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Outline:
System Unit (Internal Hardware)
Types of System Units
System Boards
Microprocessor
Memory
Storage
Peripherals (External Hardware)
Input
Output
Combination I/O

Computer Hardware
? Speed, capacity, and flexibility determine the power
of microcomputers.
? Knowledge of a computer��s power allows you to
make good buying decisions and to determine if
your current system will run new applications.
? Competent end users need to understand the basic
principles of how microcomputers are put together.

System Unit Types
? Desktops
? Tower Unit, All-in-one
? Notebooks
? Laptops
? Netbooks
? Tablets
? Handhelds

System Board
? Main board or motherboard
? Controls communications
? Components connect to the system board
? Data path
? Traffic monitor

System Board Components
? Sockets
? Connection
point for
chips
? Chips
? Tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of silicon
? Silicon chip, semiconductor, or integrated circuit
? Mounted on carrier packages
? Slots
? Provide a connection point for specialized cards or circuit
boards
? Bus lines
? Provide pathways that support communication among the
various electronic components

Microprocessor
? Central Processing Unit (CPU)
? Contained on microprocessor chip
? Brains of the computer
? Two Basic Components
? Control unit (CU)
? Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
Specialty Processors
? Coprocessors
? Designed to improve specific computing operations
? Graphics coprocessors / Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

Microprocessor Chips
? Chip capacities expressed in word size
? Word
? The number of bits that can be processed at one time
? 32-bit/64-bit standard
? Clock Speed
? Processing speed
? The number of times the CPU fetches and
processes data or instructions in a second
? Multi-Core Chip
? Several separate and independent CPUs
? Parallel Processing

Microprocessor Components
? The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
? Performs the execution part of the machine cycle
? Arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
? Comparison (greater than, equal to, less than)
? Logical (AND, OR, NOT)
? The Control Unit (CU)
? A component of the CPU that directs and coordinates
most of the operations in the computer
? Fetch - get the next instruction from memory
? Decode - translate the instruction
? Execute - carry out the command
? Store the result - write the result to memory
? Machine cycle

Expansion Slots and Cards
? Advanced graphics cards
? Sound cards
? Network interface cards (NIC)
? Wireless network cards
? Plug and Play

Ports and Connectors
? Port
? Point of attachment to the
system unit
? Usually on the back and
front of the system unit
? Connectors (wires)
? Used to plug into ports
? Male connectors
? Female connectors

Bus Lines
? Also known as a bus
? Connect parts of the CPU to each other
? Pathway for bits
? Bus width
? Number of bits that
can travel at once
? Two basic categories
? System buses
? Expansion buses

Expansion Buses
? Connects the CPU to other components on the
system board, including expansion slots
? Universal Serial Bus (USB)
? Connects external USB devices onto the USB bus
? FireWire
? Audio and video equipment
? PCI Express (PCIe)
? Single dedicated path for each connected device

Cables
? Used to connect external devices to the system unit
via the ports
? One end of the cable is attached to the device and
the other end has a connector that is attached to a
matching connector on the port

Memory/Storage
? Primary storage
? Volatile storage
? Temporary storage
? Random Access
Memory (RAM)
? Secondary storage
? Nonvolatile storage
? Permanent storage
? Secondary storage
characteristics
? Media
? Capacity
? Storage devices
? Access speed
RAM
ROM
Secondary Storage

Solid-State Storage
? Solid�Cstate drives (SSDs)
? No moving parts
? Faster and more durable
than hard disks
? Flash memory cards
? Widely used in computers,
cameras, and portable devices
such as mobile phones and GPS
navigation systems
? USB Drives (or Flash Drives)
? Connect to USB port
? Capacity of 1 GB to 256 GB

Cloud Storage Services
? Using a cloud storage service
makes it easy to upload and
share files with anyone.
? Safety is a concern though

Enterprise Storage Systems
? Large amounts of secondary storage called mass
storage
? An enterprise storage system strategy ensures
efficient and safe use of data across an
organizational network
? Devices include:
? File servers
? Networked attached storage (NAS)
? RAID systems
? Tape libraries
? Organizational cloud storage

Input/Output
? Have you ever wondered how information gets into
your computer or comes out in a form you can use?
? Input devices convert what
we understand into what the
system unit can process
? Output devices convert what
the system unit has processed
into a form that we can understand

What is Input?
? Any data or instructions used by a computer
? Input devices translate data into a form that the
system unit can process
? Some hardware input devices include:
? Keyboards
? Mice
? Pointing devices
? Scanning devices
? Image capturing devices
? Audio-input devices

Keyboard Entry
? Keyboards
? Traditional keyboards
? Notebook keyboards
? Virtual keyboards
? Thumb keyboards

Pointing Devices
Mouse Trackball
Touch pad Pointing
stick
Mice -
Optical
Mechanical
Wireless

Pointing Devices
Stylus Joystick Multitouch
screen
Touchscreen Game Pad Dance Pad

Scanning Devices
? Optical scanners
? Flatbed scanners
? Document scanners
? Portable scanners
? Card Readers
? Magnetic card readers

Scanning Devices
? Bar code readers
? Handheld wand readers
or platform scanners
? Contain photoelectric cells
that read bar codes
? RFID Readers
? RFID tags are tiny chips embedded for tracking
? Character and mark recognition devices
? Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR)
? Optical-character recognition (OCR)
? Optical-mark recognition (OMR)

Image Capturing Devices
? Digital cameras
? Images recorded digitally on
disk or in camera��s memory
? Images can be downloaded to a computer
? Digital video cameras
? Records motion digitally, can also take still images
? Web Cams
? Specialized digital video cameras built-in or attached to
the monitor

Audio-Input Devices
? Voice recognition systems
? Use a microphone, sound
card, and special software
? Users can operate
computers and create
documents using voice
commands

What is Output?
? Processed data or information
? Types of output
? Text
? Graphics/photos
? Audio & video
? Output devices
? Monitors
? Printers
? Audio-output devices

Monitors
? Known as screens or display screens
? Output referred to as soft copy
? Features
? Resolution/pixels
? Dot pitch
? Contrast ratios
? Size
? Aspect ratio

Monitors
? Flat-panel monitors
? Require less power to operate
? Portable and thinner than CRTs
? Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
? TFT-LC
? LED/AMOLED

Monitors
? Other monitors
? E-Book readers
? Digital/interactive whiteboards
? High-definition television (HDTV)

Printers
? Translates information that has been processed by
the system unit
? Output referred to as hard copy
? Features
? Resolution
? Color
? Speed
? Memory
? Duplex printing

Printers
? Ink-jet printers
? Laser printers
? Personal or shared
? Other printers
? Cloud printers
? Thermal printers
? Plotters

Audio and Video Devices
? Translates audio information from
the computer into sounds that
people can understand
? Speakers and headsets
? Portable media players/
digital media players
? Apple iPod, Creative Zen,
Microsoft Zune
? Mobile digital television (Mobile DTV)

Combination Input/Output Devices
? Multifunctional devices (MFD)
? Internet telephones
? Known as Internet telephony and IP telephony
? Voice-over IP (VoIP)
? Ooma
? Vonage
? MagicJack
? Skype

Ergonomics
? Study of human
factors related to
things people use
? Fit the task to the
user to avoid:
? Eyestrain and
headache
? Back and neck pain
? Repetitive strain
injury

Assignment:
1. Is there a limit to processor speed? What is the
latest in computer processing technology?
2. What is Moore��s Law? Does it still hold? Why?
3. Is there a limit to computer memory capacity?
What new computer memory technologies are
being explored these days?
4. Is there a limit to secondary storage capacity?
What new secondary storage technologies are
being explored these days?
5. What are the latest and emerging trends in
human-computer interfaces?

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Introduction to Computing - Computer Hardware

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