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Kaye B. Abordo

SSC-Grade 7-ARISTOTLE

Mechanical Processes

Used To Separate Components Of Mixture

1. Filtration Filtration is commonly the
mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids (liquids
or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass. Oversize solids in the
fluid are retained, but the separation is not complete; solids will be contaminated with some
fluid and filtrate will contain fine particles (depending on the pore size and filter thickness).
Filtration is also used to describe some biological processes, especially in water
treatment and sewage treatment in which undesirable constituents are removed by
absorption into a biological film grown on or in the filter medium.

A. Filtrate The filtrate is the liquid that is left after
you filter something -- the liquid that is now "missing" the solid that was filtered out.
For instance, if you are making drip coffee, it is the coffee beverage (the coffee grinds are called
the "filtrand"). If you are removing sand from water, it is the water that is pure (again, the
removed sand would be the filtrand).

B. Residue Residue is the material remaining after a
distillation or an evaporation, or to a portion of a larger molecule, such as a methyl group. It
may also refer to the undesired byproducts of a reaction.
In biochemistry and molecular biology, a residue refers to a specific monomer within
the polymeric chain of a polysaccharide, protein or nucleic acid. For example, one might say,
"This protein consists of 118 amino acid residues" or "The histidine residue is considered to
be basic due to its imidazole ring." Note that a residue is different from a moiety, which, in
the above example would be constituted by the imidazole ring or "the imidazole moiety".

Note the origin of this usage: during the process by which monomeric building blocks
(e.g. amino acids) are strung together into a polymeric chain (e.g. a protein), some material
(typically adding up to one molecule of water) is discarded from each building block, and only a
"residue" of the building block ends up in the finished product.

For instance, a residue is an individual amino acid in a peptide chain.

Kaye B. Abordo

SSC-Grade 7-ARISTOTLE

Distillattion Distillation is a method
of separating mixtures based on differences in volatilities of components in a boiling liquid
mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical
reaction.

Commercially, distillation has a number of applications. It is used to separate crude oil into
more fractions for specific uses such as transport, power generation and heating. Water is
distilled to remove impurities, such as salt from seawater. Air is distilled to separate its
components—notably oxygen,nitrogen, and argon— for industrial use. Distillation
of fermented solutions has been used since ancient times to produce distilled
beverages with a higher alcohol content. The premises where distillation is carried out,
especially distillation of alcohol, are known as a distillery.

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Kaye b2

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