Intro to scan conversion
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Scan conversion is the process of representing continuous graphics objects as discrete pixels. It involves converting geometric primitives like lines and circles, defined by parameters, into a set of pixels that make up the primitive in an image. This involves mapping real-valued coordinates to integer pixel coordinates. One approach is to take the floor of the x and y values, while another is to take the floor of x+0.5 and y+0.5 to center the coordinate system at the pixel grid.
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PresentationMohd Arif
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This document summarizes a presentation on spyware and Trojan horses given on February 12, 2004. The presentation covered definitions of spyware and Trojan horses, examples of common spyware programs, how spyware and Trojans are installed secretly on computers, their effects, and demonstrations of how specific Trojans like Back Orifice operate. It also discussed defenses against spyware and Trojans, including spyware removal tools, firewalls, and making users more aware of the risks. The presentation concluded by discussing the security implications and proposing legislative and technical solutions.Pointers in c
Pointers in cMohd Arif
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This document discusses pointers in C++. It begins by defining pointers as variables that hold the memory addresses of other variables and explaining that pointers have types corresponding to the types of variables they point to. It then covers initializing and dereferencing pointers, constant pointers, pointer arithmetic, pointers and arrays, using pointers as function arguments, and memory management using pointers with the new and delete operators.Peer to-peer
Peer to-peerMohd Arif
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The document provides an overview of peer-to-peer networking, describing how peers directly communicate and share resources in contrast to the client-server model. It discusses various P2P applications and research areas, including content sharing challenges, approaches to group management and data placement, and measurement studies analyzing user behavior on networks like Gnutella. The document also summarizes several structured P2P networks and routing techniques like Chord, CAN, and Tapestry/Pastry.Overview of current communications systems
Overview of current communications systemsMohd Arif
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The document provides an overview of current communications systems, including the growth and evolution of cellular technologies from 1G to 3G. It summarizes the key 2G technologies like GSM, CDMA, and TDMA, as well as 2.5G and 3G standards that support higher data rates. It also discusses emerging broadband wireless services for local and personal area networks using technologies like Wi-Fi, HIPERLAN, and Bluetooth.Overall 23 11_2007_hdp
Overall 23 11_2007_hdpMohd Arif
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This document provides an overview of system software topics including operating systems, compilers, assemblers, linkers, loaders, debuggers, editors and more. It discusses the design and implementation of these programs and how they support the operation of a computer. Key points covered include the roles of assemblers in translating assembly code to object code, linkers and loaders in combining object files and libraries and preparing programs for execution, and compilers in translating high-level languages to machine-readable object code. The document also examines machine architectures like SIC/XE and differences between CISC and RISC designs.Objectives of budgeting
Objectives of budgetingMohd Arif
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The document discusses establishing objectives and budgeting for promotional programs. It emphasizes that objectives should be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bound. Marketing objectives aim to achieve goals like sales and market share, while communication objectives are more narrow and focus on delivering messages to target audiences. Budgeting can be done through top-down or bottom-up approaches. Top-down uses a percentage of sales or competitive parity to set budgets, while bottom-up budgets activities to achieve predefined objectives. Marginal analysis is used to determine optimal spending by increasing, holding, or decreasing expenditures based on incremental returns.Network management
Network managementMohd Arif
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Network management involves controlling complex data networks to maximize efficiency and ensure data transmission. It aims to help with network complexity and transparency for users. The key aspects of network management include fault, configuration, security, performance, and accounting management. Network management standards and protocols like SNMP and CMIP allow for monitoring and configuration of network devices. Network management platforms provide the software and tools to integrate and manage different network components from a centralized location.Networing basics
Networing basicsMohd Arif
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The document discusses underlying technologies for computer networks including transmission media, local area networks (LANs) like Ethernet and Token Ring, switching methods like circuit switching and packet switching, wide area networks (WANs) like PPP, X.25 and Frame Relay, interconnecting devices, and differences between shared media and switched LAN architectures. It provides details on CSMA/CD and IEEE 802 standards for Ethernet, features and problems of Ethernet, Token Ring features, circuit switching vs. packet switching, PPP, X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, internetworking terms, transparent bridges, and differences between shared media and switched LAN architectures.Loaders
LoadersMohd Arif
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The document discusses different types of loaders and their functions. It explains that a loader takes object code as input and prepares it for execution by performing allocation of memory, linking of symbolic references, relocation of addresses, and loading the machine code into memory. It describes various types of loaders like compile-and-go, absolute, bootstrap, and relocating loaders. A relocating loader is able to load a program into memory wherever there is space, unlike an absolute loader which loads programs at fixed addresses.Lists
ListsMohd Arif
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1. Linked lists provide a dynamic data structure where elements are linked using pointers. Elements can be easily inserted or removed without reorganizing the entire data structure.
2. Linked lists are commonly used to implement stacks and queues, where elements are added or removed from the top/front of the structure. Dynamic memory allocation allows pushing and popping elements efficiently.
3. Polynomials can also be represented using linked lists, where each term is a node containing the coefficient and exponent, linked in descending exponent order. This provides an efficient way to perform operations on polynomial expressions.Iris ngx next generation ip based switching platform
Iris ngx next generation ip based switching platformMohd Arif
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IRIS NGX is a next generation IP-based switching platform that supports both soft and hardware-based switching. It provides a flexible, distributed architecture for integrating IP networks and supports various interfaces and protocols. The system includes IRIS NGX software, communication servers, peripheral shelves, media gateways, and IP phones. It offers advantages like seamless IP network integration, efficient network capacity expansion, and high reliability.Ip sec and ssl
Ip sec and sslMohd Arif
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This document discusses IPSec and SSL/TLS as approaches to securing network communications at different layers of the protocol stack. It provides an overview of how IPSec operates at the network/IP layer using techniques like AH and ESP to provide authentication and encryption of IP packets. It also summarizes how SSL/TLS works at the transport layer to establish a secure connection and protect communications between applications using ciphersuites, handshaking, and record layer encryption. The document outlines some strengths and weaknesses of each approach.Ip security in i psec
Ip security in i psecMohd Arif
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1) IPsec provides data confidentiality, integrity, and authentication for IPv4 and IPv6 networks through protocols like AH and ESP.
2) It uses security associations to define encryption and authentication parameters for secure communication between hosts or subnets.
3) The Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol negotiates security associations and authenticates peers to securely establish IPsec tunnels.Intro to comp. hardware
Intro to comp. hardwareMohd Arif
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This document provides an overview of computers, including hardware, software, and organization. It discusses how computers process data under instruction from programs and are made up of various hardware components like the keyboard, screen, and processing units. The document also summarizes Moore's Law, which predicts that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years, and how this affects computer performance and memory capacity over time. Finally, it describes the typical organization of a computer into logical units including input, output, memory, arithmetic logic, control processing, and secondary storage.Heap sort
Heap sortMohd Arif
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The document discusses heap sort, which is a sorting algorithm that uses a heap data structure. It works in two phases: first, it transforms the input array into a max heap using the insert heap procedure; second, it repeatedly extracts the maximum element from the heap and places it at the end of the sorted array, reheapifying the remaining elements. The key steps are building the heap, processing the heap by removing the root element and allowing the heap to reorder, and doing this repeatedly until the array is fully sorted.Intro to scan conversion
- 1. Scan Conversion The process of representing continuous graphics object as a collection of discrete pixels is called Scan Conversion. For e.g a line is defined by its two end pts & the line equation, where as a circle is defined by its radius, center position & circle equation.
- 2. It is the responsibility of graphics system or the application program to convert each primitive from its geometric definition into a set of pixels that make up the primitive in image space. This conversion task is generally referred to as a scan conversion or rasterization. In case of line, it can be possible that any pixel may have any floating value like (2.7,5) which will not be considered by the system.
- 3. Therefore, the process of making these coordinate according to systems assumption i.e (3,5) to plot the pixel is scan conversion. Points to be remember:- 1.) All the objects should be drawn with constant brightness. 2.) Object should be independent of length & orientation.
- 4. Scan converting a Point:- A mathematical point (x,y) where x & y are real numbers within an image area, needs to be scan-converted to a pixel at location (x,y). This may be done by making x& y to be the integer part of x & y. x= Floor(x) and y= Floor(y) Floor is a function that returns the largest integer that is less than or equal to the argument.
- 5. The origin is at lower left corner of the pixel grid. All points that satisfy x< x <x+1 & y<y <y+1are mapped to pixel (x,y). For e.g P1(1.7,0.8) is represented by pixel (1,0) P2(2.2,1.3) and P3(2.8,1.9) are both represented by pixel (2,1). 2 1 0 0,0 0 1 2
- 6. Another approach is to scan convert (x,y) by making x = Floor(x + 0.5) and y = Floor(y+0.5). This essentially places the origin of the coordinate system for (x,y) at the center of pixel(0,0). All point that satisfy x-0.5<x<x+0.5 & y- 0.5<y<y+0.5 are mapped to (x,y).This means that points P1 and P2 are now both represented by pixel (2,1) whereas point P3 is represented by pixel (3,2).
- 7. 2 P3 P2 1 P1 0 0,0 0 1 2 3