I efteråret satte jeg mig for at undersøge, hvorvidt jeg kunne træne mine voksne, ordblinde kursisters arbejdshukommelse. Undersøgelsen er beskrevet i vedhæftede artikel.
Artiklen er desuden udgivet i Dansk Audiologopædi - Fagblad for Audiologopæder, 52. årgang, decmber 2016, nr. 4.
2024 Trend Updates: What Really Works In SEO & Content MarketingSearch Engine JournalThe future of SEO is trending toward a more human-first and user-centric approach, powered by AI intelligence and collaboration. Are you ready?
Watch as we explore which SEO trends to prioritize to achieve sustainable growth and deliver reliable results. We’ll dive into best practices to adapt your strategy around industry-wide disruptions like SGE, how to navigate the top challenges SEO professionals are facing, and proven tactics for prioritizing quality and building trust.
You’ll hear:
- The top SEO trends to prioritize in 2024 to achieve long-term success.
- Predictions for SGE’s impact, and how to adapt.
- What E-E-A-T really means, and how to implement it holistically (hint: it’s never been more important).
With Zack Kadish and Alex Carchietta, we’ll show you which SEO trends to ignore and which to focus on, along with the solution to overcoming rapid, significant and disruptive Google algorithm updates.
If you’re looking to cut through the noise of constant SEO and content trends to drive success, you won’t want to miss this webinar.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara AliottaIn this slides I explain how I have used storytelling techniques to elevate websites and brands and create memorable user experiences. You can discover practical tips as I showcase the elements of good storytelling and its applied to some examples of diverse brands/projects..
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – SCHREPEL – June 2024 OECD dis...OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise AffairsThis presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
How to Leverage AI to Boost Employee Wellness - Lydia Di Francesco - SocialHR...SocialHRCampSpeaker: Lydia Di Francesco
In this workshop, participants will delve into the realm of AI and its profound potential to revolutionize employee wellness initiatives. From stress management to fostering work-life harmony, AI offers a myriad of innovative tools and strategies that can significantly enhance the wellbeing of employees in any organization. Attendees will learn how to effectively leverage AI technologies to cultivate a healthier, happier, and more productive workforce. Whether it's utilizing AI-powered chatbots for mental health support, implementing data analytics to identify internal, systemic risk factors, or deploying personalized wellness apps, this workshop will equip participants with actionable insights and best practices to harness the power of AI for boosting employee wellness. Join us and discover how AI can be a strategic partner towards a culture of wellbeing and resilience in the workplace.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescuhttps://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPTExpeed SoftwareChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldartsThe realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNowMental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartworkCreative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Skeleton Culture CodeSkeleton TechnologiesOrganizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil KimberleyPepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contentlyThis document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert QianThe document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsKurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine JournalThe search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHubFrom their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark BoydEveryone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
Getting into the tech field. what next Tessa MeroThe document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
How to have difficult conversations Rajiv Jayarajah, MAppComm, ACCStop putting off having difficult conversations. Seven practical tips to ensure your next difficult conversation go smoothly.
Introduction to Data ScienceChristy Abraham JoyA brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGeniusThe six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...RachelPearson36A presentation for absolute beginners who have never touched TikTok and may be a bit scared of it!
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...ApplitoolsDuring this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at WorkGetSmarterTo succeed in your career, you need a strategy for sending out ripples of influence. Here are 12 ways you can start doing just that.
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldartsThe realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNowMental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartworkCreative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Skeleton Culture CodeSkeleton TechnologiesOrganizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil KimberleyPepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contentlyThis document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert QianThe document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsKurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine JournalThe search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHubFrom their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark BoydEveryone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
Getting into the tech field. what next Tessa MeroThe document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
How to have difficult conversations Rajiv Jayarajah, MAppComm, ACCStop putting off having difficult conversations. Seven practical tips to ensure your next difficult conversation go smoothly.
Introduction to Data ScienceChristy Abraham JoyA brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGeniusThe six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...RachelPearson36A presentation for absolute beginners who have never touched TikTok and may be a bit scared of it!
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...ApplitoolsDuring this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at WorkGetSmarterTo succeed in your career, you need a strategy for sending out ripples of influence. Here are 12 ways you can start doing just that.
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at WorkGetSmarter
Kan man træne arbejdshukommelsen revideret (pernille dedenroth larsen)-ilovepdf-compressed-ilovepdf-compressed
1. Hvorfor træne ordblindes
arbejdshukommelse?
Arbejdshukommelsen er defineret som et
begrænset kapacitetssystem, som
midlertidigt lagrer og processerer
information (Passer & Smith, 2008; 255).
Den er derved central i forhold til
indlæring, både ved introduktion til ny
viden og ved genkaldelse af information,
gemt i langtidshukommelsen1.
For at lære sig nye ord er det nødvendigt at
kunne fastholde ordet et stykke tid i
opmærksomheden (Elbro, 2008; 138) for
at kunne lagre ordets betydningsside samt
lydside. Særligt har evnen til at fastholde
fonologisk materiale i
arbejdshukommelsen betydning for
udviklingen af fonologiske
repræsentationer2 i langtidshukommelsen
(Baddeley, m.fl., 1998), men den spiller
også en rolle i forhold til, hvor godt man
husker ord og for dele af læseudviklingen
(Elbro, 2008). Ordblinde har udvist
vanskeligheder ved at fastholde fonologisk
materiale i korttidshukommelsen, bl.a.
afspejlet via gentagelse af nonsensord,
hvilket peger på, at lyden af ord er mindre
præcist opbevaret i ordblindes mentale
1 Langtidshukommelsen er vores enorme
hukommelseslager, som lagrer vedvarende minder
(Passer & Smith, 2008).
leksikon og derudover, at det er
sandsynligt, at den upræcise lagring
allerede sker ved tilegnelsen af ordet
(Smith-Spark & Fisk, 2007).
Ved visitation og udredning for
ordblindhed testes arbejdshukommelsen,
men det er sjældent, at træning og
forbedring af arbejdshukommelsen sættes
som delmål i ordblindeundervisningen til
trods for, at test af arbejdshukommelsen
muligvis afspejler førnævnte vanskelighed
(Savage, m.fl., 2007).
Arbejdshukommelsen
Ideen om den arbejdende hukommelse var
et opgør med tidligere syn på
korttidshukommelsen som ene mellemled
og ansvarlig for overførslen af forskellige
typer af information til
langtidshukommelsen. I dag anvendes
betegnelserne korttids- og
arbejdshukommelse ofte som udtryk for
det samme, men der er forskel. Test af
korttidshukommelsen afspejler en
lagerfunktion, mens test af
arbejdshukommelsen afspejler et
samarbejde mellem forskellige funktioner
(komponenter).
2 En fonologisk repræsentation er en repræsentation
af ordets udtale, lagret i det mentale leksikon.
Kan man træne arbejdshukommelsen?
I efteråret 2015 satte jeg mig for at undersøge, hvorvidt jeg kunne træne mine voksne,
ordblinde kursisters arbejdshukommelse. Udgangspunktet for min undersøgelse var
gentagelse af talsekvenser forlæns og baglæns samt udregning af regnestykker via udvalgte
talsteder på kroppen. Sigtet med artiklen er at igangsætte en diskussion af, hvorvidt træning
af arbejdshukommelsen er relevant i ordblindeundervisningen og, i bekræftende fald, en
diskussion af træningsforløbets form og indhold.
Pernille Dedenroth Larsen, cand. mag. i Audiologopædi, SPS- og ordblindevejleder på
Voksenuddannelsescenter Frederiksberg (VUF). pernillededenroth@hotmail.com
Pernille Dedenroth Larsen, cand. mag. i audiologopædi med tilvalg inden for dansk som andet- og
fremmedsprog, SPS- og ordblindevejleder på Voksenuddannelsescenter Frederiksberg (VUF)
2. Undersøgelser af arbejdshukommelsen
tager oftest teoretisk udgangspunkt i
Baddeleys arbejdshukommelsesmodel
(2003). Modellen blev første gang
beskrevet i 1974, er siden revideret og
består på nuværende tidspunkt af fire
komponenter: 1) den fonologiske sløjfe
(FS), 2) den visuospatiale tegneblok (VT),
3) den centrale eksekutive funktion (CE) og
4) den episodiske buffer (EB).
FS er et midlertidigt lager til fastholdelse af
sekventiel, auditiv information. FS´
funktion undersøges derved bedst ved
gentagelse af enheder forlæns, f.eks.
gentagelse af talsekvenser forlæns. FS
består af to funktioner: et midlertidigt
fonologisk lager, hvor auditiv information
svækkes i løbet af få sekunder, medmindre
informationen genopfriskes af den
artikulatoriske repetition (Baddeley, 2000).
FS har særlig indflydelse ved tilegnelse af
nye ord og ved tilegnelse af andetsprog
(Baddeley, 2003). VT er et midlertidigt
lager til fastholdelse af visuospatial
information. Tegneblokken er tænkt som et
mellemled mellem visuel og spatial
information, gjort tilgængelig via sanserne
eller langtidshukommelsen. VT’s funktion
kan bl.a. ses afspejlet i
hukommelsesopgaven Corsi Block3. CE er et
opmærksomhedssystem uden
lagringsfunktion, hvis funktion er at rette,
dele og skifte opmærksomhed på
underkomponenterne FS, VT og EB. CE’s
funktion afspejles bl.a. ved test af stroop-
3 Corsi Block er en hukommelsesopgave, hvor man
præsenteres for eksempelvis 3x3 tomme felter, som
markeres enkeltvis med et kryds. Opgaven går således
ud på at huske, hvilke felter der bliver markeret, samt
rækkefølgen.
effekten4. Dog er det svært at finde
opgaver, som udelukkende afspejler CE’s
funktion, da FS og VT altid i en eller anden
grad er involveret (Jeffries & Everatt,
2004). EB er sidst tilføjet til
arbejdshukommelsesmodellen og er et
midlertidigt lager, hvor information fra FS,
VT og langtidshukommelsen kan
integreres, manipuleres og gøres
tilgængelig bevidst med støtte fra CE.
Forskellige kilder af information kan
derved overvejes samtidigt (Baddeley,
2002) (se Figur 1).
Figur 1: Illustration af
arbejdshukommelsesmodellen (Baddeley, 2003;
835).
I undersøgelser af ordblinde børn og
voksnes korttids- og arbejdshukommelse
har man forsøgt at identificere eventuelle
vanskeligheder, knyttet til de fire
komponenter i Baddeleys model (2003).
Overordnet skelner man mellem
vanskeligheder med henholdsvis at lagre
og at processere. Vanskeligheder med at
lagre kaldes domænespecifikke og knyttes
4 Test af stroop-effekten er en test af automatisk
ordgenkendelse. Man præsenteres for en række
farver, som er stavet med forskellige farver. Opgaven
går ud på at benævne farverne uden at læse ordene,
så hurtigt som muligt, men eventuelle fejl skal rettes
(Elbro, 2008; 43).
3. til komponenterne FS, VT og EB, hvorimod
vanskeligheder med at processere kaldes
domænegenerelle og knyttes til CE.
Undersøgelser af ordblindes korttids- og
arbejdshukommelse peger på en
dysfunktion i CE, dvs. en domænegenerel
frem for en domænespecifik vanskelighed;
dette afsløret ved vanskeligheder ved
samtidigt at kunne lagre (både fonologisk
og visuospatialt) og processere information
(Savage, m.fl., 2007, Jeffries & Everatt,
2004, Smith-Spark & Fisk, 2007). Man har
dog også fundet vanskeligheder hos
ordblinde med at lagre fonologisk og
visuospatial information i både FS og VT,
men resultaterne af disse undersøgelser er
ikke entydige i forhold til at udpege en
domænespecifik vanskelighed (Smith-
Spark & Fisk, 2007).
Kan man træne korttids- og
arbejdshukommelsen?
Med et teoretisk udgangspunkt i Baddeleys
arbejdshukommelsesmodel (2003) har
man i forskellige undersøgelser undersøgt,
hvorvidt det er muligt at træne korttids- og
arbejdshukommelsen og opnå en
transfereffekt. Man skelner mellem en nær
transfereffekt, dvs. en effekt på opgaver,
som er lignende de opgaver, der er anvendt
i træningsforløbet (f.eks. en forbedring på
korttids- og arbejdshukommelsestest som
følge af træningsforløbet), og en fjern
transfereffekt, dvs. en effekt på opgaver,
som er ulig de opgaver, der er anvendt i
træningsforløbet (f.eks. en forbedring på
IQ-test som følge af træningsforløbet). I
metaundersøgelser af effekten af træning
af korttids- og arbejdshukommelsen har
man primært fundet nære transfereffekter.
Effekterne ses dog ikke at være vedvarende
(Melby-Lervåg & Hulme, 2013,
Schwaighofer, m.fl., 2015). Hvis man
ønsker at opnå transfereffekt, så ses særligt
træningsmængde, træningsvarighed,
supervision af træning, træningssted
(Schwaighofer, m.fl., 2015) og
træningsopgavens kompleksitet (Chein &
Morrison, 2010) at være afgørende.
Formål med undersøgelsen
Formålet med min undersøgelse var at
afdække, hvorvidt det var muligt at træne
mine voksne, ordblinde kursisters
arbejdshukommelse, afspejlet i en
fremgang fra præ- til posttestresultat, målt
med Cifferspændviddetesten (Rønberg,
2007), dvs. at opnå en nær transfereffekt i
tråd med tidligere undersøgelsers fund.
Deltagere
Der indgik i alt ti kursister med en
gennemsnitlig alder på 44,7 år. Kursisterne
var alle visiteret og udredt til
ordblindeundervisning for voksne og
deltog én gang ugentligt i kompenserende
læse-/skriveundervisning. To af
kursisterne havde ikke dansk som
modersmål. De havde forskellige
uddannelsesmæssige baggrunde, men var
på baggrund af interviewet i udredningen
placeret i en af Cifferspændviddetestens
(Rønberg, 2007) tre referencegrupper.
Kursisterne var, ud fra deres testresultater
på Cifferspændviddetesten (Rønberg, 2007)
i deres testrapporter og referencegruppens
gennemsnit, vurderet til at have
henholdsvis en nedsat, lettere nedsat og
normal arbejdshukommelse ud fra
følgende kriterier:
4. Nedsat arbejdshukommelse = < 1
talsekvens under gennemsnit for
referencegruppen
Lettere nedsat arbejdshukommelse
= > 1 talsekvens under gennemsnit
for referencegruppen
Normal arbejdshukommelse =
gennemsnit eller < gennemsnit for
referencegruppen
Som det fremgår af Figur 2, så havde
kursisterne ikke alle som udgangspunkt en
nedsat eller lettere nedsat
arbejdshukommelse. Til trods for det var
målet for disse kursister, på lige fod med de
andre, at forbedre deres resultat på
Cifferspændviddetesten (Rønberg, 2007).
Figur 2: Kursisternes udgangspunkt forud for
træningen (prætestresultater på
Cifferspændviddetesten (Rønberg, 2007)).
Træningsopgave
Da undersøgelsen havde til formål at opnå
en effekt ved træning af
arbejdshukommelsen, var det vigtigt, at
træningsforløbet tog udgangspunkt i en
opgave, som trænede arbejdshukommelsen
5 Nonordsmatching er en lytteopgave, hvor
kursisten skal afgøre, om han/hun hører de samme
nonord oplæst, f.eks. mel, guk, ven – guk, mel, ven.
6 Sætnings- og læsekapacitetsopgaver er opgaver,
hvor kursisten enten skal lytte eller læse en serie af
og ikke korttidshukommelsen. Simple
opgaver, f.eks. nonordsgentagelse,
nonordsmatching5 og gentagelse af
sekvenser af ord og tal, tænkes at træne
korttidshukommelsen, mens komplekse
opgaver, f.eks. sætnings- og
læsekapacitetsopgaver6 og gentagelse af
talsekvenser baglæns, tænkes at træne
arbejdshukommelsen (Savage, m.fl., 2007,
Schwaighofer, m.fl., 2015). Ifølge Chein &
Morrison (2010) består en kompleks
arbejdshukommelsesopgave af to dele:
manipulation af test-items samt en
sekundær beslutningstagningsopgave.
Inspireret af www.danskfaget.dk’s Brain
breaks – talsteder udvalgte jeg, inden
træningsforløbets start, otte talsteder på
kroppen (højre øre: 1, venstre øre: 2, næse:
3, højre skulder: 4, venstre skulder: 5 og
hage: 6, højre knæ: plus, venstre knæ:
minus), som mine kursister skulle bruge i
forbindelse med to komplekse
arbejdshukommelsesopgaver: gentagelse
af talsekvenser baglæns samt udregning af
regnestykker. Både gentagelse af
talsekvenser baglæns samt udregning af
regnestykker via talsteder på kroppen kan
betegnes som komplekse, idet kursisten
skal omkode talstederne, enten visuelt eller
auditivt, for at kunne udpege talsekvensen
baglæns i den rigtige rækkefølge eller
regnestykkets resultat. Omkodningen af
tallene ses derved at være en manipulation
af test-items og udpegningen af
talsekvensen baglæns eller regnestykkets
resultat som en sekundær
sætninger og forsøge at genkalde sig det sidste ord i
hver sætning i den præsenterede sekvens.
5. beslutningstagningsopgave. Det visuelle
element i form af talstederne var vigtig at
inddrage, dels fordi tal er svære at
fastholde i hukommelsen uden en
association (By, 2007), og dels fordi
tidligere undersøgelsers resultater tyder
på, at man ved visuospatial træning af
arbejdshukommelsen kan opnå en større
nær transfereffekt (Melby-Lervåg & Hulme,
2013) og øge kapaciteten i FS (McNamara
& Scott, 2001, Smith-Spark & Fisk, 2007).
Som tidligere nævnt har man identificeret
vanskeligheder hos ordblinde, særligt i CE,
men også i FS og VT, dog ikke med entydige
resultater. Det var derfor vigtigt teoretisk
at udtænke en kompleks
arbejdshukommelsesopgave, som gjorde
brug af alle komponenterne i
arbejdshukommelsesmodellen, beskrevet
af Baddeley (2003). Ved gentagelse af
talsekvenser gør kursisten brug af FS og
CE, idet opgaven fordrer samtidig lagring
og processering (Savage, m.fl., 2007). Da
talstederne udgør en visuel komponent,
tænkes opgaven yderligere at fordre
lagring i VT samt i EB, hvor
informationerne fra FS og VT fastholdes,
inden talsekvensen gentages baglæns af
kursisten. Den overordnede styring af
processen varetages af CE (se Figur 3).
Figur 3: Gentagelse af talsekvens baglæns med
talsteder med teoretisk udgangspunkt i Baddeleys
arbejdshukommelsesmodel
Ved udregning af regnestykker fastholdes
regnestykket i VT, da regnestykket
præsenteres visuelt af en medkursist.
Regnestykket omkodes via talstederne til
lyd, som fastholdes i FS. Informationer fra
VT og FS samt viden om addition fra
langtidshukommelsen samles i EB, inden
resultatet af regnestykket vises ved at
udpege det korrekte talsted. Den
overordnede styring af processen
varetages af CE (se Figur 4).
Figur 4: Udregning af regnestykke med talsteder
med teoretisk udgangspunkt i Baddeleys
arbejdshukommelsesmodel.
Fremgangsmåde
Cifferspændviddetesten (Rønberg, 2007)
blev anvendt som præ- og posttest. Jeg
valgte at anvende denne test, dels fordi
VUF anvender denne til at teste korttids- og
arbejdshukommelsen ved udredningen,
dels fordi testen har normdata, så
kursisternes arbejdshukommelse kunne
vurderes som henholdsvis nedsat, lettere
nedsat og normal ud fra egne fastsatte
kriterier (se kriterierne under Deltagere).
Testen består af varierende talsekvenser
6. (3-7 tal forlæns og 2-5 tal baglæns).
Talsekvenserne læses højt af testlederen,
hvorefter kursisten gentager talsekvensen
enten forlæns eller baglæns. Gentages en
talsekvens forkert to gange i træk, stoppes
testen, og resultatet noteres. Resultatet ses
i forhold til en referencegruppe, som
udvælges på baggrund af kursistens
uddannelsesbaggrund.
Gentagelse af talsekvenser baglæns samt
udregning af regnestykker via talsteder var
fast element ved hver undervisningsgang
10-15 minutter i løbet af efterårssemestret
2015 fra undervisningsstart i august til
undervisningsafslutning i december (16
uger). Da arbejdshukommelsen kan rumme
syv (plus/minus to) enheder (Collin, m.fl.,
2011) blev talsekvenserne og
regnestykkerne udarbejdet med henblik på
at arbejde hen imod en fastholdelse og
manipulation af syv (plus/minus to)
enheder. Talsekvenserne til gentagelse
baglæns varierede derved fra to-fem tal og
regnestykkerne fra tre-syv enheder.
Længden af talsekvenserne og
regnestykkerne blev øget i takt med
træningsforløbet. Øvelserne foregik i par
på skift, så begge kursister gentog
talsekvenser forlæns og baglæns samt
udregnede regnestykker. Kursisterne blev
superviseret af underviseren undervejs i
træningsforløbet.
Gentagelse af talsekvenser baglæns blev
lavet i par. Talsekvenserne blev udformet
af underviseren i varierende længde og
noteret på et papir, som kursisten, som
læste talsekvenserne op, kunne støtte sig
til. Talsekvenserne blev læst op enkeltvis af
den ene kursist og umiddelbart herefter
gentaget baglæns af den anden kursist ved
at pege på de tilsvarende talsteder.
Kursisten, som læste talsekvenserne op,
havde desuden til opgave at eftertjekke,
hvorvidt den anden kursist gentog
talsekvenserne korrekt samt pegede på de
korrekte talsteder. Se Figur 5 for
eksempler på talsekvenser.
Udregning af regnestykker blev lavet i par.
Regnestykkerne blev udformet af
underviseren og noteret på et papir, som
kursisten, som viste regnestykket, kunne
støtte sig til. Den ene kursist lavede et
regnestykke nonverbalt ved at pege på
udvalgte talsteder, mens den anden kursist
aflæste talstederne og udregnede
regnestykket. Resultatet blev vist ved at
pege på det tilsvarende talsted. Hvis
kursisten udregnede et forkert resultat,
ifølge kursisten, som viste regnestykket,
blev regnestykket vist igen. Se Figur 5 for
eksempler på regnestykker.
Figur 5: Eksempler på talsekvenser og
regnestykker
Hvert par gennemgik otte talsekvenser,
både forlæns og baglæns, samt udregnede
otte regnestykker hver. Talsekvenserne,
som blev gentaget forlæns, blev brugt som
opvarmning.
Resultater
7. Da jeg ønskede at belyse, hvorvidt
testresultaterne på Cifferspændviddetesten
(Rønberg, 2007), før og efter
undervisningen, var signifikant forskellige,
lavede jeg en t-test med én gruppe i Excel
(Elbro & Poulsen, 2015). To af kursisternes
præ- og postresultater er dog ikke
medregnet, da resultatet på
Cifferspændviddetesten (prætesten)
(Rønberg, 2007) ikke fremgik tydeligt i
deres testrapport. Beregningerne bygger
derfor på otte kursisters præ- og
posttestresultater.
På baggrund af litteraturen forventede jeg
at finde en nær transfereffekt som følge af
træningsforløbet. Resultatet viste en
signifikant forskel på præ- og
posttestresultatet på
Cifferspændviddetesten (Rønberg, 2007)
(T(7) = 0,00, p < 0,05 (signifikant)) ved test
af arbejdshukommelsen. Resultatet tyder
derved på, at jeg, ved at træne mine
kursisters arbejdshukommelse én gang
ugentligt, har kunnet opnå en nær
transfereffekt i tråd med tidligere
undersøgelsers resultater.
Til sammenligning viste forskellen på præ-
og posttestresultatet på
Cifferspændviddetesten (Rønberg, 2007)
ved test af korttidshukommelsen en ikke-
signifikant forskel (T(7) = 0,71, p < 0,05
(ikke signifikant)), hvilket tyder på, at
træningsopgaverne især har udfordret
samarbejdet mellem FS og CE. I Figur 6 ses
en graf over kursisternes præ- og
posttestresultaters middelværdier på
Cifferspændviddetesten (Rønberg, 2007), og
i Tabel 1 ses en oversigt over de samlede
middelværdier og standardafvigelser.
Figur 6: Graf over middelværdier ved præ- og
posttest på Cifferspændviddetesten (Rønberg, 2007)
Tabel 1: Oversigt over middelværdier og
standardafvigelser ved præ- og posttest på
Cifferspændviddetesten (Rønberg, 2008).
Standardafvigelserne er angivet i parentes.
Ved sammenligning af kursisternes egne
præ- og postresultater på
Cifferspændviddetesten (Rønberg, 2007),
set i forhold til deres referencegruppers
normdata, har tre af kursisterne bibeholdt
resultater, der tyder på en normal
arbejdshukommelse. Yderligere tre
kursister er gået fra at have resultater, der
tyder på en lettere nedsat
arbejdshukommelse til, ved posttest, at
have resultater, der tyder på en normal
arbejdshukommelse. De sidste to kursister
er gået fra at have prætestresultater, der
tyder på en nedsat arbejdshukommelse, til,
ved posttest, at have resultater, der tyder
på en lettere nedsat arbejdshukommelse
(se Tabel 2).
Tabel 2: Fordeling af præ- og posttestresultater –
arbejdshukommelse.
8. Alle kursister ses derved at have bibeholdt
eller være gået frem mod at have
resultater, der tyder på en normal
arbejdshukommelse.
Diskussion
Undersøgelsens resultat tyder på, at man,
ved at træne arbejdshukommelsen på
ugentlig basis med komplekst udarbejdede
opgaver, kan opnå en nær transfereffekt.
Resultatet er i tråd med tidligere
undersøgelsers resultater.
Da der hersker tvivl om kilden til
forbedringer i arbejdshukommelsen
(Apter, 2012), har man bl.a. peget på, at
man ved strategitræning kan opnå en
effekt (McNamara & Scott, 2001, Dunning
& Holmes, 2014). I træningsforløbet fik
kursisterne vist en association til tallene 1-
6 via talsteder på kroppen, da tal er svære
at huske, hvis de ikke associeres med noget
visuelt (By, 2007). Denne association
kunne sagtens tænkes som en brugbar
hukommelsesstrategi i forhold til at
fastholde og gentage talsekvenser i
varierende længde. Dog ses
Cifferspændviddetesten (Rønberg, 2007) at
indeholde talsekvenser med tal fra 1-9,
hvorfor talstederne ikke tænkes at have
udgjort en strategi for mine kursister i
posttestsituationen. Hvis de var blevet
introduceret for talsteder fra 1-9, kunne
fremgangen fra præ- til posttest muligvis
tilskrives strategibrug.
7 En backwash-effekt, også kaldt en washback-effekt,
er en tests indflydelse på, hvordan kursister
undervises, dvs. undervisningens form og indhold
afspejler testen; dette med ønske fra underviserens
side om, at så mange kursister som muligt klarer sig
Da den ene af træningsopgaverne er
identisk med Cifferspændviddetestens
(Rønberg, 2007) opgave, kunne
fremgangen også være udtryk for en
backwash-effekt7.
Formålet med undersøgelsen ses ikke at
tage højde for tidligere undersøgelsers
resultater, som peger på en domænegenerel
vanskelighed i ordblindes
arbejdshukommelse. Nær transfereffekt er
nemlig forbundet med en øget kapacitet
(en øget lagerfunktion), hvorimod fjern
transfereffekt er forbundet med en øget
effektivitet (et mere effektivt samarbejde
mellem komponenterne) i
arbejdshukommelsen (Bastian & Oberauer,
2014). Fremtidige undersøgelser af
træning af ordblindes arbejdshukommelse
bør derfor sigte mod at udarbejde
træningsopgaver, som træner samspillet
mellem de forskellige komponenter i
Baddeleys arbejdshukommelsesmodel
(2003) og ikke kun lagerfunktionen.
Udgangspunktet for undersøgelsen var en
interesse i at undersøge, hvorvidt det var
muligt at træne arbejdshukommelsen og
derved styrke de processer i
arbejdshukommelsen, der er involveret
ved lagring af fonologiske
repræsentationer i det mentale leksikon.
Da kun Cifferspændviddetesten (Rønberg,
2007) blev anvendt til måling af effekten,
kan det ikke slås fast, hvorvidt
træningsopgaverne har potentiale i forhold
til en fjern transfereffekt. Dog tyder
godt ved posttest
(http://elt.wikia.com/wiki/Backwash_effect).
9. resultatet af Cifferspændviddetesten
(Rønberg, 2007) på, at træningsopgaverne
har potentiale i forhold til at træne
effektiviteten (samarbejdet mellem
komponenterne i Baddeleys
arbejdshukommelsesmodel (2003)). Til
trods for dette ses gentagelse af tal ikke ud
til at udfordre den ordblinde på samme
måde, som hvis udgangspunktet var
nonsensord. Generelt har ordblinde ca.
samme score i cifferspændvidde, som
yngre, normale læsere har (Elbro, 2008;
139). Hvis formålet med træningen er at
styrke de fonologiske repræsentationer i
det mentale leksikon, så bør træningen
formodentlig tage afsæt i at udfordre den
ordblindes fonologiske opmærksomhed og
derved CE’s funktioner. Denne
undersøgelses træningsopgave kunne
sagtens videretænkes med udgangspunkt i
bogstavsteder og læsning af nonsensord og
derved formodentlig udfordre processer i
arbejdshukommelsen, forbundet med
tilegnelsen af nye ord. Særligt
fonemsletning og positionsanalyse
udfordrer CE (Savage, m.fl., 2007).
Undersøgelsen lever ikke op til kriterierne
for psykologiske undersøgelser (Apter,
2012), da der bl.a. mangler en
kontrolgruppe. Resultatet af undersøgelsen
skal derfor ses i lyset deraf. Dog tyder
resultatet af undersøgelsen på, at man med
relativt få midler kan træne i at opnå en
nær transfereffekt. Træning af
arbejdshukommelsen bør dog ikke erstatte
den almindelige læse-/skriveundervisning,
men skal ses som et supplement, som kan
styrke den ordblindes kognitive
færdigheder.
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www.clioonline.dk/danskfaget/udskolimg/ressour
cer/arbejdsformer/bevaegelse/brain-breaks/