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Hafedh Yahya
Hafedh Yahya

This document summarizes a presentation given at the International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT) in 2012. The presentation examined the impact of materials on the sustainability of historic mosques in Old Mosul City, Iraq. 30 existing historic mosques built between the 12th and 20th centuries were analyzed. The study found that local materials like mud bricks and limestone were widely used but were not durable, especially for ceilings, roofs, and outdoor floors exposed to weathering. Recent conservation efforts have used new materials like concrete that compromise the historic integrity of the structures. The presentation concluded it is important to conduct proper identification, evaluation and treatment of historic mosques to ensure the correct conservation approach is used and their historic characteristics

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International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) IMPACT OF MATERIALS ON SUSTAINABILITY OF HISTORIC MOSQUES IN OLD MOSUL CITY Dr. Muna Hanim Abdul Samad and Hafedh Abed Yahya* Eco-sustainability School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia. *Corresponding author email: hafidh_alraho@yahoo.com
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Mosul is Iraq's second city and was originally built on a hill called Qlea't, on the right bank of the Tigris opposite the site of ancient Nineveh.
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012)
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Old Mosul has 38 living quarters called Mahala, each self- contained with its own market, baths (spa), church, mosque and cemetery [1]. The researchers selected 30 existing historical mosques, one in each living quarter as a sample of this study.
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Historical Buildings and Sustainability According to an architect Carl Elefante: "the greenest building is the one that is already built"[3]. Preserving historic buildings is essential to understand a nation's heritage as well as the historic character of older towns and cities. Preservation maximizes the use of existing materials and infrastructure, thus reduces waste The energy embedded in an existing building can be 39% of the embedded energy of maintenance and operations for the entire life of the building [4]. By reusing existing buildings, preservation is essentially a recycling program of 'historic' proportions. Existing buildings can often be energy efficient through their use of good ventilation, durable materials, and spatial relationships. An immediate advantage of older buildings is that a building already exists; therefore, energy is not necessary to create new building materials, and the infrastructure is already in place.
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Historical Buildings and Sustainability Mosques do not need any modifications to adopt new uses because there are no changes in their functions. Systems can be upgraded to meet modern building requirements and codes. This not only makes good economic sense, but preserves the legacy and is an inherently sustainable practice
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Historical Buildings and Sustainability Modern materials and buildings are often different from the traditional structures and the natural surroundings; they do not fit the environment as monuments or even common, existing historic buildings do.
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Historical Character and Integrity Historic character is defined by the things that make a historic building special it's visually distinctive materials, features and spaces, the architectural styling or design, and its unique methods of construction or craftsmanship [6]. Historic character may also include the features that distinguish one building from another like a dome, smokestack, decorative classical columns, stained-glass windows or mosaic tile floor. Figure 3 shows the verity of materials used in Arrabiea mosque and included a dome as a distinguished feature
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Historical Character and Integrity The historic character is often determined by the surface qualities of materials. The original choice of materials plays the dominant role in establishing the close-range character because of the color, texture, or shape of the materials [7]. Fig. 4: The surface qualities of materials.
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Historical Character and Integrity In this instance, the variety and arrangement of the materials are important in defining the historic character. When identifying the visual character of historic interior space one should not overlook the importance of those materials and finishes that comprise the surfaces of walls, floors, and ceilings. As shown in Figure 5 the surfaces may have evidence of either handcraft or machine made products that are important contributors to the visual character, including patterned or inlaid designs in the wood flooring, decorative painting practices such as stenciling, imitation marble or wood grain, wall papering, tin work, tile floors, etc. Fig. 5: The visual character of historic interior space in two deferent mosques [Researchers].
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Historical Character and Integrity Integrity refers to whether a building retains these important character- defining features and has not been inappropriately changed over time [6]. Integrity is the authenticity of a building's historic identity, evidence by the survival of physical characteristics that existed during its historical period. It is also the extent to which a building retains its historic appearance. Figure 6 demonstrates the example of how the building integrity was retained for Annabi Yuni's Mosque. 1800 A.D. B-1920 A.D C-1970 A.D Fig. 6: The physical characteristics were survived during three historical periods for Annabi Yunis's mosque. [9]
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) RESEARCH PROBLEM HOW TO RETAIN THE INTEGRITY OF HISTORIC MOSQUES THROUGH USING SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS. THE AIM OF THE RESEARCH THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY IS TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF MATERIALS ON SUSTAINABILITY OF HISTORIC MOSQUES IN OLD MOSUL CITY. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ARE AS FOLLOWS: 1. To explain the themes of materials used in historic mosques in Mosul old city. 2. To explore how the integrity of historic mosques affected by the materials which were used in them. 3. To set the elements that the damages occurred as a result of the use of materials inadequate to be used in such elements.
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) MATERIAL AND METHOD Approach The study applies phenomenology qualitative method of analysis. The method of collecting data is by making direct observation. The technique for collecting data was by creating descriptions and making notes of the variety and arrangement of the materials used in historic mosques. In order to analyse the data collected, the researchers use open coding by identification of themes emerging from the raw data. The goal is to create descriptive and multi-dimensional categories by building a conceptual model from these groups of categories [8]. To describe a group, it investigates and exemplifier 30 mosques aged for more than 800 years between 12th and 20th centuries as the testimonial to support the concept of classification for each category. All of the selected mosques are from same region known a Mosul old city. Each mosque in one living quarters called Mahala. Although, there are 38 Mahala in Mosul old city but the study were limited to only 30 mosques because it focuses only on existing historic mosques.
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) MATERIAL AND METHOD Data Collection The data collected by observing and taking photos of the existing buildings and writing notes in structural form prepared for this study. Data were also collected from other sources such as documentaries of mosques including plans, old photos and published manuscripts. The other method for ensuring all important and key buildings materials is using some historic works about mosques in Mosul e.g. Saeed Adewah Che (1963) titled Mosques in Mosul in different eras [9]. The main function of mosques is for prayer which is done in the main part of mosque called mosallah, so the data collected was from this part of the mosque. The collected data is concerned with variety and arrangement of materials used in the historic mosques. The classification of the mosques is based on their integrity as indicator of historic character for historic mosques. The evaluation criteria of integrity in this study represented as shown in Table 1.
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) MATERIAL AND METHOD Table 1: The evaluation criteria of integrity E A building with no alterations that detract from its style, design or construction. VG Buildings with one or more alterations, the effect of which are recognizable but do not significantly detract from the style, design or construction. G A building with a major alteration and/or a combination of several minor alterations, the effect of which detracts from the style, design or construction. F/P A building with alterations which greatly detract from the style, design or construction. Where: E: Excellent VG: Very Good G: Good F/P: Fair Poor
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) MATERIAL AND METHOD Methodology Each category has independent characteristics that form the category. The variations are possible by adding or removing parts that do not affect the main concept which is originally constructed on. The important factors in classification of the categories are the variety of materials for walls, ceilings, arches, ornaments and decorative writings. Floors, roofing, windows and doors are considered the factors that make variation within these categories. All previous factors affect the integrity of historical characteristic of historic mosques. The date of construction is taken into account in the classification since construction of mosque is dependent on the materials availability and techniques of construction for certain types of materials used in the period of construction. According to Table 1, to classify the categories depending on the integrity of historic character of the mosque and upon the materials sustainable or changed to new materials which mentioned as others in this study, the classification will be as follows:
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) MATERIAL AND METHOD Methodology First category which has (E) excellent integrity if the important factors used other materials 1 time, or the variation factors used other materials 2 times. Second category which has (VG) very good integrity if the important factors used other materials 1 time and the variation factors used other materials 2 times. Third category which has (G) good integrity if the important factors used other materials 2 times, or the variation factors used other materials 2 times. Forth category which has (F/P) fairly poor integrity if the important factors used other materials 2 times, and the variation factors used other materials 2 times.
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) CONCLUSION Local materials used in historic mosques in Mosul old city is a very crucial part of sustainability. Most of the materials used in historic mosques to achieved sustainability were applied for most elements of the mosques except for ceilings and roofing. In order to reuse the historic mosques, conservation is an important part of the process. In last few decades, conservation done with the use of new materials such as concrete for the damaged elements caused most of the mosques to lose its integrity of historic characteristics. In some other mosques (Arrabiea, Annoumania, Annabi Sheet and Maryam Khatoon) the conservation has been done with conscious way under supervision of experts which achieved excellent integrity.
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) CONCLUSION The study shows that materials which were used for ceilings, roofing and floors were damaged due to their specifications. Materials such as daubed, daubed stone and limestone are not durable for a long time under environmental conditions such as rain and humidity, which caused damages in these elements especially if they are exposed directly to these conditions. Thus, elements which suffered most damages were ceiling, roofing and outdoor floors in historic mosques. Therefore, it is vital that efforts are made to perform identification, evaluation, registration and treatment activities to ensure that conservation of these historic mosques use the correct approach. In some cases, additional areas or levels of expertise may be needed, depending on the complexity of the task and the nature of the historic buildings involved.
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) REFERENCES D. Karen, and G. Hann. Iraq Then and Now: A Guide to the Country and Its People, Guilford, Connecticut, USA, the Globe Pequet Press Inc. 2008, 162-168. "Mosul". Encyclop脱dia Britannica. Encyclop脱dia Britannica Online. Encyclop脱dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 07 May. 2012. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/393855/Mosul. C. Elefante. AIA/LEED-AP: The Greenest Building is...One that's Already Built, Forum Journal; National trust for Historic Preservation. 2007, (21): 26-28. J. Mike. Embodied energy and historic preservation. Journal of preservation technology. 2005, (4): 47-52. G. Ruda. Rural buildings and environment, Landscape and Urban Planning. 1998, (41): 93-97. ACHP. Sustainability and Historic Federal Building: Integrating the Requirements of the National Historic Preservation Act with the Requirements of Executive Order 13514: Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance, ADVISORY COUNCIL ON HISTORIC PRESERVATION. 2011,39. Lee H. Nelson. Architectural Character Identifying the Visual Aspects of Historic Buildings as an Aid to Preserving Their Character. National park service, U.S. department of the interior. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. http://www.nps.gov/hps/tps/briefs/brief17.htm. C. Marshal. And G. Rossman. Designing Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.1998. D. Saeed. Mosques in Mosul in Different Eras. Shafeeq Press, Baghdad. 1963. MMPW. The Urban Renewal Plan for Mosul Old Town Project; Proposals & Guidelines Report Phase E & F. Ministry of Municipalities and Public Works. Iraq. 2008.
International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) THANK YOU

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International conference on environmental research and technology (

  • 1. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) IMPACT OF MATERIALS ON SUSTAINABILITY OF HISTORIC MOSQUES IN OLD MOSUL CITY Dr. Muna Hanim Abdul Samad and Hafedh Abed Yahya* Eco-sustainability School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia. *Corresponding author email: hafidh_alraho@yahoo.com
  • 2. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Mosul is Iraq's second city and was originally built on a hill called Qlea't, on the right bank of the Tigris opposite the site of ancient Nineveh.
  • 3. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012)
  • 4. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Old Mosul has 38 living quarters called Mahala, each self- contained with its own market, baths (spa), church, mosque and cemetery [1]. The researchers selected 30 existing historical mosques, one in each living quarter as a sample of this study.
  • 5. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Historical Buildings and Sustainability According to an architect Carl Elefante: "the greenest building is the one that is already built"[3]. Preserving historic buildings is essential to understand a nation's heritage as well as the historic character of older towns and cities. Preservation maximizes the use of existing materials and infrastructure, thus reduces waste The energy embedded in an existing building can be 39% of the embedded energy of maintenance and operations for the entire life of the building [4]. By reusing existing buildings, preservation is essentially a recycling program of 'historic' proportions. Existing buildings can often be energy efficient through their use of good ventilation, durable materials, and spatial relationships. An immediate advantage of older buildings is that a building already exists; therefore, energy is not necessary to create new building materials, and the infrastructure is already in place.
  • 6. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Historical Buildings and Sustainability Mosques do not need any modifications to adopt new uses because there are no changes in their functions. Systems can be upgraded to meet modern building requirements and codes. This not only makes good economic sense, but preserves the legacy and is an inherently sustainable practice
  • 7. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Historical Buildings and Sustainability Modern materials and buildings are often different from the traditional structures and the natural surroundings; they do not fit the environment as monuments or even common, existing historic buildings do.
  • 8. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Historical Character and Integrity Historic character is defined by the things that make a historic building special it's visually distinctive materials, features and spaces, the architectural styling or design, and its unique methods of construction or craftsmanship [6]. Historic character may also include the features that distinguish one building from another like a dome, smokestack, decorative classical columns, stained-glass windows or mosaic tile floor. Figure 3 shows the verity of materials used in Arrabiea mosque and included a dome as a distinguished feature
  • 9. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Historical Character and Integrity The historic character is often determined by the surface qualities of materials. The original choice of materials plays the dominant role in establishing the close-range character because of the color, texture, or shape of the materials [7]. Fig. 4: The surface qualities of materials.
  • 10. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Historical Character and Integrity In this instance, the variety and arrangement of the materials are important in defining the historic character. When identifying the visual character of historic interior space one should not overlook the importance of those materials and finishes that comprise the surfaces of walls, floors, and ceilings. As shown in Figure 5 the surfaces may have evidence of either handcraft or machine made products that are important contributors to the visual character, including patterned or inlaid designs in the wood flooring, decorative painting practices such as stenciling, imitation marble or wood grain, wall papering, tin work, tile floors, etc. Fig. 5: The visual character of historic interior space in two deferent mosques [Researchers].
  • 11. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) Historical Character and Integrity Integrity refers to whether a building retains these important character- defining features and has not been inappropriately changed over time [6]. Integrity is the authenticity of a building's historic identity, evidence by the survival of physical characteristics that existed during its historical period. It is also the extent to which a building retains its historic appearance. Figure 6 demonstrates the example of how the building integrity was retained for Annabi Yuni's Mosque. 1800 A.D. B-1920 A.D C-1970 A.D Fig. 6: The physical characteristics were survived during three historical periods for Annabi Yunis's mosque. [9]
  • 12. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) RESEARCH PROBLEM HOW TO RETAIN THE INTEGRITY OF HISTORIC MOSQUES THROUGH USING SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS. THE AIM OF THE RESEARCH THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY IS TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF MATERIALS ON SUSTAINABILITY OF HISTORIC MOSQUES IN OLD MOSUL CITY. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ARE AS FOLLOWS: 1. To explain the themes of materials used in historic mosques in Mosul old city. 2. To explore how the integrity of historic mosques affected by the materials which were used in them. 3. To set the elements that the damages occurred as a result of the use of materials inadequate to be used in such elements.
  • 13. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) MATERIAL AND METHOD Approach The study applies phenomenology qualitative method of analysis. The method of collecting data is by making direct observation. The technique for collecting data was by creating descriptions and making notes of the variety and arrangement of the materials used in historic mosques. In order to analyse the data collected, the researchers use open coding by identification of themes emerging from the raw data. The goal is to create descriptive and multi-dimensional categories by building a conceptual model from these groups of categories [8]. To describe a group, it investigates and exemplifier 30 mosques aged for more than 800 years between 12th and 20th centuries as the testimonial to support the concept of classification for each category. All of the selected mosques are from same region known a Mosul old city. Each mosque in one living quarters called Mahala. Although, there are 38 Mahala in Mosul old city but the study were limited to only 30 mosques because it focuses only on existing historic mosques.
  • 14. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) MATERIAL AND METHOD Data Collection The data collected by observing and taking photos of the existing buildings and writing notes in structural form prepared for this study. Data were also collected from other sources such as documentaries of mosques including plans, old photos and published manuscripts. The other method for ensuring all important and key buildings materials is using some historic works about mosques in Mosul e.g. Saeed Adewah Che (1963) titled Mosques in Mosul in different eras [9]. The main function of mosques is for prayer which is done in the main part of mosque called mosallah, so the data collected was from this part of the mosque. The collected data is concerned with variety and arrangement of materials used in the historic mosques. The classification of the mosques is based on their integrity as indicator of historic character for historic mosques. The evaluation criteria of integrity in this study represented as shown in Table 1.
  • 15. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) MATERIAL AND METHOD Table 1: The evaluation criteria of integrity E A building with no alterations that detract from its style, design or construction. VG Buildings with one or more alterations, the effect of which are recognizable but do not significantly detract from the style, design or construction. G A building with a major alteration and/or a combination of several minor alterations, the effect of which detracts from the style, design or construction. F/P A building with alterations which greatly detract from the style, design or construction. Where: E: Excellent VG: Very Good G: Good F/P: Fair Poor
  • 16. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) MATERIAL AND METHOD Methodology Each category has independent characteristics that form the category. The variations are possible by adding or removing parts that do not affect the main concept which is originally constructed on. The important factors in classification of the categories are the variety of materials for walls, ceilings, arches, ornaments and decorative writings. Floors, roofing, windows and doors are considered the factors that make variation within these categories. All previous factors affect the integrity of historical characteristic of historic mosques. The date of construction is taken into account in the classification since construction of mosque is dependent on the materials availability and techniques of construction for certain types of materials used in the period of construction. According to Table 1, to classify the categories depending on the integrity of historic character of the mosque and upon the materials sustainable or changed to new materials which mentioned as others in this study, the classification will be as follows:
  • 17. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) MATERIAL AND METHOD Methodology First category which has (E) excellent integrity if the important factors used other materials 1 time, or the variation factors used other materials 2 times. Second category which has (VG) very good integrity if the important factors used other materials 1 time and the variation factors used other materials 2 times. Third category which has (G) good integrity if the important factors used other materials 2 times, or the variation factors used other materials 2 times. Forth category which has (F/P) fairly poor integrity if the important factors used other materials 2 times, and the variation factors used other materials 2 times.
  • 18. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) CONCLUSION Local materials used in historic mosques in Mosul old city is a very crucial part of sustainability. Most of the materials used in historic mosques to achieved sustainability were applied for most elements of the mosques except for ceilings and roofing. In order to reuse the historic mosques, conservation is an important part of the process. In last few decades, conservation done with the use of new materials such as concrete for the damaged elements caused most of the mosques to lose its integrity of historic characteristics. In some other mosques (Arrabiea, Annoumania, Annabi Sheet and Maryam Khatoon) the conservation has been done with conscious way under supervision of experts which achieved excellent integrity.
  • 19. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) CONCLUSION The study shows that materials which were used for ceilings, roofing and floors were damaged due to their specifications. Materials such as daubed, daubed stone and limestone are not durable for a long time under environmental conditions such as rain and humidity, which caused damages in these elements especially if they are exposed directly to these conditions. Thus, elements which suffered most damages were ceiling, roofing and outdoor floors in historic mosques. Therefore, it is vital that efforts are made to perform identification, evaluation, registration and treatment activities to ensure that conservation of these historic mosques use the correct approach. In some cases, additional areas or levels of expertise may be needed, depending on the complexity of the task and the nature of the historic buildings involved.
  • 20. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) REFERENCES D. Karen, and G. Hann. Iraq Then and Now: A Guide to the Country and Its People, Guilford, Connecticut, USA, the Globe Pequet Press Inc. 2008, 162-168. "Mosul". Encyclop脱dia Britannica. Encyclop脱dia Britannica Online. Encyclop脱dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 07 May. 2012. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/393855/Mosul. C. Elefante. AIA/LEED-AP: The Greenest Building is...One that's Already Built, Forum Journal; National trust for Historic Preservation. 2007, (21): 26-28. J. Mike. Embodied energy and historic preservation. Journal of preservation technology. 2005, (4): 47-52. G. Ruda. Rural buildings and environment, Landscape and Urban Planning. 1998, (41): 93-97. ACHP. Sustainability and Historic Federal Building: Integrating the Requirements of the National Historic Preservation Act with the Requirements of Executive Order 13514: Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance, ADVISORY COUNCIL ON HISTORIC PRESERVATION. 2011,39. Lee H. Nelson. Architectural Character Identifying the Visual Aspects of Historic Buildings as an Aid to Preserving Their Character. National park service, U.S. department of the interior. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. http://www.nps.gov/hps/tps/briefs/brief17.htm. C. Marshal. And G. Rossman. Designing Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.1998. D. Saeed. Mosques in Mosul in Different Eras. Shafeeq Press, Baghdad. 1963. MMPW. The Urban Renewal Plan for Mosul Old Town Project; Proposals & Guidelines Report Phase E & F. Ministry of Municipalities and Public Works. Iraq. 2008.
  • 21. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2012) THANK YOU