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Introduction to Internet of things protocols
- 1. Zigbee Smart Energy ZigBee is a Personal Area Network. It is a technology of home networking. ZigBee is a technological standard created for controlling and sensing the network. Flow or process control equipment can be place anywhere and still communicate with the rest of the system. IEEE802.15.4 developed the PHY and MAC layer whereas, the ZigBee takes care of upper higher layers. ZigBee is a standard that addresses the need for very low-cost implementation of Low power devices with Low data rates for short-range wireless communications.
- 2. Types of ZigBee Devices: Zigbee Coordinator Device: It communicates with routers. This device is used for connecting the devices. Zigbee Router: It is used for passing the data between devices. Zigbee End Device: It is the device that is going to be controlled
- 3. A number of standards use ZigBee as a base. 1. ZigBee Home Automation (ZHA): This is a home automation-oriented global standard for controlling applications like lighting, temperature control, energy management, security and accident prevention. 2. ZigBee Smart Energy (ZSE): This is a global standard that allows service providers and Home Area Network (HAN) electricity distribution companies to manage energy consumption. ZSE also allows suppliers and customers to interact, so that both can access smart communications. 3. ZigBee Light Link (ZLL): This is a global standard that permits consumer lighting elements and other elements to interoperate with each other, giving consumers wireless access to these elements. It allows consumers to control their home lighting, while managing energy use and making their homes greener.
- 4. Architecture of ZigBee: ZigBee architecture is a combination of 6 layers. Application Layer Application Interface Layer Security Layer Network Layer Medium Access Control Layer Physical Layer
- 6. Physical layer: The lowest two layers i.e the physical and the MAC (Medium Access Control) Layer are defined by the IEEE 802.15.4 specifications. The Physical layer is closest to the hardware and directly controls and communicates with the Zigbee radio. The physical layer translates the data packets in the over-the-air bits for transmission and vice-versa during the reception. Medium Access Control layer (MAC layer): The layer is responsible for the interface between the physical and network layer. The MAC layer is also responsible for providing PAN ID and also network discovery through beacon requests. Network layer: This layer acts as an interface between the MAC layer and the application layer. It is responsible for mesh networking. Application layer: The application layer in the Zigbee stack is the highest protocol layer and it consists of the application support sub-layer and Zigbee device object. It contains manufacturer-defined applications.
- 8. IPv4 IPv4 is 32-bit addressing scheme used as TCP/IP host addressing mechanism. IPv4 is a connectionless protocol used for packets witched networks. It operates on a best effort delivery model, in which neither delivery is guaranteed, nor proper sequencing or avoidance of duplicate delivery is assured. There are many ways to configure IPv4 with all kinds of devices including manual and automatic configurations depending on the network type. IPv4 uses 32-bit (4 byte) addressing, which gives 232 addresses.
- 10. 1. VERSION: Version of the IP protocol (4 bits), which is 4 for IPv4 2. HLEN: IP header length (4 bits), which is the number of 32 bit words in the header. The minimum value for this field is 5 and the maximum is 15. 3. Type of service: Low Delay, High Throughput, Reliability (8 bits) 4. Total Length: Length of header + Data (16 bits), which has a minimum value 20 bytes and the maximum is 65,535 bytes. 5. Identification: Unique Packet Id for identifying the group of fragments of a single IP datagram (16 bits) 6. Flags: 3 flags of 1 bit each : reserved bit (must be zero), do not fragment flag, more fragments flag (same order) Fragment Offset: Represents the number of Data Bytes ahead of the particular fragment in the particular Datagram. Specified in terms of number of 8 bytes, which has the maximum value of 65,528 bytes. 7. Time to live: Datagrams lifetime (8 bits), It prevents the datagram to loop through the network by restricting the number of Hops taken by a Packet before delivering to the Destination. 8. Protocol: Name of the protocol to which the data is to be passed (8 bits) Header Checksum: 16 bits header checksum for checking errors in the datagram header 9. Source IP address: 32 bits IP address of the sender 10. Destination IP address: 32 bits IP address of the receiver