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Introduction to MATLAB
Introduction to Matlab
1

Outline:
Outline:
‰ What is Matlab?
‰ What is Matlab?
„ Matlab Screen
V i bl t i i d i
„ Variables, array, matrix, indexing
„ Operators (Arithmetic, relational, logical )
„ Display Facilities
„ Flow Control
Flow Control
„ Using of M-File
„ Writing User Defined Functions
„ Writing User Defined Functions
„ Conclusion
2

What is Matlab?
What is Matlab?
„ Matlab is basically a high level language
y g g g
which has many specialized toolboxes for
making things easier for us
making things easier for us
„ How high?
M l b
Matlab
High Level
Languages such as
g g
C, Pascal etc.
Assembly
3

What are we interested in?
What are we interested in?
„ Matlab is too broad for our purposes in this
„ Matlab is too broad for our purposes in this
course.
„ The features we are going to require is
Matlab
Matlab
Series of
Matlab
d
Command
Line
m-files mat-files
commands
functions Command execution
like DOS command
Input
Data
storage/
like DOS command
window
p
Output
capability
storage/
loading
4

Matlab Screen
Matlab Screen
Command Window
„ Command Window
‰ type commands
„ Current Directory
‰ View folders and m-files
„ Workspace
‰ View program variables
‰ Double click on a variable
to see it in the Array Editor
„ Command History
‰ view past commands
‰ save a whole session
‰ save a whole session
using diary
5

Variables
Variables
„ No need for types i e
„ No need for types. i.e.,
int a;
int a;
double b;
float c;
„ All variables are created with double precision unless
specified and they are matrices.
p y
Example:
>>x=5;
Aft th t t t th i bl 1 1 t i
>>x=5;
>>x1=2;
„ After these statements, the variables are 1x1 matrices
with double precision
6

Array Matrix
Array, Matrix
t
„ a vector x = [1 2 5 1]
x =
1 2 5 1
1 2 5 1
„ a matrix x = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 -1]
x =
1 2 3
5 1 4
5 1 4
3 2 -1
„ transpose y x’ y
„ transpose y = x’ y =
1
2
5
5
1
7

Long Array Matrix
Long Array, Matrix
„ t =1:10
t =
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
„ k =2:-0.5:-1
k =
2 1 5 1 0 5 0 -0 5 -1
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1
„ B = [1:4; 5:8]
x =
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
8

Generating Vectors from functions
Generating Vectors from functions
„ zeros(M,N) MxN matrix of zeros x = zeros(1 3)
( , ) x = zeros(1,3)
x =
0 0 0
„ ones(M,N) MxN matrix of ones
0 0 0
(1 3)
x = ones(1,3)
x =
„ rand(M,N) MxN matrix of uniformly
di t ib t d d
1 1 1
distributed random
numbers on (0,1)
x = rand(1,3)
x =
0.9501 0.2311 0.6068
9

Matrix Index
Matrix Index
Th t i i di b i f 1 ( t 0 ( i C))
„ The matrix indices begin from 1 (not 0 (as in C))
„ The matrix indices must be positive integer
Given:
Given:
A(-2) A(0)
A( 2), A(0)
Error: ??? Subscript indices must either be real positive integers or logicals.
A(4,2)
Error: ??? Index exceeds matrix dimensions.
10

Concatenation of Matrices
Concatenation of Matrices
„ x = [1 2], y = [4 5], z=[ 0 0]
A = [ x y]
A = [ x y]
1 2 4 5
B = [x ; y]
1 2
4 5
4 5
C = [x y ;z]
C [x y ;z]
Error:
??? Error using ==> vertcat CAT arguments dimensions are not consistent.
11

Operators (arithmetic)
Operators (arithmetic)
+ addition
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
^ power
power
‘ complex conjugate transpose
12

Matrices Operations
Matrices Operations
Given A and B:
Addition Subtraction Product Transpose
13

Operators (Element by Element)
Operators (Element by Element)
.* element-by-element multiplication
./ element-by-element division
^ element-by-element power
. element-by-element power
14

The use of “ ” – “Element” Operation
The use of . Element Operation
A = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 1]
A
A =
1 2 3
5 1 4
3 2 -1
b x * y c x / y d x ^2
y = A(3 ,:)
b = x .* y
b=
c = x . / y
c=
d = x .^2
d=
x = A(1,:)
K ^2
y=
3 4 -1
3 8 -3 0.33 0.5 -3 1 4 9
x=
1 2 3
K= x^2
Erorr:
??? Error using ==> mpower Matrix must be square.
B=x*y
Erorr:
??? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree.
g g
15

Basic Task: Plot the function sin(x)
Basic Task: Plot the function sin(x)
between 0≤x≤4π
„ Create an x-array of 100 samples between 0
and 4π.
and 4π.
„ Calculate sin(.) of the x-array
>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100);
Calculate sin(.) of the x array
>> i ( ) 0 4
0.6
0.8
1
„ Plot the y-array
>>y=sin(x);
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
y y
>>plot(y)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
16

Plot the function e-x/3sin(x) between
Plot the function e sin(x) between
0≤x≤4π
„ Create an x-array of 100 samples between 0
and 4π
and 4π.
„ Calculate sin(.) of the x-array
„ Calculate e-x/3 of the x-array
>>y=sin(x);
„ Calculate e of the x array
>>y1=exp(-x/3);
„ Multiply the arrays y and y1
>> 2 * 1
>>y2=y*y1;
17

Plot the function e-x/3sin(x) between
Plot the function e sin(x) between
0≤x≤4π
„ Multiply the arrays y and y1 correctly
„ Plot the y2-array
>>y2=y.*y1;
„ Plot the y2 array
>>plot(y2) 0.6
0.7
p (y )
0.3
0.4
0.5
0
0.1
0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
18

Display Facilities
Display Facilities
l t( )
0.5
0.6
0.7
„ plot(.)
Example:
0.2
0.3
0.4
Example:
>>y=sin(x);
>>plot(y) 0 2
-0.1
0
0.1
stem( )
>>plot(y)
>>plot(x,y)
0.7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-0.3
-0.2
„ stem(.)
0 3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Example:
>>stem(y) 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
>>stem(x,y)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
19

Display Facilities
Display Facilities
„ title(.)
„ xlabel( )
>>title(‘This is the sinus function’)
0.6
0.8
1
This is the sinus function
„ xlabel(.)
>>xlabel(‘x (secs)’)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
n(x)
„ ylabel(.)
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
sin
>>ylabel(‘sin(x)’)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-1
-0.8
0.6
x (secs)
( )
20

Operators (relational logical)
Operators (relational, logical)
„ == Equal to
„ ~= Not equal to
„ < Strictly smaller
„ < Strictly smaller
„ > Strictly greater
„ <= Smaller than or equal to
>= Greater than equal to
„ >= Greater than equal to
„ & And operator
p
„ | Or operator
21

Flow Control
Flow Control
„ if
„ for
„ while
„ while
„ break
„ ….
22

Control Structures
Control Structures
Some Dummy Examples
„ If Statement Syntax
Some Dummy Examples
if ((a>3) & (b==5))
if (Condition_1)
Matlab Commands
Some Matlab Commands;
end
Matlab Commands
elseif (Condition_2)
Matlab Commands
if (a<3)
elseif (b~=5)
Matlab Commands
elseif (Condition_3)
Matlab Commands
elseif (b 5)
end
Matlab Commands
else
Matlab Commands
if (a<3)
l
Matlab Commands
end
else
end
23

Control Structures
Control Structures
Some Dummy Examples
„ For loop syntax
Some Dummy Examples
for i=1:100
S M tl b C d
for i=Index Array
end
for i=Index_Array
Matlab Commands
for j=1:3:200
end
end for m=13:-0.2:-21
end
for k [0 1 0 3 13 12 7 9 3]
for k=[0.1 0.3 -13 12 7 -9.3]
end
24

Control Structures
Control Structures
„ While Loop Syntax
while (condition) Dummy Example
while (condition)
Matlab Commands while ((a>3) & (b==5))
end
end
25

Use of M-File
Use of M File
Click to create
Click to create
a new M-File
• Extension “.m”
• A text file containing script or function or program to run
26

Use of M-File
Use of M File Save file as Denem430.m
If you include “;” at the
If you include ; at the
end of each statement,
result will not be shown
immediately
immediately
27

File Input Statements
p
„ Clear memory
„ Clear screen
„ fid = fopen(filename)
„ fid = fopen(filename, permission)
} Argument fid is a file
identifier associated
p ( , p )
„ Statements…..
„ { ……
}
Here opens the file
filename for read
with an open file
„ A = fscanf(fid, format)
filename for read
access
reads data from the file
specified by fid converts it
specified by fid, converts it
according to the specified
format string, and returns it
in matrix A
„ fclose(fid)
28

File Output Statements Here opens the file
„ count = fprintf(fid, format, A, ...)
p p
filename for write access
formats the data in the
real part of matrix A
A conversion specification
controls the notation,
alignment, significant
di it fi ld idth d
digits, field width, and
other aspects of output
format.
29

File Output Statements
p
30

p
31

p
32

Writing User Defined Functions
„ Functions are m-files which can be executed by
specifying some inputs and supply some desired outputs.
„ The code telling the Matlab that an m-file is actually a
function is
function out1=functionname(in1)
function out1=functionname(in1,in2,in3)
( , , )
function [out1,out2]=functionname(in1,in2)
„ You should write this command at the beginning of the
m-file and you should save the m-file with a file name
m-file and you should save the m-file with a file name
same as the function name
33

g
„ Examples
p
‰ Write a function : out=squarer (A, ind)
„ Which takes the square of the input matrix if the input
q p p
indicator is equal to 1
„ And takes the element by element square of the input
t i if th i t i di t i l t 2
matrix if the input indicator is equal to 2
Same Name
34

„ Another function which takes an input array and returns the sum and product
of its elements as outputs
„ The function sumprod(.) can be called from command window or an m-file as
35

Notes:
Notes:
„ “%” is the neglect sign for Matlab (equaivalent
„ % is the neglect sign for Matlab (equaivalent
of “//” in C). Anything after it on the same line
is neglected by Matlab compiler
is neglected by Matlab compiler.
„ Sometimes slowing down the execution is
g
done deliberately for observation purposes.
You can use the command “pause” for this
You can use the command pause for this
purpose
pause %wait until any key
pause(3) %wait 3 seconds
pause(3) %wait 3 seconds
36

Useful Commands
Useful Commands
„ The two commands used most by Matlab
„ The two commands used most by Matlab
users are
>>help functionname
>>lookfor keyword
37

Th k Y
Thank You…
38

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