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Lab 4 and 5 (1)

Brookelyn Wiggins
Brookelyn Wiggins

The document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, and total lung capacity. It provides average values for these measurements in males and females. Males generally have larger lung capacities than females. Occupational hazards like dusts and asbestos can cause lung fibrosis, decreasing total lung capacity and vital capacity. Emphysema reduces lung recoil, decreasing vital capacity but not total lung capacity. Expiratory reserve volume increases when treading water due to higher oxygen needs.

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Lung Volumes and Capacities Measurement of lung volumes provides a tool for understanding normal function of the lungs as well as disease states. The breathing cycle is initiated by expansion of the chest. Contraction of the diaphragm causes it to flatten downward. If chest muscles are used, the ribs expand outward. The resulting increase in chest volume creates a negative pressure that draws air in through the nose and mouth. Normal exhalation is passive, resulting from recoil of the chest wall, diaphragm, and lung tissue. Tidal Volume (TV): The volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after a normal inspiration Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation Vital Capacity (VC): The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation: VC = TV + IRV + ERV Residual Volume (RV): The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (the lungs can never be completely emptied) Total Lung Capacity (TLC): = VC + RV Minute Ventilation: The volume of air breathed in 1 minute: (TV)(breaths/minute) DATA Table 1 Class average Class average Volume measurement Individual (L) (Male) (Female) (L) (L) (L) Tidal Volume (TV) .2 .4 .2 Inspiratory Reserve (IRV) .5 .6 .4 Expiratory Reserve .4 .4 .3 (ERV) Vital Capacity (VC) 1.1 1.6 1.2 Residual Volume (RV) 1.5 1.5 1.5 Total Lung Capacity 2.6 2.6 2.4 (TLC)
DATA ANALYSIS 1. What was your Tidal Volume (TV)? What would you expect your TV to be if you inhaled a foreign object which completely obstructed your right mainstem bronchus? TV - .2 If you inhaled a foreign object and completely obstructed your right mainstem bronchus your TV will become half because only your left will function. 2. Describe the difference between lung volumes for males and females. What might account for this? Males have a larger lung capacity, which enables them to take in more air than women. This might be because men have larger torsos than females, which lungs might be larger. 3. Calculate your Minute Volume at rest. (TV breaths/minute) = Minute Volume at rest If you are taking shallow breaths (TV = 0.20 L) to avoid severe pain from rib fractures, what respiratory rate will be required to achieve the same minute volume? (.2 x 15) = 3 MV 4. Exposure to occupational hazards such as coal dust, silica dust, and asbestos may lead to fibrosis, or scarring of lung tissue. With this condition, the lungs become stiff and have more recoil. What would happen to TLC and VC under these conditions? When exposed to occupational hazards the Total Lung Capacity and Vital Capacity will decrease because there will be more recoil in the lunch and with the lungs stiffened it will be harder to breathe. The breathing rate will increase to compensate for the loss of air. 5. In severe emphysema there is destruction of lung tissue and reduced recoil. What would you expect to happen to TLC and VC? In serve emphysema, ones Total Lung Capacity will remain the same but the Vital Capacity will decrease recoil because they cant contract easily, causing breathing problems. 6. What would you expect to happen to your Expiratory Reserve Volume when you are treading water in a lake? Your Expiratory Reserve Volume when you are treading water in a lake will increase because you are taking in more oxygen to help you tread across the lake.
Respiratory Response to Physiologic Challenges DATA Table 1 Holding Breath Rapid Breathing Before Challenge Tidal volume (L) 1.2 .08 Respiratory rate (breaths/min) 3.9 3.5 Initial minute ventilation (L/min) 4.7 0.28 After Challenge Tidal volume (L) .08 1.2 Respiratory rate (breaths/min) 3.3 5.5 Minute ventilation (L/min) .26 6.6 Table 2Exercise Before Challenge Tidal volume (L) .16 Respiratory rate (breaths/min) 4.2 Minute ventilation (L/min) .67 During Challenge Tidal volume (L) 2.5 Respiratory rate (breaths/min) 3.2 Minute ventilation (L/min) 8 After Challenge Tidal volume (L) .82 Respiratory rate (breaths/min) 3.9
Minute ventilation (L/min) 3.2 DATA ANALYSIS 1. Describe the changes in respiratory rates, tidal volumes, and minute ventilations that occurred after each of the following physiologic challenges in terms of CO2 levels and their effect on respiratory drive: (a) breath holding After holding your breath the tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation was lower than it was before. (b) rapid breathing After rapid breathing the tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation was higher than it was before with normal breathing. (c) exercise After exercise the tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation increase and was higher than before without the exercise. 2. Which challenge caused the greatest change in respiratory rate (pre-challenge vs. post challenge)? Tidal volume? Minute ventilation? Did respiratory rate or tidal volume change the most relative to its resting value? The greatest change in respiratory rate was when he was rapid breathing. The greatest change in tidal volume was holding breath. And the greatest change in minute ventilation was rapid breathing. The tidal volume changed the most from what its resting value was. 3. How might breathing into a paper bag help someone who is extremely anxious and hyperventilating? Breathing into a paper bag can help someone who is anxious and hyperventilating because when they breathe into the bag and exhale into the bag the levels of CO2 are increased in the bag, and it helps bring more CO2 into the body and bloodstream and make your PH normal. 4. Some patients with severe emphysema have constant high levels of CO2 because of inadequate ventilation. The central nervous system breathing center in these patients becomes insensitive to CO2 and more dependent on the level of O2, which is low. These patients are said to have oxygen-dependent respiratory drive. What might happen if you give such a person high levels of supplemental O2? If you give them high levels of O2 it should help balance out the need for both CO2 and O2, making the oxygen-dependent state slowly go away. 5. Would breathing pure O2 help the air hunger experienced by athletes who have just completed a race? Why or why not? Breathing pure O2 after a race doesnt help athletes any more than just breathing the regular air afterwards. They are feeling the air hunger because of the overuse of their muscles causing a buildup of lactic acid in the muscles and blood.

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Lab 4 and 5 (1)

  • 1. Lung Volumes and Capacities Measurement of lung volumes provides a tool for understanding normal function of the lungs as well as disease states. The breathing cycle is initiated by expansion of the chest. Contraction of the diaphragm causes it to flatten downward. If chest muscles are used, the ribs expand outward. The resulting increase in chest volume creates a negative pressure that draws air in through the nose and mouth. Normal exhalation is passive, resulting from recoil of the chest wall, diaphragm, and lung tissue. Tidal Volume (TV): The volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after a normal inspiration Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation Vital Capacity (VC): The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation: VC = TV + IRV + ERV Residual Volume (RV): The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (the lungs can never be completely emptied) Total Lung Capacity (TLC): = VC + RV Minute Ventilation: The volume of air breathed in 1 minute: (TV)(breaths/minute) DATA Table 1 Class average Class average Volume measurement Individual (L) (Male) (Female) (L) (L) (L) Tidal Volume (TV) .2 .4 .2 Inspiratory Reserve (IRV) .5 .6 .4 Expiratory Reserve .4 .4 .3 (ERV) Vital Capacity (VC) 1.1 1.6 1.2 Residual Volume (RV) 1.5 1.5 1.5 Total Lung Capacity 2.6 2.6 2.4 (TLC)
  • 2. DATA ANALYSIS 1. What was your Tidal Volume (TV)? What would you expect your TV to be if you inhaled a foreign object which completely obstructed your right mainstem bronchus? TV - .2 If you inhaled a foreign object and completely obstructed your right mainstem bronchus your TV will become half because only your left will function. 2. Describe the difference between lung volumes for males and females. What might account for this? Males have a larger lung capacity, which enables them to take in more air than women. This might be because men have larger torsos than females, which lungs might be larger. 3. Calculate your Minute Volume at rest. (TV breaths/minute) = Minute Volume at rest If you are taking shallow breaths (TV = 0.20 L) to avoid severe pain from rib fractures, what respiratory rate will be required to achieve the same minute volume? (.2 x 15) = 3 MV 4. Exposure to occupational hazards such as coal dust, silica dust, and asbestos may lead to fibrosis, or scarring of lung tissue. With this condition, the lungs become stiff and have more recoil. What would happen to TLC and VC under these conditions? When exposed to occupational hazards the Total Lung Capacity and Vital Capacity will decrease because there will be more recoil in the lunch and with the lungs stiffened it will be harder to breathe. The breathing rate will increase to compensate for the loss of air. 5. In severe emphysema there is destruction of lung tissue and reduced recoil. What would you expect to happen to TLC and VC? In serve emphysema, ones Total Lung Capacity will remain the same but the Vital Capacity will decrease recoil because they cant contract easily, causing breathing problems. 6. What would you expect to happen to your Expiratory Reserve Volume when you are treading water in a lake? Your Expiratory Reserve Volume when you are treading water in a lake will increase because you are taking in more oxygen to help you tread across the lake.
  • 3. Respiratory Response to Physiologic Challenges DATA Table 1 Holding Breath Rapid Breathing Before Challenge Tidal volume (L) 1.2 .08 Respiratory rate (breaths/min) 3.9 3.5 Initial minute ventilation (L/min) 4.7 0.28 After Challenge Tidal volume (L) .08 1.2 Respiratory rate (breaths/min) 3.3 5.5 Minute ventilation (L/min) .26 6.6 Table 2Exercise Before Challenge Tidal volume (L) .16 Respiratory rate (breaths/min) 4.2 Minute ventilation (L/min) .67 During Challenge Tidal volume (L) 2.5 Respiratory rate (breaths/min) 3.2 Minute ventilation (L/min) 8 After Challenge Tidal volume (L) .82 Respiratory rate (breaths/min) 3.9
  • 4. Minute ventilation (L/min) 3.2 DATA ANALYSIS 1. Describe the changes in respiratory rates, tidal volumes, and minute ventilations that occurred after each of the following physiologic challenges in terms of CO2 levels and their effect on respiratory drive: (a) breath holding After holding your breath the tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation was lower than it was before. (b) rapid breathing After rapid breathing the tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation was higher than it was before with normal breathing. (c) exercise After exercise the tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation increase and was higher than before without the exercise. 2. Which challenge caused the greatest change in respiratory rate (pre-challenge vs. post challenge)? Tidal volume? Minute ventilation? Did respiratory rate or tidal volume change the most relative to its resting value? The greatest change in respiratory rate was when he was rapid breathing. The greatest change in tidal volume was holding breath. And the greatest change in minute ventilation was rapid breathing. The tidal volume changed the most from what its resting value was. 3. How might breathing into a paper bag help someone who is extremely anxious and hyperventilating? Breathing into a paper bag can help someone who is anxious and hyperventilating because when they breathe into the bag and exhale into the bag the levels of CO2 are increased in the bag, and it helps bring more CO2 into the body and bloodstream and make your PH normal. 4. Some patients with severe emphysema have constant high levels of CO2 because of inadequate ventilation. The central nervous system breathing center in these patients becomes insensitive to CO2 and more dependent on the level of O2, which is low. These patients are said to have oxygen-dependent respiratory drive. What might happen if you give such a person high levels of supplemental O2? If you give them high levels of O2 it should help balance out the need for both CO2 and O2, making the oxygen-dependent state slowly go away. 5. Would breathing pure O2 help the air hunger experienced by athletes who have just completed a race? Why or why not? Breathing pure O2 after a race doesnt help athletes any more than just breathing the regular air afterwards. They are feeling the air hunger because of the overuse of their muscles causing a buildup of lactic acid in the muscles and blood.