際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo

Lecture note

Download as PPTX, PDF
Y
Yenesew Sewnet

This chapter introduces key concepts related to innovation and systems thinking. It defines innovation as an idea perceived as new by an individual or organization. It then discusses different approaches to innovation like NARS, AKIS, and agricultural innovation systems. It explains that agricultural innovation systems view knowledge generation as involving diverse actors like farmers, researchers, and policymakers. The chapter also defines a system as interrelated, interdependent components working together towards a common goal. It outlines properties of systems and categorizes systems as natural, social, or artificial. Finally, it contrasts positivist and constructivist scientific paradigms.

1 of 15
Download to read offline
Chapter one: An Introduction to Innovation and System Thinking Chapter objectives At the end of this chapter you should be able to:- Define innovation Explain the innovation approaches Explain the concept of system thinking List and discuss the types and properties of system Differentiate different scientific paradigms of knowledge
1.1. The meaning of innovation An innovation is an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or an organization. If the idea seems new to the individual, it is an innovation. 1.2. Innovation approaches National agricultural research system(NARS-) The system assumes that agricultural knowledge originates from a known source and flows to an end user (the farmer). It is linear and unchanging.
NARS cntd Extension is seen as knowledge and information disseminator, worker in the field, and advisor of farmers. Farmers were considered as largely passive, illiterate, ignorant, and unable to innovate agricultural practices Researchers were considered professionals, more generic and comfortably experimenting under controlled conditions on research stations. Linear model of technology development
Agricultural knowledge and information system Agricultural knowledge and information system(AKIS) it recognizes a link between researcher, extension and end users. However, AKIS is limited in its consideration of the heterogeneity among agents, the institutional contexts that condition agents behavior
Contd Agricultural knowledge and innovation system(AKIS) It is a network of different actors (organizations, farmers, policy- makers, extension agents, input agencies, marketing agencies, etc...) that are involved in the generation, transformation, dissemination, exchange, utilization, storage and retrieval of knowledge & information. The innovation systems approach broadens the NARS and AKIS perspectives by focusing on the diverse agents of innovation
Agricultural innovation system 界看稼岳糸
Why Is Innovation Systems Thinking Needed Now? AKIS needed because of the following reasons To recognize specific situations To get clear picture of knowledge producers and users To design appropriate development strategy Markets, not production, increasingly drive agricultural development. The production, trade, and consumption environment for agriculture is growing more dynamic. Exponential growth in ICT.
1.3. The Concept of system The term "System" is derived from the Greek word systema. It means an organized relationship among functioning units or components. We can define a System as a combination of resources or functional units working together to accomplish a given task. The term "working together" in system definition is all the components are interrelated and interdependent and it cannot exist independently. As the definition says, these components interact with each other to accomplish a given task.
1.4. Properties of a system 1. Holism: system works based on the assumption that the world can be viewed as consisting of structural wholes. The structural wholes working together exhibit certain emergent properties emerging from their wholes. eg. Life is the emergent property of human body system salt is the emergent property of chlorine and sodium 2. Transformations Inputs to a system are transformed to an output through major functions. 3. Control systems have the capacity to maintain key components in the face of external disturbance. 4. Communication system has an ability to communicate information among components.
Properties of a system 界看稼岳糸 5.Orientation towards the objective: The subsystems are oriented towards the common objective of the system. 6. Interdependence: The subsystems cannot exist in isolation. 7. Boundary- it defines the limits in which system components and their interactions are studied. The system is inside the boundary, and the area outside the boundary is called the environment.
1.5. Types of Systems There is no universally accepted classification. For simplicity system can be classified into three broad families. Natural systems are those systems that exist in nature. They exist independent of humankind. Social systems. Social systems involve relationships between animate populations not between things. It is a deliberate mental construct that people create through debate, negotiation and consensus to solve problems . Artificial systems: it does not exist in nature. They are human creations They are constructed from either or both of two kinds of elements i.e. from natural and social systems. E.g. dairy cooperatives
Other classifications Systems within the three broad divisions can be further classified Static or dynamic depending on whether or not they change over time in response to internal or external influences. Open or closed depending on whether or not they interact with their environment. Abstract or concrete depending on whether or not they are conceptual or physical in nature. Abstract e.g. AKIS Natural and manufactured systems: Adaptive and non-adaptive systems: Deterministic and probabilistic systems:
1.6. SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM Scientific Paradigms: It is a scientific approach based on certain line of epistemology aiming at providing tools for looking at social problems. Positivism-realism (Conventional paradigm) Basic Arguments There is one objective truth Persons who think differently are incorrect The choice for experts is to convince or ignore others there is a real world There is a real world that exists independently of our perceptions, theories, and constructions
Contd Realism holds that there are properties that can be applied to many things, rather than denoting a single specific individual. According to realists, these properties, so called universals, really exist. Constructivism (New Paradigm) Theories/knowledge about the world are constructed by us in a creative process. There is no mind-independent world There are multiple life worlds towards which experts have to work to satisfy the interests of these life worlds of social actors. Constructivists believe that social problems can be solved through entertaining the views of individual actors.
Relativism Social realities that are constructed at one moment in time would be deconstructed at the other time. because social actors in the system will continue to change their strategies to react to externalities (e.g, government policies and regulations).

More Related Content

Lecture note

  • 1. Chapter one: An Introduction to Innovation and System Thinking Chapter objectives At the end of this chapter you should be able to:- Define innovation Explain the innovation approaches Explain the concept of system thinking List and discuss the types and properties of system Differentiate different scientific paradigms of knowledge
  • 2. 1.1. The meaning of innovation An innovation is an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or an organization. If the idea seems new to the individual, it is an innovation. 1.2. Innovation approaches National agricultural research system(NARS-) The system assumes that agricultural knowledge originates from a known source and flows to an end user (the farmer). It is linear and unchanging.
  • 3. NARS cntd Extension is seen as knowledge and information disseminator, worker in the field, and advisor of farmers. Farmers were considered as largely passive, illiterate, ignorant, and unable to innovate agricultural practices Researchers were considered professionals, more generic and comfortably experimenting under controlled conditions on research stations. Linear model of technology development
  • 4. Agricultural knowledge and information system Agricultural knowledge and information system(AKIS) it recognizes a link between researcher, extension and end users. However, AKIS is limited in its consideration of the heterogeneity among agents, the institutional contexts that condition agents behavior
  • 5. Contd Agricultural knowledge and innovation system(AKIS) It is a network of different actors (organizations, farmers, policy- makers, extension agents, input agencies, marketing agencies, etc...) that are involved in the generation, transformation, dissemination, exchange, utilization, storage and retrieval of knowledge & information. The innovation systems approach broadens the NARS and AKIS perspectives by focusing on the diverse agents of innovation
  • 7. Why Is Innovation Systems Thinking Needed Now? AKIS needed because of the following reasons To recognize specific situations To get clear picture of knowledge producers and users To design appropriate development strategy Markets, not production, increasingly drive agricultural development. The production, trade, and consumption environment for agriculture is growing more dynamic. Exponential growth in ICT.
  • 8. 1.3. The Concept of system The term "System" is derived from the Greek word systema. It means an organized relationship among functioning units or components. We can define a System as a combination of resources or functional units working together to accomplish a given task. The term "working together" in system definition is all the components are interrelated and interdependent and it cannot exist independently. As the definition says, these components interact with each other to accomplish a given task.
  • 9. 1.4. Properties of a system 1. Holism: system works based on the assumption that the world can be viewed as consisting of structural wholes. The structural wholes working together exhibit certain emergent properties emerging from their wholes. eg. Life is the emergent property of human body system salt is the emergent property of chlorine and sodium 2. Transformations Inputs to a system are transformed to an output through major functions. 3. Control systems have the capacity to maintain key components in the face of external disturbance. 4. Communication system has an ability to communicate information among components.
  • 10. Properties of a system 界看稼岳糸 5.Orientation towards the objective: The subsystems are oriented towards the common objective of the system. 6. Interdependence: The subsystems cannot exist in isolation. 7. Boundary- it defines the limits in which system components and their interactions are studied. The system is inside the boundary, and the area outside the boundary is called the environment.
  • 11. 1.5. Types of Systems There is no universally accepted classification. For simplicity system can be classified into three broad families. Natural systems are those systems that exist in nature. They exist independent of humankind. Social systems. Social systems involve relationships between animate populations not between things. It is a deliberate mental construct that people create through debate, negotiation and consensus to solve problems . Artificial systems: it does not exist in nature. They are human creations They are constructed from either or both of two kinds of elements i.e. from natural and social systems. E.g. dairy cooperatives
  • 12. Other classifications Systems within the three broad divisions can be further classified Static or dynamic depending on whether or not they change over time in response to internal or external influences. Open or closed depending on whether or not they interact with their environment. Abstract or concrete depending on whether or not they are conceptual or physical in nature. Abstract e.g. AKIS Natural and manufactured systems: Adaptive and non-adaptive systems: Deterministic and probabilistic systems:
  • 13. 1.6. SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM Scientific Paradigms: It is a scientific approach based on certain line of epistemology aiming at providing tools for looking at social problems. Positivism-realism (Conventional paradigm) Basic Arguments There is one objective truth Persons who think differently are incorrect The choice for experts is to convince or ignore others there is a real world There is a real world that exists independently of our perceptions, theories, and constructions
  • 14. Contd Realism holds that there are properties that can be applied to many things, rather than denoting a single specific individual. According to realists, these properties, so called universals, really exist. Constructivism (New Paradigm) Theories/knowledge about the world are constructed by us in a creative process. There is no mind-independent world There are multiple life worlds towards which experts have to work to satisfy the interests of these life worlds of social actors. Constructivists believe that social problems can be solved through entertaining the views of individual actors.
  • 15. Relativism Social realities that are constructed at one moment in time would be deconstructed at the other time. because social actors in the system will continue to change their strategies to react to externalities (e.g, government policies and regulations).