Vitamins & vitamin containing drugs manikImran Nur Manik
油
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential nutrients for the human body. There are 13 essential vitamins that must be obtained through diet as the body cannot synthesize them. Vitamins play important roles in growth, development, and metabolic processes. Deficiencies can lead to specific diseases. Vitamins can be fat-soluble like A, D, E and K which are stored in the body, or water-soluble like the B vitamins and C which are not stored. Dietary sources and functions of several key vitamins are discussed.
Standardization of Acids and bases.
2. Determination of pKa and pKb values
3. Preparation of solutions of different pH & buffer capacities.
4. Determination of phase diagram of binary systems.
Determination of distribution coefficients.
6. Determination of molecular weight by Victor Meyers Method.
7. Determination of heats of solutions by measuring solubility as a function of temperature
(Vant Hoff equation.)
A. Qualitative analysis of metal ions and acid radicals:
Na+, K+, Ca+2, Ag+, Mn+4, Fe+2, Fe+3, Co+2, Mg+2, Al+3, Cu+2 and acid radicals CO3,
halides, Citrate
SO4-2, NO3-, SO3-2, etc.
B. Identification of inorganic drugs in their formulation:
1. Ca+2, from supplied preparations
2. Fe+2 from supplied preparations
3. Al+3 from supplied preparations
4. Mg+2 from supplied preparations
5. K+ from supplied reparations
6. Na+ from supplied preparations
C. Conversion of different water insoluble or sparingly soluble drugs into water soluble
forms:
1. Na/ K salicylate from salicylic acid
2. Na/ K benzoate from benzoic acid
3. Na/ K citrate from citric acid
Plants in complimentary and traditional systems of medicine MANIKanikImran Nur Manik
油
Plants in complimentary and traditional systems of medicine: Introduction-different types of
alternative systems of treatments (e.g. Ayurvedic, Unani and Homeopathic medicine). Contribution
of traditional drugs to modern medicines. Details of some common indigenous traditional drugs:
Punarnava, Vashaka, Anantamul, Arjuna, Chirata, Picrorhiga, Kalomegh, Amla, Asoka, Bahera,
Haritaki, Tulsi, Neem, Betel nut, Joan, Karela, Shajna, Carrot, Bael, Garlic, Jam and Madar.
This document provides information about various lipids (fats and oils) obtained from plants and animals. It discusses the basic chemistry of lipids, describing them as esters of fatty acids and alcohols. Specific lipids are then outlined, including their source, composition, properties, and some uses. Key lipids discussed include olive oil, coconut oil, castor oil, linseed oil, peanut oil, chaulmoogra oil, and beeswax.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal plants and natural products. The term was introduced in 1815 and comes from Greek roots meaning "drug" and "knowledge." It involves the study of plants as potential drug sources from pre-historic use through various civilizations like Chinese, Babylonian, Egyptian, Indian, and Greek. Modern pharmacognosy has broad applications in medicine, agriculture, cosmetics, and other industries and offers career opportunities in academia, private industry, and government.
Crude drugs: A general view of their origin, distributions, cultivation, collection, drying and
storage, commerce and quality control.
a) Classification of drugs.
b) Preparation of drugs for commercial market
c) Evaluation of crude drugs.
d) Drug adulteration.
Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They play a vital role in life and include monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Common monosaccharides are glucose and fructose. Sucrose is a prevalent disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. Starch and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides. Carbohydrates serve important functions and some like glucose are used as nutrients. Tests can identify the presence of carbohydrates and their type.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing plant compounds. It defines alkaloids and explains that they are difficult to define precisely due to overlapping properties with other amines. It then covers the distribution of various alkaloids in different plant parts, their chemical properties, pharmacological actions, classification based on ring structure, extraction methods, and chemical tests to identify alkaloids.
Students should calculate the time allotted per mark on their exam to help manage their time efficiently. For example, a 40 mark exam in 2.25 hours means each mark is worth 3 minutes and 22 seconds. Students should also practice solving previous years' exam questions and ensure they have the proper stationaries like pens, pencils, erasers and papers like admit cards for their exam. Proper preparation of time management and materials can help students complete their written exams successfully.
Volatile oils and related terpenoids-Methods of obtaining volatile oils,
chemistry, their medicinal and commercial uses, biosynthesis of some important
volatile oils used as drugs.
This document provides information about various resins and their combinations. It defines resins as amorphous products with complex chemical nature. Resins are classified into 5 groups based on their combinations: balsams, oleoresins, gum resins, oleo-gum resins, and glycoresins. The key chemical constituents of resins are discussed. Examples of commonly used resins like capsicum, ginger, cannabis are described along with their chemical constituents and uses.
lycosides and glycoside containing drugs.
Biosynthesis of glycosides: The details of the followings:
i) Cyanogenic: Wild Cherry
ii)Isothiocyanate-Mustard (Black mustard and white mustard).
iii) Cardiac: Digitalis, strophanthus, squill.
B.Pharm Syllabus
Northern University Bangladesh
De ve loped b y: Ma hab ur R a hma n She i kh & M ahm ud ur R ahman
Assistant Professors, Department of Pharmacy, Northern University Bangladesh
30
iv) Saponins: Sarsaparilla, glycyrrhiza, dioscorea.
v)
Anthraquinone glycosides: Cascara sagrada, aloe, senna, rhubarb.
vi) Other glycosides and neutral principles: Gentian, quassia, saffron.
1. Alkaloids are nitrogenous organic compounds that are derived from plants and have pharmacological effects in humans. They have diverse chemical structures and properties.
2. Alkaloids can be detected using various chemical tests like Mayer's reagent, Hager's reagent, and Dragendorff's reagent which cause precipitation or color changes.
3. Alkaloids have many pharmacological uses including as sedatives, anticholinergics, narcotics, local anesthetics, and to treat conditions like asthma, ulcers, and malaria. Some key alkaloid-containing plants discussed are belladonna, coca, and cinchona.
Source of contamination. Classification of clean rooms. Air flow systems: conventional flow,
unidirectional flow, laminar air flow units. Air filtration mechanisms. Fibrous filters and HEPA
filters. Temperature and humidity control. Building design, construction and use, humidity
control. Personnel, protective clothing, cleaning and disinfection, commissioning tests of clean
and aseptic rooms. Routine monitoring tests. The operation of clean and aseptic rooms. Key
factors in clean room operations.
Purpose of packaging, properties of packaging materials, factors influencing choice of package,
advantages and disadvantages of different packaging materials, glass and glass containers,
metal and metal containers, plastic and plastic containers, films, foils and laminates, rubber
based materials, closures, tamper resistant packaging, testing and quality assurance of
packaging materials, different packaging machines and accessories, organization of packaging
line, labeling.
Compaction and compression of powder
Physics of tablet compression, mechanism of tablet, bonding of tablets, the effect of compress
ional force on tablet properties, effect of lubricants on tablet compression and binding,
instrumented tablet machines and tooling, problems associated with large scale manufacturing
of tablets.
Definition and classification of parenteral products, formulation considerations, vehicles and
additives, containers, manufacturing techniques, raw materials and machines, quality control of
parenteral products.
Anatomy of eye and adrena, absorption of drug in the eye, classification of ophthalmic
products, safety consideration of ophthalmic products, formulation, vehicles and additives,
manufacturing consideration, environment, manufacturing techniques, quality control of
ophthalmic products, packaging of ophthalmic products.
Blind spots in AI and Formulation Science, IFPAC 2025.pdfAjaz Hussain
油
The intersection of AI and pharmaceutical formulation science highlights significant blind spotssystemic gaps in pharmaceutical development, regulatory oversight, quality assurance, and the ethical use of AIthat could jeopardize patient safety and undermine public trust. To move forward effectively, we must address these normalized blind spots, which may arise from outdated assumptions, errors, gaps in previous knowledge, and biases in language or regulatory inertia. This is essential to ensure that AI and formulation science are developed as tools for patient-centered and ethical healthcare.
Prelims of Rass MELAI : a Music, Entertainment, Literature, Arts and Internet Culture Quiz organized by Conquiztadors, the Quiz society of Sri Venkateswara College under their annual quizzing fest El Dorado 2025.
This document provides information about various lipids (fats and oils) obtained from plants and animals. It discusses the basic chemistry of lipids, describing them as esters of fatty acids and alcohols. Specific lipids are then outlined, including their source, composition, properties, and some uses. Key lipids discussed include olive oil, coconut oil, castor oil, linseed oil, peanut oil, chaulmoogra oil, and beeswax.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal plants and natural products. The term was introduced in 1815 and comes from Greek roots meaning "drug" and "knowledge." It involves the study of plants as potential drug sources from pre-historic use through various civilizations like Chinese, Babylonian, Egyptian, Indian, and Greek. Modern pharmacognosy has broad applications in medicine, agriculture, cosmetics, and other industries and offers career opportunities in academia, private industry, and government.
Crude drugs: A general view of their origin, distributions, cultivation, collection, drying and
storage, commerce and quality control.
a) Classification of drugs.
b) Preparation of drugs for commercial market
c) Evaluation of crude drugs.
d) Drug adulteration.
Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They play a vital role in life and include monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Common monosaccharides are glucose and fructose. Sucrose is a prevalent disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. Starch and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides. Carbohydrates serve important functions and some like glucose are used as nutrients. Tests can identify the presence of carbohydrates and their type.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing plant compounds. It defines alkaloids and explains that they are difficult to define precisely due to overlapping properties with other amines. It then covers the distribution of various alkaloids in different plant parts, their chemical properties, pharmacological actions, classification based on ring structure, extraction methods, and chemical tests to identify alkaloids.
Students should calculate the time allotted per mark on their exam to help manage their time efficiently. For example, a 40 mark exam in 2.25 hours means each mark is worth 3 minutes and 22 seconds. Students should also practice solving previous years' exam questions and ensure they have the proper stationaries like pens, pencils, erasers and papers like admit cards for their exam. Proper preparation of time management and materials can help students complete their written exams successfully.
Volatile oils and related terpenoids-Methods of obtaining volatile oils,
chemistry, their medicinal and commercial uses, biosynthesis of some important
volatile oils used as drugs.
This document provides information about various resins and their combinations. It defines resins as amorphous products with complex chemical nature. Resins are classified into 5 groups based on their combinations: balsams, oleoresins, gum resins, oleo-gum resins, and glycoresins. The key chemical constituents of resins are discussed. Examples of commonly used resins like capsicum, ginger, cannabis are described along with their chemical constituents and uses.
lycosides and glycoside containing drugs.
Biosynthesis of glycosides: The details of the followings:
i) Cyanogenic: Wild Cherry
ii)Isothiocyanate-Mustard (Black mustard and white mustard).
iii) Cardiac: Digitalis, strophanthus, squill.
B.Pharm Syllabus
Northern University Bangladesh
De ve loped b y: Ma hab ur R a hma n She i kh & M ahm ud ur R ahman
Assistant Professors, Department of Pharmacy, Northern University Bangladesh
30
iv) Saponins: Sarsaparilla, glycyrrhiza, dioscorea.
v)
Anthraquinone glycosides: Cascara sagrada, aloe, senna, rhubarb.
vi) Other glycosides and neutral principles: Gentian, quassia, saffron.
1. Alkaloids are nitrogenous organic compounds that are derived from plants and have pharmacological effects in humans. They have diverse chemical structures and properties.
2. Alkaloids can be detected using various chemical tests like Mayer's reagent, Hager's reagent, and Dragendorff's reagent which cause precipitation or color changes.
3. Alkaloids have many pharmacological uses including as sedatives, anticholinergics, narcotics, local anesthetics, and to treat conditions like asthma, ulcers, and malaria. Some key alkaloid-containing plants discussed are belladonna, coca, and cinchona.
Source of contamination. Classification of clean rooms. Air flow systems: conventional flow,
unidirectional flow, laminar air flow units. Air filtration mechanisms. Fibrous filters and HEPA
filters. Temperature and humidity control. Building design, construction and use, humidity
control. Personnel, protective clothing, cleaning and disinfection, commissioning tests of clean
and aseptic rooms. Routine monitoring tests. The operation of clean and aseptic rooms. Key
factors in clean room operations.
Purpose of packaging, properties of packaging materials, factors influencing choice of package,
advantages and disadvantages of different packaging materials, glass and glass containers,
metal and metal containers, plastic and plastic containers, films, foils and laminates, rubber
based materials, closures, tamper resistant packaging, testing and quality assurance of
packaging materials, different packaging machines and accessories, organization of packaging
line, labeling.
Compaction and compression of powder
Physics of tablet compression, mechanism of tablet, bonding of tablets, the effect of compress
ional force on tablet properties, effect of lubricants on tablet compression and binding,
instrumented tablet machines and tooling, problems associated with large scale manufacturing
of tablets.
Definition and classification of parenteral products, formulation considerations, vehicles and
additives, containers, manufacturing techniques, raw materials and machines, quality control of
parenteral products.
Anatomy of eye and adrena, absorption of drug in the eye, classification of ophthalmic
products, safety consideration of ophthalmic products, formulation, vehicles and additives,
manufacturing consideration, environment, manufacturing techniques, quality control of
ophthalmic products, packaging of ophthalmic products.
Blind spots in AI and Formulation Science, IFPAC 2025.pdfAjaz Hussain
油
The intersection of AI and pharmaceutical formulation science highlights significant blind spotssystemic gaps in pharmaceutical development, regulatory oversight, quality assurance, and the ethical use of AIthat could jeopardize patient safety and undermine public trust. To move forward effectively, we must address these normalized blind spots, which may arise from outdated assumptions, errors, gaps in previous knowledge, and biases in language or regulatory inertia. This is essential to ensure that AI and formulation science are developed as tools for patient-centered and ethical healthcare.
Prelims of Rass MELAI : a Music, Entertainment, Literature, Arts and Internet Culture Quiz organized by Conquiztadors, the Quiz society of Sri Venkateswara College under their annual quizzing fest El Dorado 2025.
Prelims of Kaun TALHA : a Travel, Architecture, Lifestyle, Heritage and Activism quiz, organized by Conquiztadors, the Quiz society of Sri Venkateswara College under their annual quizzing fest El Dorado 2025.
The Constitution, Government and Law making bodies .saanidhyapatel09
油
This PowerPoint presentation provides an insightful overview of the Constitution, covering its key principles, features, and significance. It explains the fundamental rights, duties, structure of government, and the importance of constitutional law in governance. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in understanding the foundation of a nations legal framework.
Digital Tools with AI for e-Content Development.pptxDr. Sarita Anand
油
This ppt is useful for not only for B.Ed., M.Ed., M.A. (Education) or any other PG level students or Ph.D. scholars but also for the school, college and university teachers who are interested to prepare an e-content with AI for their students and others.
Database population in Odoo 18 - Odoo slidesCeline George
油
In this slide, well discuss the database population in Odoo 18. In Odoo, performance analysis of the source code is more important. Database population is one of the methods used to analyze the performance of our code.
How to attach file using upload button Odoo 18Celine George
油
In this slide, well discuss on how to attach file using upload button Odoo 18. Odoo features a dedicated model, 'ir.attachments,' designed for storing attachments submitted by end users. We can see the process of utilizing the 'ir.attachments' model to enable file uploads through web forms in this slide.
Blind Spots in AI and Formulation Science Knowledge Pyramid (Updated Perspect...Ajaz Hussain
油
This presentation delves into the systemic blind spots within pharmaceutical science and regulatory systems, emphasizing the significance of "inactive ingredients" and their influence on therapeutic equivalence. These blind spots, indicative of normalized systemic failures, go beyond mere chance occurrences and are ingrained deeply enough to compromise decision-making processes and erode trust.
Historical instances like the 1938 FD&C Act and the Generic Drug Scandals underscore how crisis-triggered reforms often fail to address the fundamental issues, perpetuating inefficiencies and hazards.
The narrative advocates a shift from reactive crisis management to proactive, adaptable systems prioritizing continuous enhancement. Key hurdles involve challenging outdated assumptions regarding bioavailability, inadequately funded research ventures, and the impact of vague language in regulatory frameworks.
The rise of large language models (LLMs) presents promising solutions, albeit with accompanying risks necessitating thorough validation and seamless integration.
Tackling these blind spots demands a holistic approach, embracing adaptive learning and a steadfast commitment to self-improvement. By nurturing curiosity, refining regulatory terminology, and judiciously harnessing new technologies, the pharmaceutical sector can progress towards better public health service delivery and ensure the safety, efficacy, and real-world impact of drug products.
APM event hosted by the South Wales and West of England Network (SWWE Network)
Speaker: Aalok Sonawala
The SWWE Regional Network were very pleased to welcome Aalok Sonawala, Head of PMO, National Programmes, Rider Levett Bucknall on 26 February, to BAWA for our first face to face event of 2025. Aalok is a member of APMs Thames Valley Regional Network and also speaks to members of APMs PMO Interest Network, which aims to facilitate collaboration and learning, offer unbiased advice and guidance.
Tonight, Aalok planned to discuss the importance of a PMO within project-based organisations, the different types of PMO and their key elements, PMO governance and centres of excellence.
PMOs within an organisation can be centralised, hub and spoke with a central PMO with satellite PMOs globally, or embedded within projects. The appropriate structure will be determined by the specific business needs of the organisation. The PMO sits above PM delivery and the supply chain delivery teams.
For further information about the event please click here.