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Introduction of biochar

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Fatima Zannath Mete
Fatima Zannath Mete

Biochar is fine-grained or granular charcoal made by heating vegetative biomass, bones, manure solids, or other plant-derived organic residues in an oxygen-free or oxygen-limited environment and used as a soil amendment for agricultur- al and environmental purposes. It is a new word to describe fine-grained, highly porous charcoal made from biological material (biomass), high in organic carbon. This excludes fossil fuel products, geological carbon and industrial synthetics (plastics). Biochar is pyrolysed feedstock under limited or no supply of O2 (Lehmann and Joseph, 2009) This concept comes from-Terra Preta- ancient soils of the Amazon. (Glaser et al., 2001 and 2002; Lehmann, 2007).

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Introduction of Biochar
What is Biochar • Biochar is a new word to describe fine-grained, highly porous charcoal made from biological material (biomass), high in organic carbon. This excludes fossil fuel products, geological carbon and industrial synthetics (plastics). • Biochar is pyrolysed feedstock under limited or no supply of O2 (Lehmann and Joseph, 2009) • This concept comes from-Terra Preta- ancient soils of the Amazon. (Glaser et al., 2001 and 2002; Lehmann, 2007).
Biochar characterized as  Recalcitrant aromatic structure (Downie et al., 2012; Lehmann, 2007),  Highly porous and fine grained (Inyang et al ,2012),  Hydrophobic in nature (Qiu et al., 2009),  Small molecule with few fused aromatic rings (6-7) (Mao et al., 2012; Hiemstra, 2012)  Variable in different composition (Atkinson et al., 2010; Lehmann and Joseph, 2009).
Pyrolysis Burning Ash Biochar Waste Biomass Figure 1. Schematic presentation of biochar and traditional ash production
Bangladesh and Biochar In Bangladesh,  Soil OM status: most soil<1.5%, and some soils <1% (Fertilizer recommendation guide, 2005 ; 2012. p 48),  Rapid decomposition of organic matter  Deficiencies of macro and micro nutrients (Islam, 1992; Khan et al.,1997),  Nutrient leaching and volatilization .  Due to biochar application organic matter status and nutrient availability could be increased.  A primary purpose for biochar is as soil enhancement to help retain nutrients and water , and habitat for the soil food web.  Properly made and used, biochar can mitigate climate change and other environmental effects .
Soil amendment and C-sequestration • Increased fertility (Glaser 2007; Sombroek et al. 2002) • C- sequestration for >100yrs (Downie et al. 2012;Lehmann 2007) • 12% GHS reduction per year (Woolf, et al., 2010) Environmental Issues Pyrolysis Bioenergy • Bioenergy generation from biomass pyrolysis (Lehmann,2007, Laird,2008) Waste management • Use of waste for biochar production (Lehmann 2007)
Why it is good for plant ? Biochar is an organic soil amendment enhancer that:  Increase soil fertility and agricultural yields  Significantly enhances plant growth & root development.  Boosts plant nutrient retention.  Improves soil structure and stability.  Improves soil water holding capacity & permeability.  Retains nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil.  Helps healthy activity of soil micro-fauna & flora.  Suppresses odour & breaks down pollutants from soil.
Biochar stove Easy way of Production An Example of Biochar production what I did in my Experiment:  Forty five (45) kg dry sawdust,  Used fuel was 12 kg fuel  Average residence time was (5 hours)  Temperature was >350 0 C (approximately),  Produced biochar was 10 kg
Picture: Biochar stove , Poultry litter and Biochar
Nutrient availability & retention (Blackwell et al., 2010) Water holding capacity (Brewer et al., 2012; Major et.al, 2011) Crop yield (Asai et al., 2006; Tagoe et al., 2008) Habitat for Microorganisms (Lehmann et al. 2011) Reduces nutrient leaching (Brockh et al., 2010) Physical properties of soil (Busscher et al., 2010) C-sequestration (Downie et al. 2012; Lehmann, 2007) Soil pH & CEC (Glaser et al.,2002; Biochar with Soil
Fe & Al hydr(oxydes) PO4 –OM competition Soil organic matter Humic acids Fulvic acids Humin Soil organisms Organic inputs (biochar) ElevatedN supply Mineralization Nutrient uptake Immobilization Inorganic inputs (N+P+K) ElevatedPO4 Decomposition NH4 + High CEC and elevatedIon binding to organic matter ElevatedBNF Figure 2. Schematic representation of Biochar alone with NPK fertilizers activity in soil for plant growth and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). 2 3 1
Biochar has high CEC. So it can increase nutrient retention capacity and increase nutrient use efficiency by binding NH4 + Biochar increase P availability as they release small molecules of organic matter, which are more competent for PO4 . The C/N ratio of Biochar is high as a result, part of the mineral is immobilized . That is biochar application increase BNF. Moreover, Biochar itself has a positive effect on nodulation due to favourable condition for symbiotic bacteria.
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Introduction of biochar

  • 2. What is Biochar • Biochar is a new word to describe fine-grained, highly porous charcoal made from biological material (biomass), high in organic carbon. This excludes fossil fuel products, geological carbon and industrial synthetics (plastics). • Biochar is pyrolysed feedstock under limited or no supply of O2 (Lehmann and Joseph, 2009) • This concept comes from-Terra Preta- ancient soils of the Amazon. (Glaser et al., 2001 and 2002; Lehmann, 2007).
  • 3. Biochar characterized as  Recalcitrant aromatic structure (Downie et al., 2012; Lehmann, 2007),  Highly porous and fine grained (Inyang et al ,2012),  Hydrophobic in nature (Qiu et al., 2009),  Small molecule with few fused aromatic rings (6-7) (Mao et al., 2012; Hiemstra, 2012)  Variable in different composition (Atkinson et al., 2010; Lehmann and Joseph, 2009).
  • 4. Pyrolysis Burning Ash Biochar Waste Biomass Figure 1. Schematic presentation of biochar and traditional ash production
  • 5. Bangladesh and Biochar In Bangladesh,  Soil OM status: most soil<1.5%, and some soils <1% (Fertilizer recommendation guide, 2005 ; 2012. p 48),  Rapid decomposition of organic matter  Deficiencies of macro and micro nutrients (Islam, 1992; Khan et al.,1997),  Nutrient leaching and volatilization .  Due to biochar application organic matter status and nutrient availability could be increased.  A primary purpose for biochar is as soil enhancement to help retain nutrients and water , and habitat for the soil food web.  Properly made and used, biochar can mitigate climate change and other environmental effects .
  • 6. Soil amendment and C-sequestration • Increased fertility (Glaser 2007; Sombroek et al. 2002) • C- sequestration for >100yrs (Downie et al. 2012;Lehmann 2007) • 12% GHS reduction per year (Woolf, et al., 2010) Environmental Issues Pyrolysis Bioenergy • Bioenergy generation from biomass pyrolysis (Lehmann,2007, Laird,2008) Waste management • Use of waste for biochar production (Lehmann 2007)
  • 7. Why it is good for plant ? Biochar is an organic soil amendment enhancer that:  Increase soil fertility and agricultural yields  Significantly enhances plant growth & root development.  Boosts plant nutrient retention.  Improves soil structure and stability.  Improves soil water holding capacity & permeability.  Retains nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil.  Helps healthy activity of soil micro-fauna & flora.  Suppresses odour & breaks down pollutants from soil.
  • 8. Biochar stove Easy way of Production An Example of Biochar production what I did in my Experiment:  Forty five (45) kg dry sawdust,  Used fuel was 12 kg fuel  Average residence time was (5 hours)  Temperature was >350 0 C (approximately),  Produced biochar was 10 kg
  • 9. Picture: Biochar stove , Poultry litter and Biochar
  • 10. Nutrient availability & retention (Blackwell et al., 2010) Water holding capacity (Brewer et al., 2012; Major et.al, 2011) Crop yield (Asai et al., 2006; Tagoe et al., 2008) Habitat for Microorganisms (Lehmann et al. 2011) Reduces nutrient leaching (Brockh et al., 2010) Physical properties of soil (Busscher et al., 2010) C-sequestration (Downie et al. 2012; Lehmann, 2007) Soil pH & CEC (Glaser et al.,2002; Biochar with Soil
  • 11. Fe & Al hydr(oxydes) PO4 –OM competition Soil organic matter Humic acids Fulvic acids Humin Soil organisms Organic inputs (biochar) ElevatedN supply Mineralization Nutrient uptake Immobilization Inorganic inputs (N+P+K) ElevatedPO4 Decomposition NH4 + High CEC and elevatedIon binding to organic matter ElevatedBNF Figure 2. Schematic representation of Biochar alone with NPK fertilizers activity in soil for plant growth and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). 2 3 1
  • 12. Biochar has high CEC. So it can increase nutrient retention capacity and increase nutrient use efficiency by binding NH4 + Biochar increase P availability as they release small molecules of organic matter, which are more competent for PO4 . The C/N ratio of Biochar is high as a result, part of the mineral is immobilized . That is biochar application increase BNF. Moreover, Biochar itself has a positive effect on nodulation due to favourable condition for symbiotic bacteria.