Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity
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The document outlines the evolutionary history and diversity of steelhead trout, detailing their development from ancient times to the present. It discusses geological influences, glacial activities, and the impact of historical biotic interactions on the distribution and characteristics of trout species in North America. Key findings indicate that the evolution of o. mykiss is influenced more by large river systems than by glaciation alone.
Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity
- 1. The View from 60,000 FeetEvolution and Diversity of SteelheadKen CurrensPacific Coast Steelhead Management Meeting 2010
- 2. Things werent always as they are nowThe present is often more interesting if we know something about the pastWest Africa, 1930
- 3. Eocene North America55-30 Million Years AgoBegan with rapid warmingPolar climates similar to Pacific Northwest todayTropical forests in Pacific NorthwestLarge lakes and inland seas; none of existing mountain ranges
- 4. British Columbia40-50 Ma Salmonidae already presentIncludedThymallinae
- 5. Coregoninae
- 6. SalmoninaeStart of long-term cooling trend Eosalmo driftwoodensis
- 7. Continued coolingallowed dispersalsouthwardLate Miocene (10-5 Ma) The Sabertooth SalmonOncorhynchyus (Smilodonichthys) rastrosus
- 9. Fossil O. australisIn Lake Chapala, Mexico
- 10. Distribution of western troutsin North America about 1900 (from Behnke 1992)
- 11. Diversity of extant western troutsWestslope cutthroatYellowstone cutthroatGreenback cutthroatBonneville cutthroatCoastal cutthroatColorado River cutthroatRainbow trout O. mykissMexican golden trout& undescribed troutRio Grande cutthroatWhitehorse & Alvord cutthroatsGila troutPaiute cutthroatCalifornia,& Kern golden troutsLahontan cutthroatHumboldt cutthroatApache trout
- 12. Extant distribution does not simply reflect colonization to the southExtant distribution does not simply reflect southward colonizationFormation of mountain rangesShaping old rivers & creating new onesColumbia basalts & Snake River flowsFaulting in Basin & RangeVolcanic lava floodsGlaciation
- 13. Extant distribution does not simply reflect colonization to the southExtant distribution does not simply reflect southward colonizationNo O. mykissin the Columbia River as recently as 70,000-50,000 years agoFormation of mountain rangesShaping old rivers & creating new onesColumbia basalts & Snake River flowsFaulting in Basin & RangeVolcanic lava floodsGlaciation
- 14. Species & Subpeciesof North American troutExtant distribution does not simply reflect colonization to the southPleistocene2.6Extant distribution does not simply reflect southward colonizationPliocene5.3OncorhynchusSalmoMiocene23OligoceneHuchoBrachymystaxSalvelinus34OncorhynchusSalmoEocene
- 15. Two Morphologically Different Forms of Steelhead TroutInland or fine-scale form with redband trout-like characteristicsCoastal formLandlocked redband trout with cutthroat-like characteristics (Oncorhynchus sp.)
- 16. Extant distribution does not simply reflect colonization to the southCoastal & Inland forms thought to reflect dispersal after isolation & differentiation in glacial refuges
- 17. Derived TraitsMost primitive forms of O. mykissoccur near Gulf of CaliforniaCoastal rainbow trout & steelheadMexican golden trout& undescribed troutGoose Lake, Warner,& ChewaucanredbandsColumbia River redbandsWhite River redbandMcCloud redbandCatlow Valley redbandFort Rock redbandUpper Klamath redbandCalifornia & Kern golden troutsPrimitive Traits
- 18. Earliest O. mykissevolved around the Gulf of California & dispersed northReached Columbia River 32-50K years ago?Columbia Oregon Desert BasinsKlamathSacramentoSan Joaquin Gulf of California
- 19. Tahoe Glaciation 32K years agoGlacial Lake MissoulaUpper FraserPuget Sound10-15 K years ago?Columbia Oregon Desert BasinsKlamathSacramentoSan Joaquin Gulf of California
- 20. 5BColumbia RiverLGBBBFEGFBEBBFGBJEEBFGLBBJFBFGJDBBEAFADDBOBBADAABBABLAAAJAAABAAAABOAH0AAAJAAAABABCBFCCECGOOCCCCCCIntermediates?Harney (H), Catlow (I)Fort Rock (K)CCBCLIOBBHHGHHISacramento:Goose Lake (L), Warner Lakes (O)Chewaucan (J)NKQNMNNN-5QCanonical Variate IIKGMNNNNNNNMKlamath:Upper Klamath headwater (M), Upper Klamath Lake (N)Coastal Klamath mountains (Q)MMMMMMMMM-10MM-155-30-20-25-15-10-50Canonical Variate I
- 21. Are Extant Distributions Always About Geology?Life-history (e.g, ability to migrate, environmental tolerance) makes a differenceWhat about biotic interactions?
- 22. Williamson RiverKlamath River BasinSycan RiverTrout CreekUpper Klamath LakeSprague RiverKlamath redband(O. mykissnewberrii)Iron Gate DamJenny Creek FallsCoast steelhead(O. mykissirideus)Lower Klamath River
- 23. Klamath BasinOncorhynchusmykissWilliamson RiverSycan RiversAH*112 allelesAH* alternate allelesTrout CreekUpper Klamath LakeSprague RiverIron Gate DamJenny Creek FallsAncestral Klamath redband( unnamed subspecies) Isolated above barriers formed before dispersal of coastal steehead from glacial refugia More primitive morphologyLower Klamath River
- 24. Why Dont the Ancestral Redband Still Occur Throughout Upper Klamath Lake Basin?Williamson RiverSycan RiverTrout CreekUpper Klamath LakeSprague RiverIron Gate DamJenny Creek FallsLower Klamath River
- 25. 100% Susceptible Co-evolution with Diseases & ParasitesWilliamson RiverSycan RiverCeratomyxashastaTrout CreekUpper Klamath LakeSprague River100% Susceptible Intermediate resistanceIron Gate DamJenny Creek Falls100% ResistantLower Klamath River100% Resistant
- 26. Reconnection of Upper Klamath Basin to the Pacific allowed invasion C. shastaand C. shasta resistant O. mykissdisplacing earlier formWilliamson RiverSycan RiverTrout CreekUpper Klamath LakeSprague RiverIron Gate DamJenny Creek FallsLower Klamath River
- 27. Steelhead life-history contributed to greater O. mykissdiversity than often recognizedGlacial Lake MissoulaUpper FraserPuget Sound?Columbia Oregon Desert BasinsKlamathSacramentoSan Joaquin
- 28. Basins now isolated from large river systems played key roles in the evolution of steelheadGlacial Lake MissoulaUpper FraserPuget Sound?Columbia Oregon Desert BasinsKlamathSacramentoSan Joaquin
- 29. Large river systems were more important than glaciation in diversity of O. mykissGlacial Lake MissoulaUpper FraserPuget Sound?Glacial refuges & dispersal37%Columbia 67%Persistence in large river systemsAbility to Explain DifferencesOregon Desert BasinsKlamathSacramentoSan Joaquin
- 30. Co-evolution with diseases & parasites may help explain some unexpected distributions of troutGlacial Lake MissoulaUpper FraserPuget Sound?Columbia Oregon Desert BasinsKlamathSacramentoSan Joaquin
- 31. Things werent always as they are nowThe present is often more interesting if we know something about the pastFishing for Ancestral Steelhead in the Oregon Desert Basins, 1985