際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo

Introduction & History of microbiology

M
Mathavi Sureshkumar

The document provides an introduction and history of microbiology. It discusses the development of the microscope in the 1600s, which allowed early microbiologists like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke to first observe microorganisms. Important figures that contributed to the field include Louis Pasteur, who developed germ theory and pasteurization; Robert Koch, who developed techniques to isolate and culture bacteria and established Koch's postulates; and Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin. The document traces the history from early microscopy observations through the 19th and 20th centuries and the major discoveries that established microbiology as a science.

1 of 42
INTRODUCTION & HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY Dr. S. Mathavi, M.D.,
INTRODUCTION Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. Microorganisms include: Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoa Helminths (worms) 2
COMPARING THE SIZE OF A VIRUS, A BACTERIUM AND AN ANIMAL CELL 0.25 m Virus Animal cell Bacterium Animal cell nucleus
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY Study of microbes causing human infections Diseases they cause Diagnosis, prevention, treatment Host response - microbes, antigens
CAN YOU NAME SOME Bacteria causing human infections Viruses causing human infections Fungi causing human infections Parasites causing human infections
Introduction & History of microbiology
BACTERIA
FUNGUS
VIRUSES
PARASITES
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Introduction & History of microbiology
IMPACT OF PATHOGENS Nearly 2000 different microbes cause diseases 10 billion infections/ year worldwide 13 million deaths from infections worldwide
HOW DO YOU VISUALIZE THESE ORGANISMS? Microscope
HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE The study of microorganisms was dependent on microscopes The microscope was available during the mid1600s In 1609, while trying to develop his telescope, Galileo Galilei used lenses with a shorter focal length to turn his telescope into a microscope that could be used to magnify small objects In 1665, an English scientist named Robert Hooke observed strands of fungi among the specimens of cells he viewed
In the 1670s and the decades thereafter, a Dutch merchant named Anton van Leeuwenhoek made careful observations of microscopic organisms, which he called animalcules Until his death in 1723, Van Leeuwenhoek revealed the microscopic world to scientists of the day Regarded as one of the first to provide accurate descriptions of protozoa, fungi, and bacteria
ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK Draper in Delft, Holland Grinding lenses 1683 - description of various bacteria Observed diverse material Communicated to Royal Society of London
Introduction & History of microbiology
Introduction & History of microbiology
CULTURE
Introduction & History of microbiology
Introduction & History of microbiology
STERILIZATION
Introduction & History of microbiology
LOUIS PASTEUR- FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY 1822-1895; France Fermentation Sterilisation Steam steriliser Hot-air oven Autoclave Studied anthrax, chicken cholera, hydrophobia Process of attenuation live vaccines Vaccine for rabies
GERM THEORY OF DISEASE BY LOUIS PASTEUR Disapproves spontaneous theory
STAINING TECHNIQUES
Introduction & History of microbiology
ROBERT KOCH-FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY/ MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 18431910; Germany Perfected bacteriological techniques Studied anthrax bacillus Staining techniques Pure culture Discovered M.tuberculosis 1882 V.cholerae 1883
KOCHS POSTULATES
KOCHS POSTULATES Enunciated by Koch 1. The bacterium should be constantly associated with the lesions of the disease. 2. It should be possible to isolate the bacterium in pure culture from the lesion. 3. Inoculation of such pure culture into suitable laboratory animals should reproduce the lesions of the disease.
KOCHS POSTULATES 3. It should be possible to re-isolate the bacterium in pure culture from the lesion produced in experimental animals. 4. An additional criterion: specific antibodies to the bacterium should be demonstrable in the experimental animals.
DISCIPLES OF PASTEUR AND KOCH Hansen Lepra bacillus 1874 Neisser Gonococcus 1879 Ogston Staphlyococcus 1881 Loeffler Diphtheria bacillus 1884 Bruce Malta fever 1887 Roux, Yersin Diphtheria toxin 1888
IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS
IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS 1846; Vienna puerperal sepsis Mode of transmission Prevention hand washing in antiseptic solution
JOSEPH LISTER Antiseptic techniques in surgery Carbolic acid
PAUL EHRLICH Toxin and antitoxin
ALEXANDER FLEMING Penicillium destroys Staphylococci Florey & Chain active substance mass production
FEW IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS Twort & dHerelle lytic phenomenon in bacterial cultures Edward Jenner vaccination Von Behring & Kitasato antibody Bordet humoral immunity Metchnikoff phagocytosis Jerne natural selection theory Burnet clonal selection theory
BIOTERRORISM
Introduction & History of microbiology
THANK YOU

More Related Content

Introduction & History of microbiology

  • 1. INTRODUCTION & HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY Dr. S. Mathavi, M.D.,
  • 2. INTRODUCTION Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. Microorganisms include: Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoa Helminths (worms) 2
  • 3. COMPARING THE SIZE OF A VIRUS, A BACTERIUM AND AN ANIMAL CELL 0.25 m Virus Animal cell Bacterium Animal cell nucleus
  • 4. MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY Study of microbes causing human infections Diseases they cause Diagnosis, prevention, treatment Host response - microbes, antigens
  • 5. CAN YOU NAME SOME Bacteria causing human infections Viruses causing human infections Fungi causing human infections Parasites causing human infections
  • 13. IMPACT OF PATHOGENS Nearly 2000 different microbes cause diseases 10 billion infections/ year worldwide 13 million deaths from infections worldwide
  • 14. HOW DO YOU VISUALIZE THESE ORGANISMS? Microscope
  • 15. HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE The study of microorganisms was dependent on microscopes The microscope was available during the mid1600s In 1609, while trying to develop his telescope, Galileo Galilei used lenses with a shorter focal length to turn his telescope into a microscope that could be used to magnify small objects In 1665, an English scientist named Robert Hooke observed strands of fungi among the specimens of cells he viewed
  • 16. In the 1670s and the decades thereafter, a Dutch merchant named Anton van Leeuwenhoek made careful observations of microscopic organisms, which he called animalcules Until his death in 1723, Van Leeuwenhoek revealed the microscopic world to scientists of the day Regarded as one of the first to provide accurate descriptions of protozoa, fungi, and bacteria
  • 17. ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK Draper in Delft, Holland Grinding lenses 1683 - description of various bacteria Observed diverse material Communicated to Royal Society of London
  • 25. LOUIS PASTEUR- FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY 1822-1895; France Fermentation Sterilisation Steam steriliser Hot-air oven Autoclave Studied anthrax, chicken cholera, hydrophobia Process of attenuation live vaccines Vaccine for rabies
  • 26. GERM THEORY OF DISEASE BY LOUIS PASTEUR Disapproves spontaneous theory
  • 29. ROBERT KOCH-FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY/ MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 18431910; Germany Perfected bacteriological techniques Studied anthrax bacillus Staining techniques Pure culture Discovered M.tuberculosis 1882 V.cholerae 1883
  • 31. KOCHS POSTULATES Enunciated by Koch 1. The bacterium should be constantly associated with the lesions of the disease. 2. It should be possible to isolate the bacterium in pure culture from the lesion. 3. Inoculation of such pure culture into suitable laboratory animals should reproduce the lesions of the disease.
  • 32. KOCHS POSTULATES 3. It should be possible to re-isolate the bacterium in pure culture from the lesion produced in experimental animals. 4. An additional criterion: specific antibodies to the bacterium should be demonstrable in the experimental animals.
  • 33. DISCIPLES OF PASTEUR AND KOCH Hansen Lepra bacillus 1874 Neisser Gonococcus 1879 Ogston Staphlyococcus 1881 Loeffler Diphtheria bacillus 1884 Bruce Malta fever 1887 Roux, Yersin Diphtheria toxin 1888
  • 35. IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS 1846; Vienna puerperal sepsis Mode of transmission Prevention hand washing in antiseptic solution
  • 36. JOSEPH LISTER Antiseptic techniques in surgery Carbolic acid
  • 38. ALEXANDER FLEMING Penicillium destroys Staphylococci Florey & Chain active substance mass production
  • 39. FEW IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS Twort & dHerelle lytic phenomenon in bacterial cultures Edward Jenner vaccination Von Behring & Kitasato antibody Bordet humoral immunity Metchnikoff phagocytosis Jerne natural selection theory Burnet clonal selection theory