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Insect pests of Arecanut

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This Presentation from Dr. M. Thippaiah, Professor of Entomology is about insect pests of Arecanut and their Management for UG students.

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Insect pests of Arecanut and their management Dr M Thippaiah Professor Department of Entomology University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore- 65
Arecanut (Areca catechu) is an economically important plantation crop in India. The major arecanut growing countries are India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines India leads the world in production followed by Sri Lanka and Bangladesh In India widely grown in Karnataka, Kerala, TN and Assam In Karnataka, this crop is being cultivated in coastal districts (South Canara, North Canara and Udupi districts), Malnad region (Shimoga, Chikmagalur and Hassan), Maidan regions (Davanagere, Chitradurga, Tumkur and Mysore). Dr. M. Thippaiah
The productivity of this palms is affected by number of pests and diseases and nutritional disorders depending upon the climatic conditions prevailing. Areca palm is attacked by over 120 insects and non insect pests. However, only a few of them are economically important. Mites, scales, spindle bug, pentatomid bug, root grubs, inflorescence caterpillar and nut borer are the major insect pests. Giant African snail, birds and squirrels are the non insect pests. Dr. M. Thippaiah
Major insect pests of Arecanut are classified as Root feeding insects White grubs or Root grubs Leucopholis coneophora L. lepidophora L. burmeisteri Scarabaeidae Coleoptera Termite Odontotermes obesus Termitidae Isoptera Sucking insects Aphids Cerataphis lataniae Aphididae Hemiptera Spindle bug Carvalhoia arecae Miridae Hemiptera Pentatomid bug Halymorpha marmorea Pentatomidae Hemiptera Inflorescence pest Inflorescence caterpillar Tirathaba mundella Pyralidae Lepidoptera Non insect pests Red spider mite Tetranychus fijiensis Tetranychidae Acarina White mite Oligonychus indicus Scarlet mite Raoielia indica Tenupalpidae Acarina Dr. M. Thippaiah
Root feeding insects Dr. M. Thippaiah
White grubs : ( Scarabeidae : Coleoptera ) Arecanut is a major commercial crop grown in hilly regions (Malnad region) and coastal regions of Karnataka. This crop is suffering from various insect pests and diseases. Among them, white grubs or root grubs are the major pests causing very high yield losses They feed on tender roots and drastically affect the growth of the Palms They have annual or biannual life cycle depending on the species and adults emerge during July August Grubs feed on the growing roots Severe infestation causes yellowing of leaves, stunted growth and death of palms Dr. M. Thippaiah
There are three species white grubs reported on Arecanut 1. Leucopholis coneophora 2. Leucopholis lepidophora 3. Leucopholis burmeisteri Dr. M. Thippaiah
1. Leucopholis coneophora Restricted to coastal areas of Karnataka and Kerala Adult beetles are brown in colour and body covered with fine hair like yellow coloured scales Relatively flat body and smallest of the three species Serious pest mostly on coconut in Kerala Severe on both coconut and arecanut in Karnataka recorded up to Ankola in North canara district Adult emergence during the month June Dr. M. Thippaiah
2. Leucopholis lepidophora Adult beetles are black in colour and body covered with flat, oval dull white coloured scales similar to fish scales More oval robust species This species widely distributed in Karnataka, TN and Maharashtra More than 95 % of the areca gardens are infested by this species Also attacks sugarcane, coffee, coconut are the other crops are seriously affected Mostly unusual biology adults emerge during August first week or 10-12 weeks after on set of monsoon Dr. M. Thippaiah
Leucopholis burmeisteri largest among the three brownish in colour, and thorax black in colour These beetles lays eggs in soil mostly up to 10cm depth Early instar grubs feed on the roots of grasses and other humus The grubs period with three instars is completed in 7 to 8 months The pupation is in soil in cocoon of mud P.P one month Dr. M. Thippaiah
Nature of damage IInd and IIIrd instar larvae feed on tender and mature roots of the palm Arecanut is the most preferred plant within the garden Preferentially feed on the growing soft parts of the root , by cutting Repeated feeding results in death of the roots Damage by up to 50 larvae, plant can tolerated for about a year Beyond that, the plant parts above ground show symptoms of damage Severely damaged plants loose all the roots and anchorage Dr. M. Thippaiah
Dr. M. Thippaiah
Management practices Collection and destruction of adult beetles in the evening after the pre-monsoon showers and kill them Digging or raking of the soil to collect the larvae and destroy Application of phorate 10G @ 15gm / palm apply to soil 3-4 weeks after adult emergence or Soil application of phorate 10G around the plant twice a year Before onset of South-East monsoon (May) After the monsoon ( Sept- Octo) Use of pathogens Bacillus popiliae Beauveria brongniartti In severely infested gardens, the soil should be drenched with eco-friendly insecticides Dr. M. Thippaiah
Termites : Odontotermes obesus ( Termitidae : Isoptera ) It damages the seedlings and young plants by feeding at their bases Dr. M. Thippaiah
Sucking insects Dr. M. Thippaiah
Aphids : Cerataphis lataniae (Aphididae : Hemiptera) Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the inflorescence and young nuts As a result preventing nut development and premature shedding of nuts Aphids also excrete honey dew as a result sooty mould develops Dr. M. Thippaiah
Areca spindle bug : Carvalhoia arecae ( Miridae : Hemiptera ) Adult is a red and black coloured bug and measuring about 6mm long and 2.5mm broad Distribution : Serious pest of arecanut in Kerala, Karnataka and parts of TN Dr. M. Thippaiah
Life cycle of the pest Eggs : are thrust with in the tissues of the tender unopened spindle I.P 9 days Nymphs : The light violet brown coloured nymphs have greenish yellow border. They become adult in 2-3 weeks The nymphs under going - 5 instars The bugs lives in colonies with in the leaf axils Dr. M. Thippaiah
Nature of damage The adults and nymphs suck the sap from the unopened spindle and young fronds The feeding point appears as elongated brownish scars which ultimately die and drop off In severe cases the feeding scars which coalesce leading to the complete shredding of the leaves and stunting of palms Dr. M. Thippaiah
Elongated brownish scars on the leaves Dr. M. Thippaiah
Control measures Maintain proper drainage in the plantation area Uproot the heavily infested palm and burn them Filling the inner most spindle with granular insecticides like phorate 10G ( 10gm / palm) Drenching the spindle with lindane 1.3 % D @ 2.5gm / lit. Application of suitable contact insecticide i.e dimethoate @ 0.05% or quinalphos @ 0.025% at monthly intervals especially on the spindles and young fronds Dr. M. Thippaiah
Pentatomid bug: Halymorpha marmorea (Pentatomidae: Hemiptera) Distribution : Kerala and Karanataka Incidence of this bug is seen from March/April to July/August. Host range: Arecanut, cowpea, bitter gourd. Adults are bronze colured with brown spots and measure about 1.75 cm long. Alternating dark and light bands occurs on the last two antennal segments Head and pronotum are covered with patches of coppery or bluish metallic coloured punctures Margins of the pronotum are smooth The exposed lateral margins of the abdomen are marked with alternate bands of brown and white colour Faint with white bands are also evident on the legs Dr. M. Thippaiah
Eggs : The white or pale green coloured barrel shaped are laid in clusters (25eggs)on the lower surface of leaves I.P 4-5 days Nymphs : Nymphs have lack of fully developed wings and are tick like in appearance Ranging in size from 2.4 to ( 1st instar) 12mm ( 5th instar) First instars are orange or red in colour and remain cluster around egg mass The 2nd instars appear black in colour and subsequent instars( 3rd , 4th and 5th ) resembles adult in colour Each nymphal instar lasts for 10 days Dr. M. Thippaiah
Nature of damage This bug causes tender nut drop in areca gardens The later instar nymphs and adult bugs pierce the tender nuts and suck the kernel sap. As a result, the kernel dries up and the tender nuts drops down. Characteristic pinprick black marks are seen at the point of feeding sites, which lead internally to the kernel. Management practices 1. Monitor cow pea and bitter gourd, if any, in the vicinity to remove mechanically and destroy. 2. To conserve egg parasitoid, Anastatuis bangalorensis 3. Spray fenvalerate to the bunches of the affected palm and the neighboring palms Dr. M. Thippaiah
Inflorescence pest Dr. M. Thippaiah
Inflorescence caterpillar : Tirathaba mundella ( Pyralidae : Lepidoptera ) Adult is a ash coloured moth measures about 28-35mm in wing expanse The adult moth can be found during the day or night, flying in a rapid and haphazard fashion Distribution : Widely distributed in Karnataka and Kerala Dr. M. Thippaiah
Eggs : are laid on unopened spathe / mechanically damaged portion of the spadices I.P 5 days Caterpillar :Larvae complete their development within the fruit. The full grown larva measures 23-25 mm long Dirty yellow or white in color with brown coloured head L.P 26 days Pupa : pupation takes place within the larval galleries P.P 9-11 days Life cycle of the pest Dr. M. Thippaiah
Nature of damage The caterpillar feeds on the female flowers and destroy them Tender nuts are also eaten up The tender branches of inflorescence are webbed together with galleries of silk and frass within the spike Wet mass of excreta protrudes out of the web Bored holes are seen at the base of unopened spathes, which are plugged with excreta In case of severe incidence, they bore in to the tender buttons and tender nuts as well Dr. M. Thippaiah
Control measures Removal and burning of affected inflorescence Spray the crop with malathion @ 2ml / lit. of water Symptoms Delayed spathe opening Yellowing of spadices Presence of small holes with frass and drying patches on the spathe are external symptoms of attack Dr. M. Thippaiah
Non insect pest Dr. M. Thippaiah
Red spider mite : Tetranychus fijiensis ( Tetranychidae : Acarina) Red spider mites occurs in Karnataka infesting leaves of Areca palm Maximum population occurs in March to June Adults are orange red in colour and females develops dark makings on the dorsum of the body after feeding Eggs and other stages are under silken webs I.P 4-5 days Dr. M. Thippaiah
Larva : pale yellow in colour and becomes green after feeding starts L.P 43-68 hours Quiescent period 11-20 hours Protonymphal and deutonymphal periods 47-57 and 47-72 hours respectively Nature of damage The mites feed on the lower side of the leaf causing yellow speckles and blotches on the leaves are the feeding damage In severe infestations yellowing of leaves is quite prominent The reddish mites are seen on green leaves Dr. M. Thippaiah
White mite : Oligonychus indicus ( Tetranychidae : Acarina) These are microscopic, greenish yellow coloured oval shaped mites and they found on ventral surface in colonies, they forms webs Nymphs are pale yellow in colour Dr. M. Thippaiah
Adults and nymphs of this spider mite colonise on the lower surface of leaves and suck sap, which causes yellowing and drying of leaves. The colony is found below a white web on the leaves. Life cycle is of short duration. The total duration of the immature stages varies from 6.5 to 9 days. Control measures Removal of heavily infested and dried leaves and burn them Spraying under surfaces of leaves and crown with Dicofol (2 ml / litre) or Rogor (1.5 ml/litre) Repeat spraying at an interval of 15-20 days Dr. M. Thippaiah
Scarlet mite : Raoiella indica ( Tenupalpidae : Acarina ) White coloured nymphs and light brownish yellow adults suck the sap from the leaves, tapering stems as a results of which the leaves turn yellow and brownish and finally dry up Neglected and poorly irrigated gardens and nurseries, particularly those in exposed conditions are prone to severe infestation. Colonies of these mites start declining with the onset of rains in June. Dr. M. Thippaiah
More common in summer months nursery seedlings and young plants suffers more The tender fruits are also attacked by the mites causing malformation and finally fall off Control measures Predatory mites and coccinellid beetle play an important role in their suppression Use of acaricides like Sulphur 80WP @ 5gm/ lit or dicofol 18.5EC @ 2.5ml /lit Dr. M. Thippaiah
Dr. M. Thippaiah

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Insect pests of Arecanut

  • 1. Insect pests of Arecanut and their management Dr M Thippaiah Professor Department of Entomology University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore- 65
  • 2. Arecanut (Areca catechu) is an economically important plantation crop in India. The major arecanut growing countries are India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines India leads the world in production followed by Sri Lanka and Bangladesh In India widely grown in Karnataka, Kerala, TN and Assam In Karnataka, this crop is being cultivated in coastal districts (South Canara, North Canara and Udupi districts), Malnad region (Shimoga, Chikmagalur and Hassan), Maidan regions (Davanagere, Chitradurga, Tumkur and Mysore). Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 3. The productivity of this palms is affected by number of pests and diseases and nutritional disorders depending upon the climatic conditions prevailing. Areca palm is attacked by over 120 insects and non insect pests. However, only a few of them are economically important. Mites, scales, spindle bug, pentatomid bug, root grubs, inflorescence caterpillar and nut borer are the major insect pests. Giant African snail, birds and squirrels are the non insect pests. Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 4. Major insect pests of Arecanut are classified as Root feeding insects White grubs or Root grubs Leucopholis coneophora L. lepidophora L. burmeisteri Scarabaeidae Coleoptera Termite Odontotermes obesus Termitidae Isoptera Sucking insects Aphids Cerataphis lataniae Aphididae Hemiptera Spindle bug Carvalhoia arecae Miridae Hemiptera Pentatomid bug Halymorpha marmorea Pentatomidae Hemiptera Inflorescence pest Inflorescence caterpillar Tirathaba mundella Pyralidae Lepidoptera Non insect pests Red spider mite Tetranychus fijiensis Tetranychidae Acarina White mite Oligonychus indicus Scarlet mite Raoielia indica Tenupalpidae Acarina Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 6. White grubs : ( Scarabeidae : Coleoptera ) Arecanut is a major commercial crop grown in hilly regions (Malnad region) and coastal regions of Karnataka. This crop is suffering from various insect pests and diseases. Among them, white grubs or root grubs are the major pests causing very high yield losses They feed on tender roots and drastically affect the growth of the Palms They have annual or biannual life cycle depending on the species and adults emerge during July August Grubs feed on the growing roots Severe infestation causes yellowing of leaves, stunted growth and death of palms Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 7. There are three species white grubs reported on Arecanut 1. Leucopholis coneophora 2. Leucopholis lepidophora 3. Leucopholis burmeisteri Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 8. 1. Leucopholis coneophora Restricted to coastal areas of Karnataka and Kerala Adult beetles are brown in colour and body covered with fine hair like yellow coloured scales Relatively flat body and smallest of the three species Serious pest mostly on coconut in Kerala Severe on both coconut and arecanut in Karnataka recorded up to Ankola in North canara district Adult emergence during the month June Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 9. 2. Leucopholis lepidophora Adult beetles are black in colour and body covered with flat, oval dull white coloured scales similar to fish scales More oval robust species This species widely distributed in Karnataka, TN and Maharashtra More than 95 % of the areca gardens are infested by this species Also attacks sugarcane, coffee, coconut are the other crops are seriously affected Mostly unusual biology adults emerge during August first week or 10-12 weeks after on set of monsoon Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 10. Leucopholis burmeisteri largest among the three brownish in colour, and thorax black in colour These beetles lays eggs in soil mostly up to 10cm depth Early instar grubs feed on the roots of grasses and other humus The grubs period with three instars is completed in 7 to 8 months The pupation is in soil in cocoon of mud P.P one month Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 11. Nature of damage IInd and IIIrd instar larvae feed on tender and mature roots of the palm Arecanut is the most preferred plant within the garden Preferentially feed on the growing soft parts of the root , by cutting Repeated feeding results in death of the roots Damage by up to 50 larvae, plant can tolerated for about a year Beyond that, the plant parts above ground show symptoms of damage Severely damaged plants loose all the roots and anchorage Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 13. Management practices Collection and destruction of adult beetles in the evening after the pre-monsoon showers and kill them Digging or raking of the soil to collect the larvae and destroy Application of phorate 10G @ 15gm / palm apply to soil 3-4 weeks after adult emergence or Soil application of phorate 10G around the plant twice a year Before onset of South-East monsoon (May) After the monsoon ( Sept- Octo) Use of pathogens Bacillus popiliae Beauveria brongniartti In severely infested gardens, the soil should be drenched with eco-friendly insecticides Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 14. Termites : Odontotermes obesus ( Termitidae : Isoptera ) It damages the seedlings and young plants by feeding at their bases Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 16. Aphids : Cerataphis lataniae (Aphididae : Hemiptera) Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the inflorescence and young nuts As a result preventing nut development and premature shedding of nuts Aphids also excrete honey dew as a result sooty mould develops Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 17. Areca spindle bug : Carvalhoia arecae ( Miridae : Hemiptera ) Adult is a red and black coloured bug and measuring about 6mm long and 2.5mm broad Distribution : Serious pest of arecanut in Kerala, Karnataka and parts of TN Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 18. Life cycle of the pest Eggs : are thrust with in the tissues of the tender unopened spindle I.P 9 days Nymphs : The light violet brown coloured nymphs have greenish yellow border. They become adult in 2-3 weeks The nymphs under going - 5 instars The bugs lives in colonies with in the leaf axils Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 19. Nature of damage The adults and nymphs suck the sap from the unopened spindle and young fronds The feeding point appears as elongated brownish scars which ultimately die and drop off In severe cases the feeding scars which coalesce leading to the complete shredding of the leaves and stunting of palms Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 20. Elongated brownish scars on the leaves Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 21. Control measures Maintain proper drainage in the plantation area Uproot the heavily infested palm and burn them Filling the inner most spindle with granular insecticides like phorate 10G ( 10gm / palm) Drenching the spindle with lindane 1.3 % D @ 2.5gm / lit. Application of suitable contact insecticide i.e dimethoate @ 0.05% or quinalphos @ 0.025% at monthly intervals especially on the spindles and young fronds Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 22. Pentatomid bug: Halymorpha marmorea (Pentatomidae: Hemiptera) Distribution : Kerala and Karanataka Incidence of this bug is seen from March/April to July/August. Host range: Arecanut, cowpea, bitter gourd. Adults are bronze colured with brown spots and measure about 1.75 cm long. Alternating dark and light bands occurs on the last two antennal segments Head and pronotum are covered with patches of coppery or bluish metallic coloured punctures Margins of the pronotum are smooth The exposed lateral margins of the abdomen are marked with alternate bands of brown and white colour Faint with white bands are also evident on the legs Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 23. Eggs : The white or pale green coloured barrel shaped are laid in clusters (25eggs)on the lower surface of leaves I.P 4-5 days Nymphs : Nymphs have lack of fully developed wings and are tick like in appearance Ranging in size from 2.4 to ( 1st instar) 12mm ( 5th instar) First instars are orange or red in colour and remain cluster around egg mass The 2nd instars appear black in colour and subsequent instars( 3rd , 4th and 5th ) resembles adult in colour Each nymphal instar lasts for 10 days Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 24. Nature of damage This bug causes tender nut drop in areca gardens The later instar nymphs and adult bugs pierce the tender nuts and suck the kernel sap. As a result, the kernel dries up and the tender nuts drops down. Characteristic pinprick black marks are seen at the point of feeding sites, which lead internally to the kernel. Management practices 1. Monitor cow pea and bitter gourd, if any, in the vicinity to remove mechanically and destroy. 2. To conserve egg parasitoid, Anastatuis bangalorensis 3. Spray fenvalerate to the bunches of the affected palm and the neighboring palms Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 26. Inflorescence caterpillar : Tirathaba mundella ( Pyralidae : Lepidoptera ) Adult is a ash coloured moth measures about 28-35mm in wing expanse The adult moth can be found during the day or night, flying in a rapid and haphazard fashion Distribution : Widely distributed in Karnataka and Kerala Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 27. Eggs : are laid on unopened spathe / mechanically damaged portion of the spadices I.P 5 days Caterpillar :Larvae complete their development within the fruit. The full grown larva measures 23-25 mm long Dirty yellow or white in color with brown coloured head L.P 26 days Pupa : pupation takes place within the larval galleries P.P 9-11 days Life cycle of the pest Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 28. Nature of damage The caterpillar feeds on the female flowers and destroy them Tender nuts are also eaten up The tender branches of inflorescence are webbed together with galleries of silk and frass within the spike Wet mass of excreta protrudes out of the web Bored holes are seen at the base of unopened spathes, which are plugged with excreta In case of severe incidence, they bore in to the tender buttons and tender nuts as well Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 29. Control measures Removal and burning of affected inflorescence Spray the crop with malathion @ 2ml / lit. of water Symptoms Delayed spathe opening Yellowing of spadices Presence of small holes with frass and drying patches on the spathe are external symptoms of attack Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 30. Non insect pest Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 31. Red spider mite : Tetranychus fijiensis ( Tetranychidae : Acarina) Red spider mites occurs in Karnataka infesting leaves of Areca palm Maximum population occurs in March to June Adults are orange red in colour and females develops dark makings on the dorsum of the body after feeding Eggs and other stages are under silken webs I.P 4-5 days Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 32. Larva : pale yellow in colour and becomes green after feeding starts L.P 43-68 hours Quiescent period 11-20 hours Protonymphal and deutonymphal periods 47-57 and 47-72 hours respectively Nature of damage The mites feed on the lower side of the leaf causing yellow speckles and blotches on the leaves are the feeding damage In severe infestations yellowing of leaves is quite prominent The reddish mites are seen on green leaves Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 33. White mite : Oligonychus indicus ( Tetranychidae : Acarina) These are microscopic, greenish yellow coloured oval shaped mites and they found on ventral surface in colonies, they forms webs Nymphs are pale yellow in colour Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 34. Adults and nymphs of this spider mite colonise on the lower surface of leaves and suck sap, which causes yellowing and drying of leaves. The colony is found below a white web on the leaves. Life cycle is of short duration. The total duration of the immature stages varies from 6.5 to 9 days. Control measures Removal of heavily infested and dried leaves and burn them Spraying under surfaces of leaves and crown with Dicofol (2 ml / litre) or Rogor (1.5 ml/litre) Repeat spraying at an interval of 15-20 days Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 35. Scarlet mite : Raoiella indica ( Tenupalpidae : Acarina ) White coloured nymphs and light brownish yellow adults suck the sap from the leaves, tapering stems as a results of which the leaves turn yellow and brownish and finally dry up Neglected and poorly irrigated gardens and nurseries, particularly those in exposed conditions are prone to severe infestation. Colonies of these mites start declining with the onset of rains in June. Dr. M. Thippaiah
  • 36. More common in summer months nursery seedlings and young plants suffers more The tender fruits are also attacked by the mites causing malformation and finally fall off Control measures Predatory mites and coccinellid beetle play an important role in their suppression Use of acaricides like Sulphur 80WP @ 5gm/ lit or dicofol 18.5EC @ 2.5ml /lit Dr. M. Thippaiah