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Editor's Notes

• #5: liberty, property, safety and resistance against oppression. ll the citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents, Universal was not meant to include �C women, slaves, children?
• #8: Besides Kaitai Shinsho, he also authored Rangaku Kotohajime (Beginning of Dutch Studies). At a rate of one page a week/month, the work was published in 1774. As an example of how difficult this work was, the collaborators had to study and discuss for several days before they realised that "neus" (nose) in Dutch, being a bulb on the front, meant hana (��) in Japanese.
• #12: Also took along abx 60 studenst who were left in various countries to learn various subjects. One of who was Nakae Chomin
• #13: In this desired social contract, everyone will be free because they all forfeit the same amount of rights and impose the same duties on all. Rousseau argues that it is illogical for a man to surrender his freedom for slavery; thus, the participants must have a right to choose the laws under which they live. Although the contract imposes new laws, including those safeguarding and regulating property, a person can exit it at any time (except in a time of need, for this is desertion), and is again as free as when he was born.
• #16: a social theory that applies the law of the survival of the fittest to society; humanitarian impulses had to be resisted as nothing should be allowed to interfere with nature's laws, including the social struggle for existence. Spencer's association with Social Darwinism might have its origin in a specific interpretation of his support for competition. Whereas in biology the competition of various organisms can result in the death of a species or organism, the kind of competition Spencer advocated is closer to the one used by economists, where competing individuals or firms improve the well being of the rest of society. Spencer viewed private charity positively so long as it did not encourage the procreation of the unworthy SH said to have sold over 1 million copies in Meiji Japan �C and to have been read by 'every meiji youth' �C more sales in Japan than in the uK and US combined. Turned into a play too remember! Toyoda Sakichi read it! Success may have been partly due to its style: orders from above! Which was what people were used to�� it was almost Confucian! Independet peolke = inde nation �C Fukuzawa yukichi
• #17: introduce western ethics and the elements of western civilization to Japan. It played a prominent role in introducing and popularizing Western ideas during the early Meiji Broad variety of viewpoints within - Debate between confucians �C moral strength of west Logicians �C emphasises rationality. Several enthusiastic westernizers later became nationalists. Mori Arinori �C education minsiter in Ito Hirobumi's cabinet �C empahsised central control over curriculum and a neo-confucian morality. Although he was later criticised for beinga nationalist he was actually assassinated in 1889 �C stabbed on teh day the Meiji Const was issued �C apparently for having failed to observe proper protocol when visiting Ise Shrine two years earlier...by an ultra-nationalist! Christian
• #18: Westernisation because it embodied 'universal' ideal was almost unavoidable �C progress WAS westernisation.
• #20: Various drafts between 1880 and 90 �C eventually all references to confucianism left out as it was thought this would make people skeptical �C fall in prestige of Conf. Thought
• #31: Human beings are both individual and social How to become a truly ethical human being? Answer seems to be connected to Zen thinking and involves 'forgetting the self'