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Lecture 2-CVS 445.ppt

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Lawrence Omai

The document outlines the course content for CVS 445: Water Resources Engineering I, including an introduction to integrated water resources management and development, water interaction and balance, catchment-based planning and management, and the legal and institutional framework for IWRM in Kenya. It also provides definitions and discussions of key concepts such as water use, water users, priorities for water use, barriers to implementing IWRM, the Dublin principles of water management, and the implications of IWRM for various sectors.

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CVS 445: Water Resources Engineering I Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Moi University Lawrence Omai E-mail: lawrenceomai@gmail.com
Course Outline 1. Introduction to WRE 2. Integrated Water Resources Management and development (IWRM/D) Definition Importance Process of implementation Water management (Dublin) principles Water users Implication of change 3. Water interaction and balance 4. Catchments based planning /management 5. Legal & institutional framework and international obligation for IWRM Kenya in focus, Water ACT 2002
INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MAGEMENT General Water Resources
Lecture 2-CVS 445.ppt
Global Water Resources .
Water Use • What does water use mean? • Any activity that has an impact on water resources for instance: a) The AMOUNT of water in the resource b) The QUALITY of water in the resource c) The ENVIRONMENT surrounding the resource • Implies any of the following: – Taking water from a water resource (abstraction) – Storing water – Activities that reduce stream flow – Discharging waste or water containing waste into a water resource – Controlled activities that impact detrimentally on a water resource e.g. irrigating land with water containing waste, power generation activities that alter the flow of a water resource – Changing the physical structure of rivers & streams (altering a watercourse, obstructing/diverting the flow of water in a watercourse) – Abstracting GW – Using water for recreational purposes
Priorities for water use • The first priority – Providing water resources of sufficient quantity and quality to meet the requirements of the Reserve (basic human needs & ecological reserves) • Other priorities: – Water to meet international rights and obligations (mgt of shared waters) – Water use of strategic importance (e.g. generation of electricity) – Inter-catchment water transfers between surplus and deficit catchments – Contingency to meet projected future water needs • The National Water Resource Strategy (NWRS) must provide for all these priorities
• Country dependent wrt available natural resources and the resulting socio-economic activities • The world common water users may be divided into three major categories – Domestic (~ 8 % of water withdrawn for human use) • Cooking, fire protection, drinking water, sanitation, lawn watering etc – Agricultural (~ 6 9 % of water withdrawn for human use) • Mainly irrigation. – Industrial (~23% of water withdrawn for human use) • Manufacturing, energy production, mining etc • The %ages provided are global averages • The global averages vary greatly with regions. For instance, in Africa Agriculture consumes 88 %, Domestic 7% & Industry 5% of all water withdrawn for human use. In Europe, Agriculture and Domestic use take 33% and 13% respectively while Water Users
• Fish and wildlife (Environmental water use) – The way water is handled affects the fish in the water and the wildlife around the water – Different species require different types of water • Recreational water use – Boating, water skiing, fishing, sailing and swimming • Swimming pools - require a lot of water to keep them in compliance with health regulations – Frozen water activities • Ice skating, hockey, snowboarding and skiing Water Users…(Others)
What Makes Water so Special to Manage All life and all sectors of the economy depend on water. We all live in - and with - the hydrological cycle: Water is constantly being recharged, used, returned and reused. So we all depend on each other. We all live downstream! We are all interdependent ...
Why is Water Resources Mgt Critical? Water resources management is prevention and resolution of conflicts
What are the Main Challenges ahead? Water and sanitation for PEOPLE Rainfall and irrigation water for FOOD Water for the economic functions of ECOSYSTEMS ...while... Maintaining the RESOURCE BASE, both surface and ground water, and biodiversity A blue revolution is needed to ensure more jobs and more crops per drop
Water Resources Management • Enshrined in the constitution through the National Water Act • Purpose of the Water Act is to ensure that the nation’s water resources are:
What is IWRM? • IWRM is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to Maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. IWRM helps to: 1. Protect the world’s environment 2. Foster economic growth and sustainable agricultural development. 3. Promote democratic participation in governance and 4. Improve human health
Keys Points in respect to IWRM 1. The basis of Integrated Water resources Management (IWRM) is that different uses of water are interdependent. High irrigation demands and polluted drainage flows from agriculture mean less freshwater for drinking or industrial use. 2. Integrated management means that all the different uses of water resources are considered together 3. Integrated management means that all the different uses of water resources are considered together. 4. Deliberate management of resources is needed to ensure long-term sustainable use... 5. IWRM is a systematic process: Not sectoral approach. Recognises the individual components as well as the linkages between them
Why IRM? 1. Of the Global water sources, 9 7 % seawater, and 3 % is freshwater. of the freshwater 8 7 % not accessible, meaning only 13 % of freshwater is accessible, a mere 0.4 % of the total! 2. Today more than 2 billion people are affected by water shortages in over 4 0 countries. 3. 263 river basins are shared by two or more nations; 4. 2 million tonnes per day of human waste are deposited in water courses. 5. Half the population of the developing world are exposed to polluted sources of water that increase disease incidence. 6. 9 0 % of natural disasters in the previous decade were water related. • Population Pressure (6 b to 9 b) • IWRM is driven by the recognition of water as vital for human survival, health and dignity and a fundamental resource for human development.
Why IRM? Cont’d…. • Growth in population, increased economic activity and improved standards of living lead to increased competition for and conflicts over the limited freshwater resource. • A combination of social inequity and economic marginalisation forces pple living in extreme poverty lead to overexploitation of soil and forestry resources, with damaging impacts on water resources.
Reasons for an Impending water crisis 1. Water resources are increasingly under pressure from population growth, economic activity and intensifying competition for the water among users; 2. Water withdrawals have increased more than twice as fast as population growth 3. Pollution is further enhancing water scarcity by reducing water usability downstream; 4. …. 5. …… 6. ….
Principal Components of IWRM 1. Managing water resources at the basin or watershed scale. 2. Optimising supply: Assessments of surface and GW supplies, analysing water balances, adopting ww reuse, water use options. 3. Managing demand. 4. Providing equitable access to water resources. 5. Establishing improved and integrated policy, regulatory, and institutional frameworks. 6. Utilizing an inter-sectoral approach to decision-making,
Process of Implementing IWRM-Process of Change • The overall objective of IWRM’ is to lay the foundation for rational and efficient framework for meeting the water needs for development, social and environmental uses. • The strategy encompasses institutional reforms that separate the functions of; • Water service delivery, • Management and administration • Policy and regulation. • It confronts entrenched sectoral interests and requires that the water resource be managed holistically for the benefits of all. • This implies change, which brings threats as well as opportunities. • IWRM involves integration of various mgt aspects
Integration of Water Resources Mgt Involves: • Integration of Land and water management • Integration of quality and quantity in water resources management • Integration of surface and groundwater management • Integration of cross-sectoral and upstream – downstream dialogue • Integration of Freshwater and coastal zone management • Integrating water and wastewater management
IWRM & Its Relations to Sub-Sectors • Towards a new paradigm: From Sub-Sectoral to Cross-Sectoral Relations • Overriding Criteria: Economic Efficiency in Water Use; Equity; Environmental and Ecological Sustainability • Important Elements: Enabling Environment; The Institutional Roles; and The Management Instruments
What Constitutes the 'Enabling Environment' for Water Resources Management? ï‚· First of all, the right attitude: Government as an enabler, rather than a top-down manager. Governments: ï‚· Formulate national water policies ï‚· Enact water resources legislation ï‚· Ensure separation of regulating and service provision functions ï‚· Encourage and regulate the private sector ï‚· Encourage dialogue with neighbouring countries (50% of all land lies in shared river basins)
What Are The Appropriate Institutional Roles? ï‚· First of all, organizations and agencies at all levels and across sectors are participating and talking to each other. How? ï‚· By anchoring the coordination at the highest apex level, ï‚· By creating coordination bodies at the river basin level, and ï‚· By devolving responsibility to the lowest appropriate level ... and by developing human and institutional capacity
What Are The Practical 'Management Instruments'? Water managers need practical 'tool boxes' in order to work! Water Resources Assessment ï‚· Data collection networks and assessment techniques ï‚· Environmental impact assessment (EIA) techniques ï‚· Risk management tools, for instance for floods and droughts Communication and Information: ï‚· Raise awareness - a 'water movement' ï‚· Informed stakeholder participation! Allocation and Conflict Resolution: ï‚· Allocation through market instruments ï‚· Allocation based on the valuation of costs and benefits ï‚· Tools for conflict resolution: upstream versus downstream, sector versus sector, human versus nature
What Are The Practical 'Management Instruments’? (2) Regulatory Instruments 3 Basic Principles  User-pays principle  Polluter-pays principle  Subsidise the good, tax the bad  Direct controls - regulations, rights, standards, land use plans, utility regulation etc.  Economic instruments, prices, tariffs, subsidies, incentives, fees, charges, markets, taxes etc.  Encouraged self-regulation - transparent benchmarking, product labelling etc. Technology  Research and development  Technology assessment guidelines  Technology choices
Barriers for implementation of IWRM 1. Lack of awareness 2. Lack of political will 3. Lack of human and financial resources Assignment # Considering Water sector, citing relevant examples in Kenya briefly discuss the barriers inherent in the implementation of IWRM.
Water Management ( Dublin Principles) 1. The International Conference on Water and Environment, Dublin Ireland, January 1 9 9 2. 2. Gave rise to four principles that have been the basis for much o the subsequent water sector reform. a) Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment b) Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policymakers at all levels. c) Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water and, d) Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognised as an economic good
Assignment # 1. Identify and briefly discuss the needed transitions in water management 2. Briefly discuss the implications of IWRM on the following sectors – Water Supply and Sanitation – Irrigation and Drainage – Energy – Environment

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Lecture 2-CVS 445.ppt

  • 1. CVS 445: Water Resources Engineering I Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Moi University Lawrence Omai E-mail: lawrenceomai@gmail.com
  • 2. Course Outline 1. Introduction to WRE 2. Integrated Water Resources Management and development (IWRM/D) Definition Importance Process of implementation Water management (Dublin) principles Water users Implication of change 3. Water interaction and balance 4. Catchments based planning /management 5. Legal & institutional framework and international obligation for IWRM Kenya in focus, Water ACT 2002
  • 3. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MAGEMENT General Water Resources
  • 6. Water Use • What does water use mean? • Any activity that has an impact on water resources for instance: a) The AMOUNT of water in the resource b) The QUALITY of water in the resource c) The ENVIRONMENT surrounding the resource • Implies any of the following: – Taking water from a water resource (abstraction) – Storing water – Activities that reduce stream flow – Discharging waste or water containing waste into a water resource – Controlled activities that impact detrimentally on a water resource e.g. irrigating land with water containing waste, power generation activities that alter the flow of a water resource – Changing the physical structure of rivers & streams (altering a watercourse, obstructing/diverting the flow of water in a watercourse) – Abstracting GW – Using water for recreational purposes
  • 7. Priorities for water use • The first priority – Providing water resources of sufficient quantity and quality to meet the requirements of the Reserve (basic human needs & ecological reserves) • Other priorities: – Water to meet international rights and obligations (mgt of shared waters) – Water use of strategic importance (e.g. generation of electricity) – Inter-catchment water transfers between surplus and deficit catchments – Contingency to meet projected future water needs • The National Water Resource Strategy (NWRS) must provide for all these priorities
  • 8. • Country dependent wrt available natural resources and the resulting socio-economic activities • The world common water users may be divided into three major categories – Domestic (~ 8 % of water withdrawn for human use) • Cooking, fire protection, drinking water, sanitation, lawn watering etc – Agricultural (~ 6 9 % of water withdrawn for human use) • Mainly irrigation. – Industrial (~23% of water withdrawn for human use) • Manufacturing, energy production, mining etc • The %ages provided are global averages • The global averages vary greatly with regions. For instance, in Africa Agriculture consumes 88 %, Domestic 7% & Industry 5% of all water withdrawn for human use. In Europe, Agriculture and Domestic use take 33% and 13% respectively while Water Users
  • 9. • Fish and wildlife (Environmental water use) – The way water is handled affects the fish in the water and the wildlife around the water – Different species require different types of water • Recreational water use – Boating, water skiing, fishing, sailing and swimming • Swimming pools - require a lot of water to keep them in compliance with health regulations – Frozen water activities • Ice skating, hockey, snowboarding and skiing Water Users…(Others)
  • 10. What Makes Water so Special to Manage All life and all sectors of the economy depend on water. We all live in - and with - the hydrological cycle: Water is constantly being recharged, used, returned and reused. So we all depend on each other. We all live downstream! We are all interdependent ...
  • 11. Why is Water Resources Mgt Critical? Water resources management is prevention and resolution of conflicts
  • 12. What are the Main Challenges ahead? Water and sanitation for PEOPLE Rainfall and irrigation water for FOOD Water for the economic functions of ECOSYSTEMS ...while... Maintaining the RESOURCE BASE, both surface and ground water, and biodiversity A blue revolution is needed to ensure more jobs and more crops per drop
  • 13. Water Resources Management • Enshrined in the constitution through the National Water Act • Purpose of the Water Act is to ensure that the nation’s water resources are:
  • 14. What is IWRM? • IWRM is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to Maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. IWRM helps to: 1. Protect the world’s environment 2. Foster economic growth and sustainable agricultural development. 3. Promote democratic participation in governance and 4. Improve human health
  • 15. Keys Points in respect to IWRM 1. The basis of Integrated Water resources Management (IWRM) is that different uses of water are interdependent. High irrigation demands and polluted drainage flows from agriculture mean less freshwater for drinking or industrial use. 2. Integrated management means that all the different uses of water resources are considered together 3. Integrated management means that all the different uses of water resources are considered together. 4. Deliberate management of resources is needed to ensure long-term sustainable use... 5. IWRM is a systematic process: Not sectoral approach. Recognises the individual components as well as the linkages between them
  • 16. Why IRM? 1. Of the Global water sources, 9 7 % seawater, and 3 % is freshwater. of the freshwater 8 7 % not accessible, meaning only 13 % of freshwater is accessible, a mere 0.4 % of the total! 2. Today more than 2 billion people are affected by water shortages in over 4 0 countries. 3. 263 river basins are shared by two or more nations; 4. 2 million tonnes per day of human waste are deposited in water courses. 5. Half the population of the developing world are exposed to polluted sources of water that increase disease incidence. 6. 9 0 % of natural disasters in the previous decade were water related. • Population Pressure (6 b to 9 b) • IWRM is driven by the recognition of water as vital for human survival, health and dignity and a fundamental resource for human development.
  • 17. Why IRM? Cont’d…. • Growth in population, increased economic activity and improved standards of living lead to increased competition for and conflicts over the limited freshwater resource. • A combination of social inequity and economic marginalisation forces pple living in extreme poverty lead to overexploitation of soil and forestry resources, with damaging impacts on water resources.
  • 18. Reasons for an Impending water crisis 1. Water resources are increasingly under pressure from population growth, economic activity and intensifying competition for the water among users; 2. Water withdrawals have increased more than twice as fast as population growth 3. Pollution is further enhancing water scarcity by reducing water usability downstream; 4. …. 5. …… 6. ….
  • 19. Principal Components of IWRM 1. Managing water resources at the basin or watershed scale. 2. Optimising supply: Assessments of surface and GW supplies, analysing water balances, adopting ww reuse, water use options. 3. Managing demand. 4. Providing equitable access to water resources. 5. Establishing improved and integrated policy, regulatory, and institutional frameworks. 6. Utilizing an inter-sectoral approach to decision-making,
  • 20. Process of Implementing IWRM-Process of Change • The overall objective of IWRM’ is to lay the foundation for rational and efficient framework for meeting the water needs for development, social and environmental uses. • The strategy encompasses institutional reforms that separate the functions of; • Water service delivery, • Management and administration • Policy and regulation. • It confronts entrenched sectoral interests and requires that the water resource be managed holistically for the benefits of all. • This implies change, which brings threats as well as opportunities. • IWRM involves integration of various mgt aspects
  • 21. Integration of Water Resources Mgt Involves: • Integration of Land and water management • Integration of quality and quantity in water resources management • Integration of surface and groundwater management • Integration of cross-sectoral and upstream – downstream dialogue • Integration of Freshwater and coastal zone management • Integrating water and wastewater management
  • 22. IWRM & Its Relations to Sub-Sectors • Towards a new paradigm: From Sub-Sectoral to Cross-Sectoral Relations • Overriding Criteria: Economic Efficiency in Water Use; Equity; Environmental and Ecological Sustainability • Important Elements: Enabling Environment; The Institutional Roles; and The Management Instruments
  • 23. What Constitutes the 'Enabling Environment' for Water Resources Management? ï‚· First of all, the right attitude: Government as an enabler, rather than a top-down manager. Governments: ï‚· Formulate national water policies ï‚· Enact water resources legislation ï‚· Ensure separation of regulating and service provision functions ï‚· Encourage and regulate the private sector ï‚· Encourage dialogue with neighbouring countries (50% of all land lies in shared river basins)
  • 24. What Are The Appropriate Institutional Roles? ï‚· First of all, organizations and agencies at all levels and across sectors are participating and talking to each other. How? ï‚· By anchoring the coordination at the highest apex level, ï‚· By creating coordination bodies at the river basin level, and ï‚· By devolving responsibility to the lowest appropriate level ... and by developing human and institutional capacity
  • 25. What Are The Practical 'Management Instruments'? Water managers need practical 'tool boxes' in order to work! Water Resources Assessment ï‚· Data collection networks and assessment techniques ï‚· Environmental impact assessment (EIA) techniques ï‚· Risk management tools, for instance for floods and droughts Communication and Information: ï‚· Raise awareness - a 'water movement' ï‚· Informed stakeholder participation! Allocation and Conflict Resolution: ï‚· Allocation through market instruments ï‚· Allocation based on the valuation of costs and benefits ï‚· Tools for conflict resolution: upstream versus downstream, sector versus sector, human versus nature
  • 26. What Are The Practical 'Management Instruments’? (2) Regulatory Instruments 3 Basic Principles ï‚· User-pays principle ï‚· Polluter-pays principle ï‚· Subsidise the good, tax the bad ï‚· Direct controls - regulations, rights, standards, land use plans, utility regulation etc. ï‚· Economic instruments, prices, tariffs, subsidies, incentives, fees, charges, markets, taxes etc. ï‚· Encouraged self-regulation - transparent benchmarking, product labelling etc. Technology ï‚· Research and development ï‚· Technology assessment guidelines ï‚· Technology choices
  • 27. Barriers for implementation of IWRM 1. Lack of awareness 2. Lack of political will 3. Lack of human and financial resources Assignment # Considering Water sector, citing relevant examples in Kenya briefly discuss the barriers inherent in the implementation of IWRM.
  • 28. Water Management ( Dublin Principles) 1. The International Conference on Water and Environment, Dublin Ireland, January 1 9 9 2. 2. Gave rise to four principles that have been the basis for much o the subsequent water sector reform. a) Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment b) Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policymakers at all levels. c) Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water and, d) Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognised as an economic good
  • 29. Assignment # 1. Identify and briefly discuss the needed transitions in water management 2. Briefly discuss the implications of IWRM on the following sectors – Water Supply and Sanitation – Irrigation and Drainage – Energy – Environment