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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the
ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-
computer interaction.
What is IOT?

ELEMENTS OF IoT INFRASTRUCTURE

Steps that Contribute in forming a strong IoT architecture
1.Drivers:Iot Networks have characteristics that are unique from the traditional
network architectures adopted by IT World.
2.Comparison among IoT Architectures: While designing a network design for IoT,
comparing the features and functionalities provided by the already existing
architectures is essential to build a stronger & better architecture.
3.Simplified Architectures: It all Begins with a Simplified version what’s yet to
come.
4.Core Functional Stack: This step comprises of an overview of the entire
networking stack including the application layer and sensors.
5.Computation and data Management of Stack: Data Management solutions
along with resources models like that of cloud computing, are included in this
phase.
IoT Network Architecture & Design

Architecture of Internet Of Things

First c denotes the communication aspect of IoT. In this smart device make daily
data effortlessly available to us from modest step counting to something as
intricate as our eating or sleeping
COMMUNICATION

As humans we see things from a totally different aspect and as engineers; we
tend to see products from an exact view-point. In the world of IoT, all of the
mechanism must collaborate flawlessly to make the machine function correctly.
Apart from this, taking the time to understand the needs of the other members
of the design community helps the joint technological progression.
Control and Automation

IoT can aid a company to save money by abating equipment failure and letting
the business to active planned upkeep. The measuring items, such as driving
behavior and speed can also reduce fuel expenses and wear and tear on
consumables. There are various equipment’s that are used in home and
companies through which users can save data and thus help in understanding
people the concepts of energy consumption and opportunities for cost savings.
Cost Savings

Wi-Fi connectivity is one of the most important choices for many developers,
mainly due to the pervasiveness of Wi-Fi in the home network environment.
A series of RF development kits designed for building Wi-Fi based applications
are available in the market
a)Standard: Based on 802.11n
b)Frequencies: 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands
c)Range: Approximately 300m
d)Data Rates: 600 Mbps maximum, but 150-200Mbps is more typical,
depending on channel frequency
WIFI

Bluetooth is one of the most important short-range communication
technologies. It still is very important in computing and many consumer
product markets. It is excepted to be the key for wearable products in
particular.
Some of the key features of Bluetooth with low energy include:
a)Standard : Bluetooth 4.2 core specification
b)Frequency: 2.4GHz (ISM)
c)Range: 50-150m (Smart/BLE)
d)Data Rates: 1Mbps (Smart/BLE)
BLUETOOTH

Any IoT applications that requires operation over longer distances can take
advantage of GSM/3G/4G cellular communication capabilities. A key product in
this area is a theSpargEE range of products, including the original tiny CELLv1.0
low-cost development board and a series of shield connecting boards for use
with the Rasberry Pi and Arduino platforms.
a)Standard: GSM/GPRS/EDGE (2G), UMTS/HSPA (3G), LTE(4G)
b)Frequencies: 900/1800/1900/2100MHz
c)Range: 35km max for GSM; 200km max for HSPA
d)Data Rates (typical download): 35-170kbps (GPRS), 120-384kbps (EDGE),
384kbps-2Mbps (UMTS), 600kbps-10Mbps (HSPA), 3-10Mbps (LTE)
CELLULAR

ZigBee, like Bluetooth, has a large installed base of operation, although perhaps
traditionally more in industrial settings. Zigbee PRO and ZigBee Remote
Control(RE4CE), among other available ZigBee profiles, are based on the
IEEE802.15.4 protocol.
ZigBee wireless standards into a single standard:
1.Standard: ZigBee 3.0 based on IEEE802.15.4
2.Frequency:2.4GHz
3.Range:10-100m
4.Data Rates:250kbps
Zigbee

Z-Wave is a low-power RF communications technology that is primarily
designed for home automation for products such as lamp controllers and
sensors among many others. Optimized for reliable and low-latency
communication of small data packets with data rates up to 100kbit/s, it
operates in the sub-1GHz band and is impervious to interference from WiFi and
other wireless technologies in the 2.4GHz range such as Bluetooth or Zigbee.
Sources of ZWave are:
a)Standard: Z-Wave Alliance ZAD12837/ITU-T G.9959
b)Frequency:900MHz (ISM)
c)Range:30m
d)Data Rates:9.6/40/100kbit/s
ZWave

A key IP-based technology is 6LowPAN. Rather than being an IoT application
protocols technology like Bluetooth or ZigBee, 6LowPAN is a network protocol
that defines encapsulation and header compression mechanisms.
Sources of 6LowPAN are:
a)Standard:RFC6282
b)Frequency: adapted and used over a variety of other networking media
including Bluetooth Smart(2.4GHz) or ZigBee or low-power RF(sub-1GHz)
c)Range: N/A
d)Data Rates: N/A
6LoWPAN

Common Vulnerabilities in IoT Devices

List of Common Vulnerabilities in IoT Devices
1.User Enumeration 13.Firmware Version Display
2.Weak Passwords 14.Firmware and Storage Extraction
3.Account Lockout 15.Manipulating the code execution flow
4.Uencrypted Services 16.Obtaining console access
5.Two-Factor Authentication
6.Poorly Implemented Encryption
7.Update sent without encryption
8.Update location writable
9.Denail of service
10.Removal of storage media
11.No manual update mechanism
12.Missing Update Mechanism
Common Vulnerabilities in IoT Devices

1.Cryptographic Solution
2.Security Features IoT Protocols
>SSL/TLS
>On Application layer of IoT
3.Security Management
>IAM(Identity and Access Management)
>Key Management
SECURING IOT

1.Home Automation
2.Agriculture
3.Retail
4.HealthCare
5.Smart Grids
6.Smart Cities
USES OF IOT

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