: forests; brown: mountains; red: places (cities, towns, villages,
mountain peaks, etc.)

India is home to some of the oldest fighting systems in the world known as “ ”?astravidyā or
“ ”dhanurvidya . The former is a compound of the words ?astra (weapon) and vidyā (knowledge), meaning
or "knowledge of weaponry"."knowledge of the sword" The latter term derives from the words for bow
. In Tamil, they are either known(dhanushya) and knowledge (veda), literally the "science of archery"
under the umbrella term kalarikalai ( ), meaning "art of the battleground", or
tarkappukalai ( ), meaning "art of self-defence".
Kalaripayattu ([ka???ip?aj?t? ]) is an Indian martial art
from the southern state of Kerala. One of the oldest
fighting systems in existence, it is regarded as the
mother of all Asian martial arts. The term kalaripayattu
is formed from the words “kalari” (Malayalam: )
meaning “school or gymnasium” and “payattu”
(Malayalam: ) derived from “payattuka”
meaning to "fight/ exercise" or "to put hard work into".
In Tamil, kalari payattu is a compound of (field;
may be, battle field) and (study / learn, as in
- teaching / - he learnt). Its
origins are obscure and have traditionally been attirbuted
to Hindu Gods. Declined during colonial times, but has
now seen a revival in recent popular culture such as Films
(Jackie Chan’s THE MYTH) and Japanese manga “Kenichi:
The Mightiest Disciple.”
Varma Kalai (Tamil: ) is a martial art and esoteric healing art originating
from ancient Tamil Nadu in South India. The name literally translate as "The Art of
Vital Points". It is an element of the Tamil martial art Kuttu varisai (SILAMBAM).
Legend has it that Lord Siva taught this art form to his son Lord Murugan. Historically,
Varma Kalai has been one of the arts taught to those of royal blood. However, even
royalty were required to pass the stringent requirements for discipleship. The schools
received nivandhanams (donation with high respect) from the Kings of Tamil Kingdom
(Chera, Chola, Pandya and Pallava).
The art was taught only to selected individuals, but due to the strict requirements for
new students it never gained large numbers of adherents. Due to its secretive nature,
Varma Kalai remained largely unknown even in India until the release of the 1996
movie “HINDUSTANI” (Indian), in which Kamal Haasan played the role of a Varma
Kalai expert. The film's popularity generated a resurgence of interest in the art.
Currently Varma Kalai is practised in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, usually as part of Kuttu
varisai and Kalari training.
Silambam (Tamil: ) or silambattam (Tamil: ) is a
weapon-based Dravidian martial art from Tamil Nadu in south India but also
practised by the Tamil community of Sri Lanka and Malaysia (Where it is known
as the Stick martial art of SILAT). In Tamil, the word silambam refers to the
bamboo staff which is the main weapon used in this style. Unarmed silambam,
called kuttu varisai, utilizes stances and routines based on animal movements
such as the snake, tiger, elephant and eagle forms.
Silambam was known to the Romans, Greeks and Egyptians as early as 2
nd
Century AD through their trades with the historical port of Madurai. The bamboo
staff was a very popular weapon with the visitors and was in great demand.
It was banned in Colonial times and survived in secrecy, while it grew in the Tamil
community in Malaysia and became known as SILAT.

There are and have been many dozens of martial arts that have been developed in India since Vedic times such as:
North India:
? Gatka is a weapon-based style adapted from shastar vidya by the Sikhs of the Panjab.
? Mardani khel is an armed method created by the Marathas of Maharashtra.
? Musti yuddha is a style of kickboxing, popular in the Middle Ages but now confined to Varanasi.
? Pari-khanda is a style of sword and shield fighting from Bihar.
? Thang-ta or huyen lalong is an armed system created by the Meitei of Manipur.
South India:
? Kalaripayat has its roots in the combat training halls (payattu kalari) of Tamilakam's traditional educational system.
? Kathi samu is a primarily sword-based art originating with the kshatriya caste of Andhra Pradesh.
? Paika akhada is an armed system formerly practiced by the warriors of Orissa.
? Silambam is a weapon-based style from Tamil Nadu which focuses on the bamboo staff.
Wrestling
Vajra Mushti (Sanskrit vajramu??i )
The Agni Purana: The earliest extant manual of dhanurveda (archery) (dated to between the 8th and the 11th century), It divides the art into
weapons that are thrown or unthrown. The thrown (mukta) class includes twelve weapons altogether which come under four categories, viz.
1. Yantra-mukta: Projectile weapons such as the sling or the bow
2. Pā?i-mukta: Weapons thrown by hand such as the javelin
3. Mukta-sandharita: Weapons that are thrown and drawn back, such as the rope-spear
4. Mantra-mukta: Mythical weapons that are thrown by magic incantations (mantra), numbering 6 types
These were opposed to the much larger unthrown class of three categories.
1. Hasta-?astra or Amukta: Melee weapons that do not leave the hand, numbering twenty types
2. Muktāmukta: weapons that can be thrown or used in-close, numbering 98 varieties
Bāhu-Yuddha: nine weapons of the body (hands, feet, knees, elbows and head), i.e. unarmed fighting3.

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India's Cultural Influnce

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