introduction to molecular biology
- 1. Dr. Asif Mir AN INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- 2. Current research theories support the division of living organisms into three domains 1. Bacteria 2. Eukaryota 3. Archaea living in the most inhospitable regions Thermophiles tolerate extremely high temperatures Halophiles tolerate very high salt concentrations Methanogens produce methane as a by- product of metabolism Cells may be categorized based on their complexity Cellular Diversity THE THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE
- 3. The attempt to understand biological phenomena in molecular terms The study of gene structure and function at the molecular level As a result, It is the study of molecular basic of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material. Molecular biology mainly concerns itself with Understanding of interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis learning how these interactions are regulated. WHAT IS MOLECULAR BIOLOGY?
- 4. DNA RNA Protein COMPONENTS INVOLVE IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ALL LIFE DEPENDS ON 3 CRITICAL MOLECULES
- 5. StructureStructure StaticStatic FunctionFunction DynamicDynamic FunctionFunction DynamicDynamic EnglishEnglish alphabetalphabet 26 letters26 letters Life alphabetLife alphabet 4 letters4 letters A, T, G, CA, T, G, C Inside a Living Cell
- 6. Since the late 1950s and early 1960s, molecular biologists have learned to Characterize, isolate, and manipulate the molecular components of cells and organisms, which are: 1.DNA, the storage of genetic information 2.RNA 3.Proteins, the major structural and enzymatic type of molecule in cells. A BRIEF HISTORY
- 7. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY A JOURNEY Microscopic biology began in 1665 Robert Hooke (1635- 1703) discovered organisms are made up of cells Matthias Schleiden (1804-1881) and Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) further expanded the study of cells in 1830s Robert Hooke Theodor Schwann Matthias Schleiden
- 8. MAJOR EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1800 - 1870 1865 Gregor Mendel discover the basic rules of heredity of garden pea. An individual organism has two alternative heredity units for a given trait (dominant trait vs. recessive trait) 1869 Johann Friedrich Miescher discovered DNA and named it nuclein. Mendel: The Father of Genetics Johann Miescher
- 9. MAJOR EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1880 - 1900 1881 Edward Zacharias showed chromosomes are composed of nuclein. 1899 Richard Altmann renamed nuclein to nucleic acid. By 1900, chemical structures of all 20 amino acids had been identified
- 10. MAJOR EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1900-1911 1902 - Emil Hermann Fischer wins Nobel prize: showed amino acids are linked and form proteins 1911 Thomas Hunt Morgan discovers genes on chromosomes are the discrete units of heredity 1911 Pheobus Aaron Theodore Lerene discovers RNA Emil Fischer Thomas Morgan
- 11. MAJOR EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1940 - 1950 1941 George Beadle and Edward Tatum identify that genes make proteins 1950 Edwin Chargaff find Cytosine complements Guanine and Adenine complements Thymine George Beadle Edward Tatum Edwin Chargaff
- 12. MAJOR EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1950 - 1952 1950s Mahlon Bush Hoagland first to isolate tRNA 1952 Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase make genes from DNA Mahlon Hoagland Experiment
- 13. MAJOR EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1952 - 1960 1952-1953 James D. Watson and Francis H. C. Crick deduced the double helical structure of DNA 1956 George Emil Palade showed the site of enzymes manufacturing in the cytoplasm is made on RNA organelles called ribosomes. James Watson and Francis Crick George Emil Palade
- 14. MAJOR EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1970 1970 Howard Temin and David Baltimore independently isolate the first restriction enzyme This means that: DNA can be cut into reproducible pieces at specific site by restriction enzymes called endonuclease The pieces can be linked to bacterial vectors and introduced into bacterial hosts. This is called (gene cloning or recombinant DNA technology)
- 15. MAJOR EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1970- 1977 1977 Phillip Sharp and Richard Roberts demonstrated that pre-mRNA is processed by the excision of introns and exons are spliced together. Phillip Sharp Richard Roberts
- 16. MAJOR EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1986 - 1995 1986 Leroy Hood: Developed automated sequencing mechanism 1986 Human Genome Initiative announced 1995 Moderate-resolution maps of chromosomes 3, 11, 12, and 22 were published These maps provide the locations of markers on each chromosome to make locating genes easier Leroy Hood
- 17. MAJOR EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995-1996 1995 John Craig Venter: First bacterial genomes sequenced 1995 Automated fluorescent sequencing instruments and robotic operations 1996 First eukaryotic genome-yeast- sequenced John Craig Venter
- 18. Molecular Biology 1997-1999 1999 First human chromosome (number 22) sequenced Molecular Biology 2000-2001 2001 International Human Genome Sequencing published the first draft of the sequence of the human human genome MAJOR EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- 19. MAJOR EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003- PRESENT April 2003 Human Genome Project Completed Mouse genome is sequenced. April 2004 Rat genome sequenced. Next-generation sequencing genomes being sequenced by the dozen
- 20. Nucleic acid: Biological molecules (RNA and DNA) that allow organisms to reproduce Gene: Basic physical and functional units of heredity located on the chromosomes consisting of specific sequences of DNA bases Gens encode instructions on how to make proteins Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism Phenotype: the physical expressed traits of an organism SOME TERMINOLOGY