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GE2201 DESIGN THINKING
UNIT I – INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN THINKING
Mr. S. Muthu Natarajan M.E., (Ph.D.),
Assistant Professor/Mechanical
Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous)
Madurai District
Mobile: +91-9566470389

Introduction - Product life cycle – Design Ethics
– Design Process – Stages in design thinking:
Immersion, Analysis and synthesis, Ideation,
Prototyping.
Syllabus

 Design Thinking is a human centered approach to innovation that
draws from the designer’s toolkit to integrate the needs of the
people, the possibilities of technology, and the requirements for
business success.
Design Thinking - Definition

Traditional Thinking vs Design Thinking

A product life cycle is the length of time from a product first
being introduced to consumers until it is removed from the market.
A product’s life cycle is usually broken down into four stages;
introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.
Product life cycles are used by management and marketing
professionals to help determine advertising schedules, price points,
expansion to new product markets, packaging redesigns, and more.
These strategic methods of supporting a product are known as product
life cycle management. They can also help determine when newer
products are ready to push older ones from the market.
Product Life Cycle

Product Life Cycle (��ǲԳٻ�…)

1. Market Introduction and Development
This product life cycle stage involves developing a market strategy,
usually through an investment in advertising and marketing to make
consumers aware of the product and its benefits.
At this stage, sales tend to be slow as demand is created. This stage can
take time to move through, depending on the complexity of the
product, how new and innovative it is, how it suits customer needs and
whether there is any competition in the marketplace. A new product
development that is suited to customer needs is more likely to succeed,
but there is plenty of evidence that products can fail at this point,
meaning that stage two is never reached.

2. Market Growth
If a product successfully navigates through the market introduction it is
ready to enter the growth stage of the life cycle. This should see
growing demand promote an increase in production and the product
becoming more widely available.
The steady growth of the market introduction and development stage
now turns into a sharp upturn as the product takes off. At this point
competitors may enter the market with their own versions of your
product – either direct copies or with some improvements. Branding
becomes important to maintain your position in the marketplace as the
consumer is given a choice to go elsewhere

3. Market Maturity
At this point a product is established in the marketplace and so the cost
of producing and marketing the existing product will decline. As the
product life cycle reaches this mature stage there are the beginnings of
market saturation. Many consumers will now have bought the product
and competitors will be established, meaning that branding, price and
product differentiation becomes even more important to maintain a
market share. Retailers will not seek to promote your product as they
may have done in stage one, but will instead become stockists and
order takers.

4. Market Decline
Eventually, as competition continues to rise, with other companies
seeking to emulate your success with additional product features or
lower prices, so the life cycle will go into decline. Decline can also be
caused by new innovations that supersede your existing product, such
as horse-drawn carriages going out of fashion as the automobile took
over.
Many companies will begin to move onto different ventures as market
saturation means there is no longer any profit to be gained. Of course,
some companies will survive the decline and may continue to offer the
product but production is likely to be on a smaller scale and prices and
profit margins may become depressed.

Examples

 Design ethics concerns moral behavior and responsible choices in
the practice of design
 It guides how designers work with clients, colleagues, and the end
users of products, how they conduct the design process, how they
determine the features of products, and how they assess the ethical
significance or moral worth of the products that result from the
activity of designing.
 Ethical considerations have always played a role in design thinking,
but the development of scientific knowledge and technology has
deepened awareness of the ethical dimensions of design.
 Design is the human power of conceiving, planning, and bringing to
reality all of the products that serve human beings in the
Design Ethics

 Design is the human power of conceiving, planning, and bringing to
reality all of the products that serve human beings in the
accomplishment of their individual and collective purposes.
Design Process

Stage 1: Empathize — Research Your Users' Needs
Here, you should gain an empathetic understanding of the problem
you’re trying to solve, typically through user research. Empathy is
crucial to a human-centered design process such as design thinking
because it allows you to set aside your own assumptions about the
world and gain real insight into users and their needs.
Stage 2: Define — State Your Users' Needs and Problems
It’s time to accumulate the information gathered during the Empathize
stage. You then analyze your observations and synthesize them to
define the core problems you and your team have identified. These
definitions are called problem statements. You can create personas to
help keep your efforts human-centered before proceeding to ideation.
Stages in Design Thinking

Stage 3: Ideate — Challenge Assumptions and Create Ideas
Now, you’re ready to generate ideas. The solid background of
knowledge from the first two phases means you can start to “think
outside the box”, look for alternative ways to view the problem and
identify innovative solutions to the problem statement you’ve created.
Brainstorming is particularly useful here...
Stage 4: Prototype — Start to Create Solutions
This is an experimental phase. The aim is to identify the best possible
solution for each problem found. Your team should produce some
inexpensive, scaled-down versions of the product (or specific features
found within the product) to investigate the ideas you’ve generated.
This could involve simply paper prototyping.

Stage 5: Test — Try Your Solutions Out
Evaluators rigorously test the prototypes. Although this is the final
phase, design thinking is iterative: Teams often use the results to
redefine one or more further problems. So, you can return to previous
stages to make further iterations, alterations and refinements – to find
or rule out alternative solutions.

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