Introduction to ELINT Analyses
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This document provides an introduction to electronic warfare analyses. It discusses definitions of ELINT and EW terminology. It also covers topics like ELINT collection cycles, RF receiver characteristics, direction finding analysis, scan pattern analysis, and PRI analysis. The document puts these concepts together using examples of ESM concepts of operations and potential future ELINT threats that use techniques like LPI, frequency hopping, and spread spectrum.
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Introduction to ELINT Analyses
- 1. Introduction to Electronic Warfare Analyses Joseph Hennawy Principal Computer Engineer
- 2. Agenda Introduction EW Definitions ELINT Collection Cycle Tools of the trade RF Receiver Characteristics EW Antenna Design Areas of analyses Direction Finding Analysis (DF) Scan Patterns Analysis PRI Analysis (Inter-pulse Analyses) PDW Analysis (Intra-pulse Analyses) Putting things together ESM Generic CONOPS Sample of Future ELINT Threats
- 4. DEFINITION OF ELINT ELINT (ELECTRONIC INTELLIGENCE) IS INFORMATION DERIVED FROM INTERCEPT AND ANALYSIS OF RADAR (NON-COMMUNICATIONS) SIGNALS.
- 6. TECHNICAL vs. TACTICAL ELINT
- 7. SOME USES OF ELINT Radar Warning Receivers (RWR) and ESM Equipment Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) Equipment Anti-radiation Missiles (ARM) Anti-ship Missile Defense Systems Simulators RWR Uses These Parameters Radio Frequency (RF) Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI) or Pulse Group Repetition Interval (PGRI) Pulse Duration Scan Pattern Information Effective Radiated Power (ERP) Beam Characteristics Associated Emitter
- 9. HOW TO SPEAK EW OLD EW TERMINOLOGY ECM (Electronic Counter-measurements). ECCM ( Electronic Counter-Counter- Measurements). ESM (Electronic Support-measurements). NEW EW TERMINOLOGY EP (Electronic Protection). EA (Electronic Attack). ES (Electronic Support).
- 10. RF Electromagnetic Spectrum ELF Extremely Low Frequency 3 - 30 Hz 100,000 - 10,000 km SLF Super Low Frequency 30 - 300 Hz 10,000 - 1,000 km ULF Ultra Low Frequency 300 - 3000 Hz 1,000 - 100 km VLF Very Low Frequency 3 - 30 kHz 100 - 10 km LF Low Frequency 30 - 300 kHz 10 - 1 km MF Medium Frequency 300 - 3000 kHz 1 km - 100 m HF High Frequency 3 - 30 MHz 100 - 10 m VHF Very High Frequency 30 - 300 MHz 10 - 1 m UHF Ultra High Frequency 300 - 3000 MHz 1 m - 10 cm SHF Super High Frequency 3 - 30 GHz 10 - 1 cm EHF Extremely High Frequency 30 - 300 GHz 1 cm - 1 mm
- 12. EW Frequency Band Designations A 30 - 250 MHz B 250 - 500 MHz C 500 - 1,000 MHz D 1 - 2 GHz E 2 - 3 GHz F 3 - 4 GHz G 4 - 6 GHz H 6 - 8 GHz I 8 - 10 GHz J 10 - 20 GHz K 20 - 40 GHz L 40 - 60 GHz M 60 - 100 GHz
- 15. TECH ELINT DATA REQUIRE MENTS AND NEEDS CYCLE
- 16. TECHNICAL ELINT COLLECTION HIGH PRIORITY: Threat signal. New signals. METHOD: Position collector to make intercept. Insure that collector has measurement capability. Record target and calibration-test signals. COLLECTORS: Antenna, receiver, recorders, analyzers; special configurations vs. generic; platform choice; environment.
- 18. RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS Gain Dynamic Range Distortion Bandwidth Selectivity Noise Figure Tunability Sensitivity Data Processing
- 19. Receiver GAIN Gain Ratio of Signal Out to Signal In Power or Voltage
- 20. BAND WIDTHS Frequency Coverage Bandwidth Total RF Bandwidth Instantaneous Bandwidths RF Bandwidth Noise Floor RF Bandwidth IF Bandwidth Video (Post Detection) Bandwidth Noise Bandwidth
- 21. CHOOSING RECEIVERS Application is Important What information do you need? What are you going to do with the information? Radar warning receiver/ESM Technical ELINT Operational ELINT Specific identification (SEI) Density Where will you operate? What sensitivity is required? Types of Signals
- 22. TYPES OF SIGNALS
- 26. Narrow Band Crystal Video Receiver
- 27. Crystal Video Receiver - Parameters
- 29. IFM Receiver
- 31. IFM Receiver - Parameters
- 33. Channelized Receiver - Parameters
- 34. EW Receivers
- 35. EW Receivers Vs Threat Type
- 38. What is RF gain directivity
- 39. Antenna Size/Shape vs. RF Directivity
- 40. Antenna Size/Shape & Side lobes
- 41. Antenna Patterns
- 43. DF Amplitude Comparison
- 44. DF Phase Comparison
- 45. DF Antenna
- 46. DF Antenna
- 48. DF-SBI
- 49. DF- SBI & LBI - Advantages
- 50. DF - Geolocation
- 51. DF Geolocation with TDOA/FDOA techniques
- 52. T WO PLATFOR M HYBRID DOA/TDOA/FDOA SYSTEM
- 53. TDOA vs. FDOA
- 57. BEAM ANALYSIS
- 59. Sector Scan/PRI
- 60. Raster Scan/PRI
- 61. Conical Scan/PRI
- 62. Spiral Scan
- 63. Helix Scan
- 64. V-Beam Scan (Altitude Resolution)
- 65. TWS Scan Pattern
- 66. Modern Scanning ESA passive and active
- 67. Some Applications of ESA
- 68. Other Radar Scan Patterns
- 74. PRI Analyses
- 75. Uses of PRI
- 76. RPI vs. Range and Velocity Performance can be improved using FMOP and/or PMOP
- 77. PRI Staggers
- 78. Jittered PRI
- 80. Sliding PRI
- 82. Interrupted And Burst PRI
- 83. New Radars Scheduled PRI
- 85. PRI Analyses - Summary
- 87. PDW Analyses
- 90. ELINT Processing - I Todays systems rely on processing each received radar pulse (PDW). Measurements typically include Pulse width, RF, Time of Arrival (TOA), and Angle of Arrival (AOA). Pulses are sorted into clusters believed to have come from the same transmitter by matching PW, RF, AOA note RF is not constant for Frequency Agile signals. These require added processing.
- 91. ELINT Processing II Based on the clustering results, pulses are placed into pulse trains if they have sensible TOA sequences Then PRI parameters are determined PRI value PRI Jitter values Stagger sequence and period or stable sum
- 92. ELINT Processing III If threats operate with other related transmissions, the narrow band receiver may look for the associated signals If pulses have the same PW and AOA but differing RFs, one may conclude that it is a frequency agile threat AOA is normally a fixed value over many pulses even for moving threats. DF and Geo processing can be performed on the threat.
- 93. ELINT Processing IV The ID tables used in ESM systems are built using the results of Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) efforts over long periods of time The ESM user customizes the world wide threat data to his region of operations Non-threatening signals must be handled, too (Own-ship blanking)
- 94. ELINT Processing V Threat Identification is done by measuring signal parameters and using table look up ID Table data (initially) comes from Intelligence holdings Parameter variations and mimicking other signals are ways to degrade ID Generic Threat ID is a possibility
- 95. Sample of Future ELINT Threats
- 96. Future ELINT Threats I LPI Emitters New types of emitters that spreads their power over time, instead of sending instantaneous high power. Difficult to detect by traditional EW assets. Needs need EW assets, and CONOPS that will dwell on a receiver and integrate its power over time. Frequency agiles are not LPI in terms of this power definition.
- 97. Future ELINT Threats II Frequency Hopping Emitters Frequency Hoppers are emitters that switches their carrier frequency over a wide band of frequencies to avoid exploitation and/or detection. Hoppers are a feature of modern communications hardware, and soon to be a common feature of radar assets, with the advanced is digital processing and DSP techniques.
- 98. Future ELINT Threats III Spread Spectrum Emitters Other Future hopper-like radar systems could be called Spread Spectrum if they coherently combine the echoes in several range cells prior to making target detection decisions Coherently combining the echoes means adjusting the phase of the echoes in adjacent range cells prior to adding them together. This requires more signal processing and cost, but could happen