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ResearchTalks Vol.7 - Exploitation de gaz de schiste, de quoi s’agit-il ?

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ResearchTalks [conference]
ResearchTalks [conference]

This document discusses shale gas extraction. It explains that in unconventional fields like shale gas, the source rock also acts as the reservoir and stimulation is required. It describes how shale gas is extracted through drilling, hydraulic fracturing of shale formations, and production from horizontal wells. It notes that producing shale gas requires knowledge of the geological, chemical, and physical characteristics of the formation to assess environmental and societal risks and properly design production operations.

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Faculté Polytechnique Jean-Pierre Tshibangu & Fanny Descamps Service de Génie Minier, Faculté Polytechnique, UMONS Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il? ResearchTalks Vol. 7 : Flambée du prix du pétrole Louvain-la-Neuve, 20 mai 2014
Université de Mons What are gas shales? In conventional fields, hydrocarbons migrate from the source rock to a porous and permeable rock, called reservoir, in which they are trapped and from which they are produced by means of wellbores. In unconventional fields (tight oil, tight gas, shale oil, shale gas, coalbed methane, heavy oil, bituminous shales) and particularly in gas shales, the source rock also acts as the reservoir and stimulation of this reservoir is required. J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il? 2
Université de Mons Unconventional hydrocarbons 3J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il? Source : IFP-EN
Université de Mons 4 Production mechanisms and parameters: porous media = + Porous medium Skeleton Fluid J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il? 2 key parameters :  Porosity  Permeability
Université de Mons Permeabilities of unconventional reservoirs 5J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
Université de Mons Examples of in situ conditions for shale gas plays 6J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il? Example Antrim Ohio New Albany Barnett Lewis Thickness (Hamblin) Up to 300m Up to 100m 150 m Up to 500m Thickness (Bustin) 50 m 100-600 m 55 m 60-90 m 300-450 m Net thickness (Bustin) 20-35 m 9-30 m 5-35 m 15-30 m 60-90 m Depth (Hamblin) Shallow to medium 100-700 m Moderate to deep 500-1500 m Moderate to deep 2000-2600 m Moderate to deep 1000-1500m Depth (Bustin) 180-600 m 600-1500 m 150-600 m 2000-2600 m 900-1800 m Bottom hole t° 24°C 38°C 27-41°C 93°C 54-77°C TOC 0.5-20 % (B) Up to 37% (H) 0.5-23% (B) Up to 37% (H) 1-20% (B) 1-4.5% (B) Up to 13% (H) 0.5-2.5% (B) Total porosity 2-10% 2-5% 5-15% 1-6% 0.5-5 Sw 0.1-0.8 0.1-0.8 0.1-0.8 0.1-0.8 0.1-0.8 Gas content (scf/ton) 40-100 60-100 40-80 300-350 15-45 Adsorbed gas (% total) 70 50 40-60 20 (B) ; 45 (H) 13-40 Well costs (k $) 180-250 200-300 125-150 450-600 250-300 Completion costs (k $) 25-50 25-50 25 100-150 100-300 Gas prod. (Mcf/day per well) 40-500 30-500 Oct-50 100-1000 100-200 Well spacing (acres) 40-160 40-160 80 80-160 80-320 Recovery factor 20-60 10-20 10-20 8-15 5-15
Université de Mons 7 Drilling rigs and production operations On shore Off shore J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
Université de Mons 8 Components of the rig :  Derrick  Drilling bit  Instrumentation  Drill string (pipes, drill collars, …)  Rotary drive  Kelly  Drilling mud  … Deep drilling technology to access reservoirs J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
Université de Mons 9 Injecting to improve the recovery EOR & EGR (enhanced oil & gas recovery) J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
Université de Mons 10 Horizontal and extended reach wells From one position many targets can be reached using specific techniques (steering motor with MWD equipments). Vertical depths of 5000m are usual and also horizontal extent of up to 10.000m (extended reach wells). J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
Université de Mons Hydraulic fracturing 11 Source:IFP-EN J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
Université de Mons 12 Performing the hydraulic fracturing also allows measuring the in-situ stresses because the orientation of the fracture depends on the state of stress Hydro fracturing technique 1 or 2 packers systems J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
Université de Mons HF modelling 13J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il? 𝑊 0, 𝑡 = 𝑔 1 − 𝜈 𝜂𝑄𝐿2 𝜇𝐻 1 4 𝐿 = 𝑄 16𝐻𝐶2 𝑊 0, 𝑡 𝑝 2𝛼 𝐿 𝜋 − 1 + 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝛼 𝐿 2 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 𝛼 𝐿 𝑊 0, 𝑡 = 4 1 − 𝜈2 𝜂𝑄𝐿 𝑡 𝜋𝐸 1 4 𝛼 𝐿 = 8𝐶 𝑡 𝜋𝑊 0, 𝑡 𝑝
Université de Mons 14 Drilling and fracturing fluids characteristics Drilling phase:  Flow rate: ensure the evacuation of cutting without re-crushing  Density control: supply a support pressure to the walls  Thixotropy: forms a gel to avoid settlement during stop of pumping  Cake formation (thin layer deposited on the wall): avoid income of formation fluids and also loss of the fluids. Hydrofracturing phase (HF):  Transport of support elements (proppants): sand, alumina balls…  Low filtration and high viscosity during HF  Low viscosity and compatibility with formation fluids to allow clean out after HF J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
Université de Mons 15 Drilling and fracturing fluids: type, composition and use Water based: bentonite, water, baryte (densifier), salts (KCl) to avoid shale swelling, … - non environmental concerns but can induce clay mineral swelling. Oil based : oil, densifiers,… - good for swelling formations but pollute the environment. No more used for environmental reasons. Polymers: suitable for all geological formations but are expensive in general. Additives: gels (guar gum, …), acids to clean out, etc. J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
Université de Mons 11Eiffeltowers Reservoir several thousand meters below the fresh aquifer  Fracture can be mapped In real time monitoring microseismic activity  Among thousand of fractures performed in US; no one contaminated fresh aquifer Environmental concerns : fresh water contamination, microseismicity Depth(m) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 1 1001 2001 3001 4001 5001 6001 Depth,m Fracturestages Typicalaquiferdepths Fracture tops Fracture bottoms Average perforation depth After Warpinski et al 1000m Source:Total(Charlez) J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il? 16
Université de Mons Producing shale gas demands a good knowledge of geological, chemical and physical characteristics of the formation. Performing such measurements can allow a good dimensioning of production operations and assess the environmental and societal risks. Producing from a geological body is a risky operation because of unknowns. But, as commonly admitted in engineering projects, one cannot develop an industrial concept or project without looking to environmental and societal concerns. Conclusions 17J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
Université de Mons Thank you for attention 18J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?

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ResearchTalks Vol.7 - Exploitation de gaz de schiste, de quoi s’agit-il ?

  • 1. Faculté Polytechnique Jean-Pierre Tshibangu & Fanny Descamps Service de Génie Minier, Faculté Polytechnique, UMONS Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il? ResearchTalks Vol. 7 : Flambée du prix du pétrole Louvain-la-Neuve, 20 mai 2014
  • 2. Université de Mons What are gas shales? In conventional fields, hydrocarbons migrate from the source rock to a porous and permeable rock, called reservoir, in which they are trapped and from which they are produced by means of wellbores. In unconventional fields (tight oil, tight gas, shale oil, shale gas, coalbed methane, heavy oil, bituminous shales) and particularly in gas shales, the source rock also acts as the reservoir and stimulation of this reservoir is required. J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il? 2
  • 3. Université de Mons Unconventional hydrocarbons 3J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il? Source : IFP-EN
  • 4. Université de Mons 4 Production mechanisms and parameters: porous media = + Porous medium Skeleton Fluid J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il? 2 key parameters :  Porosity  Permeability
  • 5. Université de Mons Permeabilities of unconventional reservoirs 5J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
  • 6. Université de Mons Examples of in situ conditions for shale gas plays 6J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il? Example Antrim Ohio New Albany Barnett Lewis Thickness (Hamblin) Up to 300m Up to 100m 150 m Up to 500m Thickness (Bustin) 50 m 100-600 m 55 m 60-90 m 300-450 m Net thickness (Bustin) 20-35 m 9-30 m 5-35 m 15-30 m 60-90 m Depth (Hamblin) Shallow to medium 100-700 m Moderate to deep 500-1500 m Moderate to deep 2000-2600 m Moderate to deep 1000-1500m Depth (Bustin) 180-600 m 600-1500 m 150-600 m 2000-2600 m 900-1800 m Bottom hole t° 24°C 38°C 27-41°C 93°C 54-77°C TOC 0.5-20 % (B) Up to 37% (H) 0.5-23% (B) Up to 37% (H) 1-20% (B) 1-4.5% (B) Up to 13% (H) 0.5-2.5% (B) Total porosity 2-10% 2-5% 5-15% 1-6% 0.5-5 Sw 0.1-0.8 0.1-0.8 0.1-0.8 0.1-0.8 0.1-0.8 Gas content (scf/ton) 40-100 60-100 40-80 300-350 15-45 Adsorbed gas (% total) 70 50 40-60 20 (B) ; 45 (H) 13-40 Well costs (k $) 180-250 200-300 125-150 450-600 250-300 Completion costs (k $) 25-50 25-50 25 100-150 100-300 Gas prod. (Mcf/day per well) 40-500 30-500 Oct-50 100-1000 100-200 Well spacing (acres) 40-160 40-160 80 80-160 80-320 Recovery factor 20-60 10-20 10-20 8-15 5-15
  • 7. Université de Mons 7 Drilling rigs and production operations On shore Off shore J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
  • 8. Université de Mons 8 Components of the rig :  Derrick  Drilling bit  Instrumentation  Drill string (pipes, drill collars, …)  Rotary drive  Kelly  Drilling mud  … Deep drilling technology to access reservoirs J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
  • 9. Université de Mons 9 Injecting to improve the recovery EOR & EGR (enhanced oil & gas recovery) J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
  • 10. Université de Mons 10 Horizontal and extended reach wells From one position many targets can be reached using specific techniques (steering motor with MWD equipments). Vertical depths of 5000m are usual and also horizontal extent of up to 10.000m (extended reach wells). J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
  • 11. Université de Mons Hydraulic fracturing 11 Source:IFP-EN J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
  • 12. Université de Mons 12 Performing the hydraulic fracturing also allows measuring the in-situ stresses because the orientation of the fracture depends on the state of stress Hydro fracturing technique 1 or 2 packers systems J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
  • 13. Université de Mons HF modelling 13J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il? 𝑊 0, 𝑡 = 𝑔 1 − 𝜈 𝜂𝑄𝐿2 𝜇𝐻 1 4 𝐿 = 𝑄 16𝐻𝐶2 𝑊 0, 𝑡 𝑝 2𝛼 𝐿 𝜋 − 1 + 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝛼 𝐿 2 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 𝛼 𝐿 𝑊 0, 𝑡 = 4 1 − 𝜈2 𝜂𝑄𝐿 𝑡 𝜋𝐸 1 4 𝛼 𝐿 = 8𝐶 𝑡 𝜋𝑊 0, 𝑡 𝑝
  • 14. Université de Mons 14 Drilling and fracturing fluids characteristics Drilling phase:  Flow rate: ensure the evacuation of cutting without re-crushing  Density control: supply a support pressure to the walls  Thixotropy: forms a gel to avoid settlement during stop of pumping  Cake formation (thin layer deposited on the wall): avoid income of formation fluids and also loss of the fluids. Hydrofracturing phase (HF):  Transport of support elements (proppants): sand, alumina balls…  Low filtration and high viscosity during HF  Low viscosity and compatibility with formation fluids to allow clean out after HF J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
  • 15. Université de Mons 15 Drilling and fracturing fluids: type, composition and use Water based: bentonite, water, baryte (densifier), salts (KCl) to avoid shale swelling, … - non environmental concerns but can induce clay mineral swelling. Oil based : oil, densifiers,… - good for swelling formations but pollute the environment. No more used for environmental reasons. Polymers: suitable for all geological formations but are expensive in general. Additives: gels (guar gum, …), acids to clean out, etc. J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
  • 16. Université de Mons 11Eiffeltowers Reservoir several thousand meters below the fresh aquifer  Fracture can be mapped In real time monitoring microseismic activity  Among thousand of fractures performed in US; no one contaminated fresh aquifer Environmental concerns : fresh water contamination, microseismicity Depth(m) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 1 1001 2001 3001 4001 5001 6001 Depth,m Fracturestages Typicalaquiferdepths Fracture tops Fracture bottoms Average perforation depth After Warpinski et al 1000m Source:Total(Charlez) J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il? 16
  • 17. Université de Mons Producing shale gas demands a good knowledge of geological, chemical and physical characteristics of the formation. Performing such measurements can allow a good dimensioning of production operations and assess the environmental and societal risks. Producing from a geological body is a risky operation because of unknowns. But, as commonly admitted in engineering projects, one cannot develop an industrial concept or project without looking to environmental and societal concerns. Conclusions 17J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?
  • 18. Université de Mons Thank you for attention 18J-P Tshibangu & F. Descamps | Exploitation des gaz de schiste: de quoi s’agit-il?