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ResearchTalks Vol.8 - Reducing air pollution from urban transport

ResearchTalks [conference]
ResearchTalks [conference]

This document discusses measures taken by the US, EU, and Japan to reduce air pollution from urban transport. It outlines the main sources of pollution from vehicle exhaust and evaporation. The effects of various pollutants on health are described. Data shows road transport is a major contributor to emissions in these regions. Policies have focused on vehicle emission standards, fuel quality regulations, and incentives for cleaner vehicles and alternative fuels. Continued development of new technologies and infrastructure expansion will be needed to further reduce health impacts from transport pollution.

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REDUCING AIR POLLUTION FROM URBAN TRANSPORT Kristine Bitnere United States European Union Japan
Why transport? 1.Where does pollution come from? 2.What is the effect of pollution? 3.Transport contribution to pollution: EU and the US 4.Common aspects: EU, the US and Japan 5.Measures to reduce pollution from transport 6.US: market driven policy 7.California: top polluter in the US 8.EU: policy driven market 9.Japan: culture of continuous development and keeping face 10.Take away(s)
Where does pollution come from? Exhaust emissions from tailpipes Hydrocarbon evaporative emissions during refueling Hydrocarbon evaporative emissions from engine compartment Source: World Heath Organization
What is the effect of pollution? Pollutant Effect Lead Intellectual development & ground water pollution CO Cardiovascular diseases & climate change HC Respiratory, neurological impacts, photochemical smog, ozone NOx Visibility impairment, acid precursor, photochemical smog, ozone O3 Photochemical smog, respiratory diseases, climate change SOx Respiratory, visibility, acid precursor Benzene Highly carcinogen for human PM Cardiovascular & respiratory impacts , climate change GHG (CO2) Transportation is a major source of CO2 Source: World Heath Organization
Transport impact on total emissions of the main air pollutants in 2009 in Europe Source: European Environment Organization
The US transport impact on total emissions of the main air pollutants in 2012 Source: The US National Emissions Inventory (NEI) Air Pollutant Emissions Trends Data for the year 2012
European Union Diesel driven vehicle fleet due to lower energy tax compared to gasoline 73.3 % of the total passenger km are travelled by car Road transport is the most used mode of freight The transport sector caused the largest increase in greenhouse gas emissions between 1990 and 2011 (14.2 %) and is the only sector expected to experience an increase in emissions between 1990 and 2020 Source: European Environment Organization
US Gasoline driven passenger fleet Automobiles and light trucks constituted about 87 % of the passenger miles traveled Transport sector is the second biggest contributor to CO2 emissions Most Polluted Cities in 2010 Source: American Lung Association
Japan In 2008 transport contributed 19.4% to total CO2 emissions 48.9% came from passenger cars Gasoline is used by 96% of passenger cars which are one of the most efficient in the world In 2012 hybrids alternative-energy vehicles accounted for about 4% of Japan's 76.1 million in-use vehicles Source: JASIC, 2013
Measures to reduce pollution from transport Governments Air Quality: targets, limits for pollutants, monitoring Vehicle emissions regulation Fuel quality regulation Promotion of alternative fuels and cleaner vehicles (e.g. taxation): production, infrastructure and usage Automotive companies Technology to control exhaust emissions Technology to control evaporative emissions Technology to control CO2 emissions Diagnostic algorithms to detect failures Production of less emitting vehicles (EVs, hydrogen, CNG, hybrids) Energy producers Cleaning up fossil fuels (sulfur, lead reduction from gasoline, diesel) Production of alternative fuels: renewable energy, CNG, hydrogen Consumers Awareness raising Changing habits
US: market oriented policy Fuel efficiency & GHG emissions Financial incentives (may differ per state) Targets for alternative vehicles and fuels Clean Air Act (1970) Fuel efficiency standards based on footprint size (1990) Emission standards (1994) Emission reduction targets for vehicle manufacturers (2010) Cleaner fuels policy Tax credits for alternative fuel and flex fuel vehicles Tax credit for alternative fuel producers Tax reduction on alternative fuels Special Loan policy for producers of advanced vehicle technologies Credit trading system Federal policy requires states to introduce targets for fuel efficiency and alternative vehicles The SmartWay Transport Partnership (logistics) Green vehicles labeling
California: top polluter in the US By ozone By Year Round Particle Pollution By Short term Particulate Pollution 1: Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA 2: Visalia- Porterville- Hanford, CA 3: Bakersfield, CA 4: Fresno- Madera, CA 5: Sacramento- Roseville, CA 1: Fresno- Madera, CA 2: Visalia- Porterville- Hanford, CA 3: Bakersfield, CA 4: Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA 5: Modesto- Merced, CA 1: Fresno- Madera, CA 2: Visalia- Porterville- Hanford, CA 3: Bakersfield, CA 4: Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA 5: Modesto- Merced, CA 1964: California requires minimal emission control systems on 1966 model cars 2007: Low Carbon Fuel Standard requires 10% reduction in the carbon intensity of transportation fuels by 2020 2012: the US government permitted California to adopt stricter requirements for greenhouse gases and other pollutants from motor vehicles for model years 2017-2025: focus on particulate matter and smog precursors Targets for alternative fuel vehicle producers Investments in replacing fossil-fueled trucks that haul cargo containers to and from Los Angeles' ports with zero- emission freight movement systems such as electric trucks Source: American Lung Association
EU: policy driven market Fuel efficiency & GHG emissions Financial incentives Targets for renewable energy Emission standards for vehicles (1998) Fuel efficiency requirements (2012) Cleaner fuel policy Diesel taxed less than gasoline Reduced tax on alternative fuels EU wide; Green tax on vehicles (may differ per member state) Subsidies for renewable energy production EU funding for new technologies Renewable energy targets (2010 and 2020) Emission reduction target 2020 (e.g. fuels)
Japan: culture of continuous development and keeping face Top Runner Fuel Efficiency Standard Financial incentives Labeling Consumer Road infrastructure Efficiency targets based on fuel (gasoline, diesel, LPG) km per liter and weight (1999) Vehicle emission limits Cleaner fuels policy (2007) Tax reduction: Efficiency Size Subsidies for hybrids & EVs, scrapping Green fuel efficiency labels with blue low emission labels at the point of sale Energy efficiency is a societal demand Congestion mitigation at intersections Greater use of express way Public transport
Take away(s) Road transport plays a very prominent role in the limitation of health and environmental effects due to internal combustion engines, including those powered by diesel fuel oil Regulatory instruments had the major effect on pollution reduction from vehicles (engine efficiency; cleaner fuels) Economic benefit for market players: Fuel cost reduction for consumers, Vehicle and fuel producers market demand PM and CO2 emissions reduction from vehicles remains major concern (including gasoline vehicles) Further progress of alternative fuel and vehicles restricted by infrastructure and production costs
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ResearchTalks Vol.8 - Reducing air pollution from urban transport

  • 1. REDUCING AIR POLLUTION FROM URBAN TRANSPORT Kristine Bitnere United States European Union Japan
  • 2. Why transport? 1.Where does pollution come from? 2.What is the effect of pollution? 3.Transport contribution to pollution: EU and the US 4.Common aspects: EU, the US and Japan 5.Measures to reduce pollution from transport 6.US: market driven policy 7.California: top polluter in the US 8.EU: policy driven market 9.Japan: culture of continuous development and keeping face 10.Take away(s)
  • 3. Where does pollution come from? Exhaust emissions from tailpipes Hydrocarbon evaporative emissions during refueling Hydrocarbon evaporative emissions from engine compartment Source: World Heath Organization
  • 4. What is the effect of pollution? Pollutant Effect Lead Intellectual development & ground water pollution CO Cardiovascular diseases & climate change HC Respiratory, neurological impacts, photochemical smog, ozone NOx Visibility impairment, acid precursor, photochemical smog, ozone O3 Photochemical smog, respiratory diseases, climate change SOx Respiratory, visibility, acid precursor Benzene Highly carcinogen for human PM Cardiovascular & respiratory impacts , climate change GHG (CO2) Transportation is a major source of CO2 Source: World Heath Organization
  • 5. Transport impact on total emissions of the main air pollutants in 2009 in Europe Source: European Environment Organization
  • 6. The US transport impact on total emissions of the main air pollutants in 2012 Source: The US National Emissions Inventory (NEI) Air Pollutant Emissions Trends Data for the year 2012
  • 7. European Union Diesel driven vehicle fleet due to lower energy tax compared to gasoline 73.3 % of the total passenger km are travelled by car Road transport is the most used mode of freight The transport sector caused the largest increase in greenhouse gas emissions between 1990 and 2011 (14.2 %) and is the only sector expected to experience an increase in emissions between 1990 and 2020 Source: European Environment Organization
  • 8. US Gasoline driven passenger fleet Automobiles and light trucks constituted about 87 % of the passenger miles traveled Transport sector is the second biggest contributor to CO2 emissions Most Polluted Cities in 2010 Source: American Lung Association
  • 9. Japan In 2008 transport contributed 19.4% to total CO2 emissions 48.9% came from passenger cars Gasoline is used by 96% of passenger cars which are one of the most efficient in the world In 2012 hybrids alternative-energy vehicles accounted for about 4% of Japan's 76.1 million in-use vehicles Source: JASIC, 2013
  • 10. Measures to reduce pollution from transport Governments Air Quality: targets, limits for pollutants, monitoring Vehicle emissions regulation Fuel quality regulation Promotion of alternative fuels and cleaner vehicles (e.g. taxation): production, infrastructure and usage Automotive companies Technology to control exhaust emissions Technology to control evaporative emissions Technology to control CO2 emissions Diagnostic algorithms to detect failures Production of less emitting vehicles (EVs, hydrogen, CNG, hybrids) Energy producers Cleaning up fossil fuels (sulfur, lead reduction from gasoline, diesel) Production of alternative fuels: renewable energy, CNG, hydrogen Consumers Awareness raising Changing habits
  • 11. US: market oriented policy Fuel efficiency & GHG emissions Financial incentives (may differ per state) Targets for alternative vehicles and fuels Clean Air Act (1970) Fuel efficiency standards based on footprint size (1990) Emission standards (1994) Emission reduction targets for vehicle manufacturers (2010) Cleaner fuels policy Tax credits for alternative fuel and flex fuel vehicles Tax credit for alternative fuel producers Tax reduction on alternative fuels Special Loan policy for producers of advanced vehicle technologies Credit trading system Federal policy requires states to introduce targets for fuel efficiency and alternative vehicles The SmartWay Transport Partnership (logistics) Green vehicles labeling
  • 12. California: top polluter in the US By ozone By Year Round Particle Pollution By Short term Particulate Pollution 1: Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA 2: Visalia- Porterville- Hanford, CA 3: Bakersfield, CA 4: Fresno- Madera, CA 5: Sacramento- Roseville, CA 1: Fresno- Madera, CA 2: Visalia- Porterville- Hanford, CA 3: Bakersfield, CA 4: Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA 5: Modesto- Merced, CA 1: Fresno- Madera, CA 2: Visalia- Porterville- Hanford, CA 3: Bakersfield, CA 4: Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA 5: Modesto- Merced, CA 1964: California requires minimal emission control systems on 1966 model cars 2007: Low Carbon Fuel Standard requires 10% reduction in the carbon intensity of transportation fuels by 2020 2012: the US government permitted California to adopt stricter requirements for greenhouse gases and other pollutants from motor vehicles for model years 2017-2025: focus on particulate matter and smog precursors Targets for alternative fuel vehicle producers Investments in replacing fossil-fueled trucks that haul cargo containers to and from Los Angeles' ports with zero- emission freight movement systems such as electric trucks Source: American Lung Association
  • 13. EU: policy driven market Fuel efficiency & GHG emissions Financial incentives Targets for renewable energy Emission standards for vehicles (1998) Fuel efficiency requirements (2012) Cleaner fuel policy Diesel taxed less than gasoline Reduced tax on alternative fuels EU wide; Green tax on vehicles (may differ per member state) Subsidies for renewable energy production EU funding for new technologies Renewable energy targets (2010 and 2020) Emission reduction target 2020 (e.g. fuels)
  • 14. Japan: culture of continuous development and keeping face Top Runner Fuel Efficiency Standard Financial incentives Labeling Consumer Road infrastructure Efficiency targets based on fuel (gasoline, diesel, LPG) km per liter and weight (1999) Vehicle emission limits Cleaner fuels policy (2007) Tax reduction: Efficiency Size Subsidies for hybrids & EVs, scrapping Green fuel efficiency labels with blue low emission labels at the point of sale Energy efficiency is a societal demand Congestion mitigation at intersections Greater use of express way Public transport
  • 15. Take away(s) Road transport plays a very prominent role in the limitation of health and environmental effects due to internal combustion engines, including those powered by diesel fuel oil Regulatory instruments had the major effect on pollution reduction from vehicles (engine efficiency; cleaner fuels) Economic benefit for market players: Fuel cost reduction for consumers, Vehicle and fuel producers market demand PM and CO2 emissions reduction from vehicles remains major concern (including gasoline vehicles) Further progress of alternative fuel and vehicles restricted by infrastructure and production costs