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Introduction to philosophy lecture 9

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WilliamParkhurst

This document provides an overview of several important figures from the history of philosophy and the emergence of modern science in the 16th-17th centuries. It introduces Nicolaus Copernicus, who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, Giordano Bruno who championed Copernican ideas and was executed for heresy, and Francis Bacon who is considered the founder of the scientific method. It also discusses Thomas Hobbes, Niccolo Machiavelli, their political philosophies, and how they viewed human nature and the state. Finally, it briefly introduces Rene Descartes and some of his key philosophical contributions.

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Introduction to Philosophy Lecture 9 New Science and Politics
Questions Calvin and Hobbes relation? Neo-Platonism: Focus on Plato and Plotinus. A combination of Platos philosophy and Jewish theology Egalitarian: An egalitarian favors equality of some sort: People should get the same, or be treated the same, or be treated as equals, in some respect. Egalitarian doctrines tend to express the idea that all human persons are equal in fundamental worth or moral status. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/egalitarianism/
Questions 2 Heresy: opinion or doctrine at variance with the orthodox or accepted doctrine, especially of a church or religious system.
Figures Nicolus (Nicolaus?) Copernicus (1473 1543) Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Nicolo Machiavelli (1467-1527)
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 1543) Polish Religion and reason Religion and science Founder of modern astronomy Heliocentric The earth revolves around the sun. Against Christian Doctrine -Ptolemaic system
Nicolaus (Nicolus?) Copernicus (1473 1543) continued. Condemned for heresy Famous work: De revolutionibus orbium caelestium (1543) On the revolution of the heavenly orbs
Ptolemaic System Claudius Ptolemaeus (c.90-168 AD) Based on Plato and Aristotle The earth is the fixed center of the universe 7 spherical shells surround the earth Account for the paths of the stars Last 8th sphere accounts for fixed stars
Ptolemaic Model 7th heaven angels
Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) Italian philosopher & once a Dominican friar Burnt at the stake in 1600 Scientific views had serious consequences Championed Copernicans belief Extreme Pantheism: God is the unifying substance from which all things in the universe are derived Neither the sun or the earth was the center because the universe is infinite
Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) continued Different from Nicholas of Cusa (1401- 1464) - influenced him the universe could afford no genuine knowledge of the divine. Also advocated Hermeticism 17 Core text: Corpus Hermeticum Deal mainly with occult matters (including astrology, magic, and alchemy) Gnostic and neo-platonic
Heresy Later Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was asked to retract his Copernican view or face similar punishment Conflict between reasonable arguments and political power of religion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1awv C1l7mM&feature=related
Aristotle and Religion Aristotle was adopted at official doctrine of the church Aristotle was the foundation of science but not a full manifestation Assumptions for Aristotle: Flies had four legs Observation in the new science became of paramount importance
Aristotle and religion continued. 15th century Aristotle was still accepted After the 15th century common sense came into question A healthy dose of skepticism
Francis Bacon (1561 1626) Lawyer, statesman, and philosopher Recognized as the official founder of modern science Insisted we start over Theorist rather than scientist philosophy of science Theorist about science rather than a scientist Created the original Scientific Method
Francis Bacon (1561 1626) continued Not knowledge for its own sake Knowledge must be Practical/useful Known for the Phrase Knowledge is power Anyone can do science and discover truth (different today) Knowledge is not exclusive to religious powers Objects move based on natural/causal laws not teleological laws as in Aristotle
Thomas Hobbes (1588 1679) .
Thomas Hobbes (1588 1679) Machiavelli came first (why Solomon order? no idea). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCvTq5Dgd7o Political philosophy Main work: Leviathan (1651) Life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short State of nature (opposed to Aristotle's social animal) Social contract form state Not utopian but it is a way to secure a better life than in the state of nature
Hobbes Continued He considered his work De Cive (1642) On the Citizen his most scientific work.
Nature vs. Nurture To what extent does our nature play a part in who we become What about our family, culture, laws?
Niccolo Machiavelli (1467-1527) .
Niccolo Machiavelli (1467-1527) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s25kX24j250 Civil war Italy vs. the venicians (backed by the French) called for uniform Italian power. Florentine political philosopher, historian, playwright, regarded as the first sociologist Il Principe (1512) The Prince Discorsi (1516) Discourses Brought a new realism to political philosophy Idealistically ruler should be and embodiment of virtue and honor Machiavelli rejects the above
Machiavelli continued Given the way the world is, the successful ruler is only the one who acts effectively without regard to the conventional morality of action. Sees political organizations as organic entities subject to their own laws of development which are independent from moral order.
Machiavelli Continued Condones the use of force Condones omissions from public knowledge Immoral actions are fine as long as it prevents internal or external disruption of the state and promotes the welfare of its citizens (in so far as it is needed to stabilize the princes rule)
Machiavelli - What is left? Publicly-spirited citizens would put the common good above the exclusive pursuit of selfish interest with its inherent corruption and venality Civic Virtues Vitality Genius Pride Varity Success
Summary Both Hobbes and Machiavelli are nationalistic Both would reject American exporting over seas International relations is in a state of nature Men are anti-social
Looking forward
Descartes (15961650) Methodological doubt Dream argument Mind/body distinction cogito, ergo sum, or I think, therefore I am

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Introduction to philosophy lecture 9

  • 1. Introduction to Philosophy Lecture 9 New Science and Politics
  • 2. Questions Calvin and Hobbes relation? Neo-Platonism: Focus on Plato and Plotinus. A combination of Platos philosophy and Jewish theology Egalitarian: An egalitarian favors equality of some sort: People should get the same, or be treated the same, or be treated as equals, in some respect. Egalitarian doctrines tend to express the idea that all human persons are equal in fundamental worth or moral status. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/egalitarianism/
  • 3. Questions 2 Heresy: opinion or doctrine at variance with the orthodox or accepted doctrine, especially of a church or religious system.
  • 4. Figures Nicolus (Nicolaus?) Copernicus (1473 1543) Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Nicolo Machiavelli (1467-1527)
  • 5. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 1543) Polish Religion and reason Religion and science Founder of modern astronomy Heliocentric The earth revolves around the sun. Against Christian Doctrine -Ptolemaic system
  • 6. Nicolaus (Nicolus?) Copernicus (1473 1543) continued. Condemned for heresy Famous work: De revolutionibus orbium caelestium (1543) On the revolution of the heavenly orbs
  • 7. Ptolemaic System Claudius Ptolemaeus (c.90-168 AD) Based on Plato and Aristotle The earth is the fixed center of the universe 7 spherical shells surround the earth Account for the paths of the stars Last 8th sphere accounts for fixed stars
  • 8. Ptolemaic Model 7th heaven angels
  • 9. Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) Italian philosopher & once a Dominican friar Burnt at the stake in 1600 Scientific views had serious consequences Championed Copernicans belief Extreme Pantheism: God is the unifying substance from which all things in the universe are derived Neither the sun or the earth was the center because the universe is infinite
  • 10. Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) continued Different from Nicholas of Cusa (1401- 1464) - influenced him the universe could afford no genuine knowledge of the divine. Also advocated Hermeticism 17 Core text: Corpus Hermeticum Deal mainly with occult matters (including astrology, magic, and alchemy) Gnostic and neo-platonic
  • 11. Heresy Later Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was asked to retract his Copernican view or face similar punishment Conflict between reasonable arguments and political power of religion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1awv C1l7mM&feature=related
  • 12. Aristotle and Religion Aristotle was adopted at official doctrine of the church Aristotle was the foundation of science but not a full manifestation Assumptions for Aristotle: Flies had four legs Observation in the new science became of paramount importance
  • 13. Aristotle and religion continued. 15th century Aristotle was still accepted After the 15th century common sense came into question A healthy dose of skepticism
  • 14. Francis Bacon (1561 1626) Lawyer, statesman, and philosopher Recognized as the official founder of modern science Insisted we start over Theorist rather than scientist philosophy of science Theorist about science rather than a scientist Created the original Scientific Method
  • 15. Francis Bacon (1561 1626) continued Not knowledge for its own sake Knowledge must be Practical/useful Known for the Phrase Knowledge is power Anyone can do science and discover truth (different today) Knowledge is not exclusive to religious powers Objects move based on natural/causal laws not teleological laws as in Aristotle
  • 17. Thomas Hobbes (1588 1679) Machiavelli came first (why Solomon order? no idea). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCvTq5Dgd7o Political philosophy Main work: Leviathan (1651) Life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short State of nature (opposed to Aristotle's social animal) Social contract form state Not utopian but it is a way to secure a better life than in the state of nature
  • 18. Hobbes Continued He considered his work De Cive (1642) On the Citizen his most scientific work.
  • 19. Nature vs. Nurture To what extent does our nature play a part in who we become What about our family, culture, laws?
  • 21. Niccolo Machiavelli (1467-1527) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s25kX24j250 Civil war Italy vs. the venicians (backed by the French) called for uniform Italian power. Florentine political philosopher, historian, playwright, regarded as the first sociologist Il Principe (1512) The Prince Discorsi (1516) Discourses Brought a new realism to political philosophy Idealistically ruler should be and embodiment of virtue and honor Machiavelli rejects the above
  • 22. Machiavelli continued Given the way the world is, the successful ruler is only the one who acts effectively without regard to the conventional morality of action. Sees political organizations as organic entities subject to their own laws of development which are independent from moral order.
  • 23. Machiavelli Continued Condones the use of force Condones omissions from public knowledge Immoral actions are fine as long as it prevents internal or external disruption of the state and promotes the welfare of its citizens (in so far as it is needed to stabilize the princes rule)
  • 24. Machiavelli - What is left? Publicly-spirited citizens would put the common good above the exclusive pursuit of selfish interest with its inherent corruption and venality Civic Virtues Vitality Genius Pride Varity Success
  • 25. Summary Both Hobbes and Machiavelli are nationalistic Both would reject American exporting over seas International relations is in a state of nature Men are anti-social
  • 27. Descartes (15961650) Methodological doubt Dream argument Mind/body distinction cogito, ergo sum, or I think, therefore I am