IPFM Ch03.pptx
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This chapter discusses foreign exchange concepts, exchange rates, and exchange rate management. It covers the participants in foreign exchange markets, different exchange rate systems, and factors that influence exchange rates. The chapter also examines how governments can intervene in markets and influence exchange rates, as well as the objectives of exchange controls. Finally, it explores measuring and managing different types of foreign exchange exposure, including transaction, economic, and translation exposures, using tools like currency futures, forwards, and options.
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IPFM Ch03.pptx
- 1. 0/20 Chapter 3 Foreign Exchange Control and Management
- 2. 1/20 Foreign exchange concepts Types and factors of exchange rates Government influence on exchange rate Aims and Methods of Exchange control Managing Foreign exchange risk Translation, Transaction, and Economic Exposures Currency futures and options Chapter contents International Public financial management
- 3. 2/20 Forex is the value of one unit of currency in terms of another currency markets where currencies of different countries are traded spot rate and forward rate 3.1 Foreign exchange concepts International Public financial management
- 4. 3/20 Participants Retail customers-includes businesses, international investors, multinational corporations and the like who need foreign exchange for the purposes of operating their businesses. Commercial banks - the commercial banks carry out buy/sell orders from their retail clients and buy/sell currencies on their own account so as to alter the structure of their assets and liabilities in different currencies. 3.1 Foreign exchange concepts International Public financial management
- 5. 4/20 Participants Foreign exchange brokers - often banks do not trade directly with one another, rather they offer to buy and sell currencies via foreign exchange brokers. Central banks buy/sell foreign currencies to influence its value 3.1 Foreign exchange concepts International Public financial management
- 6. 5/20 Foreign exchange regimes Fixed exchange rate system- is where a value of a currency in terms of other currencies is fixed. Floating exchange rate system is where value of a currency is determined by the force of demand and supply. 3.1 Foreign exchange concepts International Public financial management
- 7. 6/20 Foreign exchange regimes Pegged exchange rate system- value of a given currency is attached to another currency Managed floating exchange rate system-currency is floated but interventions are made when there are significant fluctuations. 3.1 Foreign exchange concepts International Public financial management
- 8. 7/20 the determinants include: relative inflation rates relative interest rates relative income levels government controls expectations 3.2 Determinants of forex rate International Public financial management
- 9. 8/20 1) Direct intervention by exchanging foreign currency with local currency can be sterilized or non-sterilized intervention 3.3 Government influence on exchange rate International Public financial management
- 10. 9/20 Sterilized intervention the government buys or sells local currency(in the forex market) to manipulate the exchange rate and at the same time undertakes an offseting transaction in the money market to keep money supply unaffected 3.3 Government influence on exchange rate International Public financial management
- 11. 10/20 Non-sterilized intervention the the government buys or sells local currency to manipulate its value no offseting transaction is undertaken in the money market to keep money supply unaffected 3.3 Government influence on exchange rate International Public financial management
- 12. 11/20 2) indirect intervention adjustment of interest rate- increase interest rate to discourage outflow of funds using foreign exchange controls- restriction on the exchange of the currency 3.3 Government influence on exchange rate International Public financial management
- 13. 12/20 Effects of stronger local currency Lower inflation Higher unemployment 3.3 Government influence on exchange rate International Public financial management
- 14. 13/20 Effects of weaker local currency Higher inflation Low unemployment 3.3 Government influence on exchange rate International Public financial management
- 15. 14/20 Price stability Lower unemployment 3.4Aims of exchange rate control International Public financial management
- 16. 15/20 Types of exposure 1. Transaction exposure 2. Economic exposure 3. Translation exposure 3.5 Measuring exposure to exchange rate International Public financial management
- 17. 16/20 Transaction exposure- is the sensitivity of the firms contractual transactions in foreign currencies to exchange rate movements Economic exposure-sensitivity of the firms cash flows to exchange rate movements. Eg. Impact of a stronger ETB on export earnings. 3.5 Measuring exposure to exchange rate International Public financial management
- 18. 17/20 Translation exposure-exposure of the MNCs consolidated financial statements to exchange rate fluctuations. 3.5 Measuring exposure to exchange rate International Public financial management
- 19. 18/20 Transaction exposure Futures hedge-for small transactions Forward hedge-for large transactions Money market hedge Currency option hedge Economic exposure through restructuring - shifting sources of costs and revenues to other locations to match cash inflows and outflows in foreign currencies 3.6 Managing foreign exchange exposure International Public financial management
- 20. 19/20 Currency forward contract agreement between buyer and seller to trade currencies at a specific rate on a specific date Currency future contract similar to forward contract, except that it is traded in an organized exchange indeminity is available in case of default 3.6 Managing foreign exchange exposure International Public financial management
- 21. 20/20 Options are contracts that allow, but do not require, one or both parties to obtain certain benefits under certain conditions. Currency options provide the right to purchase or sell currencies at specified prices. 3.6 Managing foreign exchange exposure International Public financial management
- 22. 21/20 End of chapter 3