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LECTURE II. Introduction to Research Methodology (Steps in Conducting Research) (AIU), 20 Sept 2023.pptx

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Lecture 2 for research methodology students

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Afghan International University PhD Program of Study in Structure LECTURE II: STEPS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH Prof. Dr. Abdul Qayeum Karim Email: aqkarim19@gmail.com, Phone: +93 700 591991 Sept. 2023
Table of Contents 1. Eight Steps in Conducting Research 2. Five Steps in Planning a Research 3. Three Steps in Conducting a Research 4. Conclusion
1) Eight-Step Research Process 3 A) 5 STEPS IN PLANNING A RESEARCH STUDY Step 1: Formulating a research problem Step 2: Conceptualizing a research design Step 3: Constructing an instrument for data collection Step 4: Selecting a sample Step 5: Writing a research proposal B) 3 STEPS IN CONDUCTING A STUDY Step 6: Collecting data Step 7: Processing data Step 8: Writing a research report 1. Research is a fundamental tool for exploring, discovering, and investigating various phenomena 2. There are significant processes to conducting a research. 3. The aims and objectives of research must be clear.
1) Eight-Step Research Process 4 A) 5 STEPS IN PLANNING A RESEARCH STUDY Step 1: Formulating a research problem Step 2: Conceptualizing a research design Step 3: Constructing an instrument for data collection Step 4: Selecting a sample Step 5: Writing a research proposal
1) Eight-Step Research Process 5 B) 3 STEPS IN CONDUCTING A STUDY Step 6: Collecting data Step 7: Processing data Step 8: Writing a research report
2) Formulating a Research Problem 6 Formulating a Research Problem A research problem identifies your destination: It should tell WHAT you intend to research. The more specific and clear you are, the better you formulate your research problem.
3. Conceptualizing a Research Design 7 2. Conceptualizing a Research Design The main function of a research design is to explain how you will find answers to your research questions. The research design sets out the logic of your inquiry. A research design should include: the study design, the measurement procedures, the sampling strategy, the frame of analysis, and the time-frame.
4. Constructing a Research Instrument 8 Research tool: It is a mean of collecting information. For example, observation forms, interview schedule, questionnaires, and interview guides are all classified as research tools.
4. Constructing a Research Instrument 9 The construction of a research tool is the first practical step in carrying out a study. You will need to decide how you are going to collect data for the proposed study and then construct a research instrument for data
4. Constructing a Research Instrument 10 If you are planning to collect data specifically for your study (primary data), you need to either construct a research instrument or select an already constructed one.
5. Selecting a Sample 11 The accuracy of your estimates largely depends up on the way you select your sample. The basic objective of any sampling design is to minimize, within the limitation of cost, the gap between the values obtained from your sample and those prevalent in the population.
6. Collecting Data 12 By Now, DONE: - Formulated a research problem, - study design, - research instruments - selected samples, Now: Collect the data to be used in drawing Conclusion. As a part of the research design, decided upon the procedure to collect your data. At this stage: You actually collect the data. For example, depending upon your plans, you might: - Commence interviews, - mail out a questionnaire, - conduct nominal/focused group discussion, or - make observations. - Conducting Experiments
6. Collecting Data 13 Collected Data Analysis depends on: 1- the type of information descriptive, quantitative, qualitative or attitudinal, and 2- the way you want to write your dissertation/report/paper There are quantitative and qualitative reports. In most studies one needs to combine quantitative and qualitative skills.
8. Writing a Research Report 14 Writing the report is the last and, for many, the most difficult step of the research process. It informs the world of: - what you have done, - what have you discovered, and - what conclusions you have drawn from your findings. If you are clear about the whole process, you will also be clear about the way you want to write your report.
Conclusion 15 The research process is a systematic and organized approach that helps researchers: -gather information, -analyze data, and -draw conclusions. The success of any research project largely depends on: - the thoroughness, and - accuracy of each step in the process.
Conclusion (Cont. . . . .) 16 Research involves some important stages including: - defining the research problem, - developing a research design, - collecting data, - analyzing data, and - writing a report.
THANK YOU INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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LECTURE II. Introduction to Research Methodology (Steps in Conducting Research) (AIU), 20 Sept 2023.pptx

  • 1. Afghan International University PhD Program of Study in Structure LECTURE II: STEPS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH Prof. Dr. Abdul Qayeum Karim Email: aqkarim19@gmail.com, Phone: +93 700 591991 Sept. 2023
  • 2. Table of Contents 1. Eight Steps in Conducting Research 2. Five Steps in Planning a Research 3. Three Steps in Conducting a Research 4. Conclusion
  • 3. 1) Eight-Step Research Process 3 A) 5 STEPS IN PLANNING A RESEARCH STUDY Step 1: Formulating a research problem Step 2: Conceptualizing a research design Step 3: Constructing an instrument for data collection Step 4: Selecting a sample Step 5: Writing a research proposal B) 3 STEPS IN CONDUCTING A STUDY Step 6: Collecting data Step 7: Processing data Step 8: Writing a research report 1. Research is a fundamental tool for exploring, discovering, and investigating various phenomena 2. There are significant processes to conducting a research. 3. The aims and objectives of research must be clear.
  • 4. 1) Eight-Step Research Process 4 A) 5 STEPS IN PLANNING A RESEARCH STUDY Step 1: Formulating a research problem Step 2: Conceptualizing a research design Step 3: Constructing an instrument for data collection Step 4: Selecting a sample Step 5: Writing a research proposal
  • 5. 1) Eight-Step Research Process 5 B) 3 STEPS IN CONDUCTING A STUDY Step 6: Collecting data Step 7: Processing data Step 8: Writing a research report
  • 6. 2) Formulating a Research Problem 6 Formulating a Research Problem A research problem identifies your destination: It should tell WHAT you intend to research. The more specific and clear you are, the better you formulate your research problem.
  • 7. 3. Conceptualizing a Research Design 7 2. Conceptualizing a Research Design The main function of a research design is to explain how you will find answers to your research questions. The research design sets out the logic of your inquiry. A research design should include: the study design, the measurement procedures, the sampling strategy, the frame of analysis, and the time-frame.
  • 8. 4. Constructing a Research Instrument 8 Research tool: It is a mean of collecting information. For example, observation forms, interview schedule, questionnaires, and interview guides are all classified as research tools.
  • 9. 4. Constructing a Research Instrument 9 The construction of a research tool is the first practical step in carrying out a study. You will need to decide how you are going to collect data for the proposed study and then construct a research instrument for data
  • 10. 4. Constructing a Research Instrument 10 If you are planning to collect data specifically for your study (primary data), you need to either construct a research instrument or select an already constructed one.
  • 11. 5. Selecting a Sample 11 The accuracy of your estimates largely depends up on the way you select your sample. The basic objective of any sampling design is to minimize, within the limitation of cost, the gap between the values obtained from your sample and those prevalent in the population.
  • 12. 6. Collecting Data 12 By Now, DONE: - Formulated a research problem, - study design, - research instruments - selected samples, Now: Collect the data to be used in drawing Conclusion. As a part of the research design, decided upon the procedure to collect your data. At this stage: You actually collect the data. For example, depending upon your plans, you might: - Commence interviews, - mail out a questionnaire, - conduct nominal/focused group discussion, or - make observations. - Conducting Experiments
  • 13. 6. Collecting Data 13 Collected Data Analysis depends on: 1- the type of information descriptive, quantitative, qualitative or attitudinal, and 2- the way you want to write your dissertation/report/paper There are quantitative and qualitative reports. In most studies one needs to combine quantitative and qualitative skills.
  • 14. 8. Writing a Research Report 14 Writing the report is the last and, for many, the most difficult step of the research process. It informs the world of: - what you have done, - what have you discovered, and - what conclusions you have drawn from your findings. If you are clear about the whole process, you will also be clear about the way you want to write your report.
  • 15. Conclusion 15 The research process is a systematic and organized approach that helps researchers: -gather information, -analyze data, and -draw conclusions. The success of any research project largely depends on: - the thoroughness, and - accuracy of each step in the process.
  • 16. Conclusion (Cont. . . . .) 16 Research involves some important stages including: - defining the research problem, - developing a research design, - collecting data, - analyzing data, and - writing a report.
  • 17. THANK YOU INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY