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‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﻤﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻭﺩ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻡ‬
1
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮء‬
The Nature and Propagation of Light
 
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫ـﻀﻭﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ـﺯ‬‫ﺘﻤﻴـ‬ ‫ـﻪ‬‫ﺨﻼﻟـ‬Light‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻤﻭﺠـ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ـﻥ‬‫ﻋـ‬
‫ـﺭﻯ‬‫ﺃﺨـ‬ ‫ـﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ﻜﻬﺭﻭﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴـ‬.‫ـﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠـ‬ ‫ـﺎﻑ‬‫ﺃﻭﺼـ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻁﺒـﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻭﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﺌﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ﺔ‬.‫ﻴﻤﻴـﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻨـﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻜﻬﺭﻭﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬recepctors‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻻ‬eye
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻭﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

2
‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻀﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻯ‬400 mm
‫ﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬violet‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬700 mm‫ﻨﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺃﺤﻤﺭ‬
red
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺨـﺼﺎﺌﺹ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻨﺎﻗﺵ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺴـﺭﻋﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫،ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬propagtion‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
visible Light 
‫ﺇﺸـﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻨـﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻬﺭﻭﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ‬.‫ﺤـﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺩﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨـﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﻡ‬400
mm‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬700mm‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬1014
×7
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬1014
×4.‫ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﻥ‬

3
‫ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍل‬.‫ﺸﻜل‬1‫ﻴﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻼﺤـﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺴـﻲ‬
‫ﺒـﺸﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻠـﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻁﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬.

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‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬555mm‫ﻟﻠﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬ ،
‫ﻭﻷﺨﻀﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ‬.‫ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ ،‫ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺒـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ‬.‫ﻟﺤـﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻟـ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬1%‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬690 mm
(red0 , 430 mm (violet).‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﺫ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ‬1‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـ‬ ‫ﺤـﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻴﻭﻥ‬‫ﺔ‬.
‫ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻀﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺴﻊ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬:‫ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴـﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻓﻌﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻁﻌﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬

5
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ، ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻤﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬.‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬.
‫ﺍﻨﺒﻌﺎﺙ‬‫ﻤﻤﻜﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻭﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺅ‬(
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬.
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺄﻟﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻅﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺸﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻲ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻭﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﻁﺤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬...‫ﺃﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻓﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺸﺩﺓ‬ ،‫ﻤﺭﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ‬550 mm‫ﻟﻠﻘﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻤ‬ ‫ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬ ،
‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ‬)2.(
‫ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻜﻬﺭﻭﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬theramal radiation‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬ ،

6
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﻡ‬.‫ﺇﺸـﻌﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻭﻫﺞ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬ ،‫ﻤﺭﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬)‫ﺴﺎﻁﻊ‬(incondecent
‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﺎﺒﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎﻴل‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻫﺎﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻫﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺠﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ‬.‫ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻼﺌﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﻫﺞ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ‬.‫ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠـﺎﺕ‬100 C
‫ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬.
‫ﺃﺠـﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻴﻀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻀﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬(
luminescance‫ﻤـﺼﺎﺒﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺘﺘـﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟـﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻭﻤﺒﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻫﺠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﻘﺔ‬ ،‫ﺴﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻔﻠﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬.‫ﻤـﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻭﺭﺴﻨﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﻌل‬

7
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺘ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻁﻭﺍ‬ ،‫ﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺌﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻬﻡ‬
violet‫ﻟﻠﻁـﻼﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺘﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺘـﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻲ‬.‫ﺃﻨـﻪ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻫﺠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬.
Luminescent‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻴﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﺌﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻀﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺙ‬.‫ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺨـﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺘﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬10-3
sc‫ﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬‫ﻓﻠﻭﺭﻭﺴﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺭﺓ‬fluorescent‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻭﺭﻭﺴﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬.
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻫﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟـ‬‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬10-8
sc‫ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬)‫ﻤﺜل‬

8
‫ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﻨﺎ‬(‫ﻓﻭﺴـﻔﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘـﺴﻤﻰ‬Phasphoresent
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺴﻔﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺜﻴﺭ‬Phosphor
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻴﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻴﻜ‬‫ﺍﻟﺫ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻥ‬‫ﺘﻔﺎﻋـل‬ ‫ﻤﻨـﺸﺄﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻜﻴ‬‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻜﻴﻤﺎﺌﻴــ‬ ‫ـﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻀــ‬ ‫ـﺴﻤﻰ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺘــ‬ ، ‫ـﺎﺌﻲ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻤﻴــ‬
Chemiluminescence‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺎﺤﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬firelien‫ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ‬marine ogramisms‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬bioluminescence
The Spead of ligth
‫ﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻁﺒﻘ‬Maxwell theory‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻭﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺴـﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻔﺱ‬
the speed of light‫ﺍﻹﺸـﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ‬

9
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻭﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺭﻓﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺠـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻭﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
)‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎ‬λ=C(‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬1900‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺤﻅﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻜﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻓﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻤ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻭﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﻥ‬) .
‫ﻴﻌﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ‬‫ﻤﻌﻜـﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ، ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬(‫ﺍﻟﺘـﺭﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
)‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻭﺍﺼل‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﺍ‬(‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻗـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘـﺭ‬ ،‫ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺨﻁﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬.

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‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،ً‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻭﻤ‬ ،‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺎﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻨﻪ‬ ،‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺸﺭ‬
‫ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗـﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍﻟﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻴﻭ‬..‫ﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬.‫ﻋﻨـﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺠـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤـﺩ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻴل‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻨﻭﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎﺀ‬.‫ﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻴﻭ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼـل‬ ‫ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻭل‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻴﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻨﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻨﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ‬.
‫ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻴﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬C‫ﻤﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭل‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬.

11
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬1676‫ﻜـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤـﺎﺭﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻜﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺭﻭﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻡ‬
‫ﺒـﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ،‫ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻤل‬
‫ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬.‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺴـﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺠـﻴﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﺴـﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻤـﺴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‬
،‫ﺒﺭﺍﺩﻟﻲ‬‫ﻤﺒﻨـﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺘﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ،‫ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬star light‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل‬108
m/s×3‫ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬1849، ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨـﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴـﺎﺌﻲ‬ ،‫ﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺯﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺒﻭﻟﻭﺒﺕ‬)1819-1896(‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒـ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺸﻜل‬)2(‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻴـﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺫﻫﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺭﺤل‬ ‫ﺠﻌل‬round–
trip‫ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ‬)‫ﻁﻭﻟﻪ‬L=8630m(‫ﻋﺠﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺨـﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻨﻨﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻁﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺨـﻼل‬ ، ‫ﻟـﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺃﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ‬

12
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺁﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻴﻕ‬‫ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻨﺒـﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻻ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‬ ،‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬21/c‫ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻐﺭﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺁﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬0/w‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‬
w‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬0‫ﺍﻟﻔﺠـﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬.
‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬
C
L
t
2
=
ω
Θ
=t
ω
Θ
=
C
L2
(1)
Θ
=
ωL
C
2

13

14
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺯﻭ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬108
m/s×3.133
‫ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻫﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ‬
1970‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻥ‬)( λ=C‫ﺍﻟﺤـﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬C‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻗل‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻭﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬1m/s
‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬1‫ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻴﻠﺨﺹ‬C.،‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻀﺒﻭﻁﺔ‬)‫ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬(

15
smC /458,792,299=
smC /109.2 8
×=

16
 
Refelciton and Refraction at Plane
Surfaces 
‫ﻭﺍﻨﺘـﺸﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬.‫ﺍﻟﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬‫ﺘـﺸﻤل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻭﺀ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺭﺅﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺴـﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻠﻴﺴﻜﻭﺒﺎﺕ‬.‫ﺘﺸﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺭﺍﺹ‬CD players‫ﺨﻁـﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺴـﺢ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺭﺓ‬Supermarket
bar code scanner‫ﻜـﺎﺒﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺨـﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻘل‬ ،
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺒﺭ‬optical fiber cable‫ﺘﺤﻤـل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴـﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬

17
‫ﻟﻠﺘـﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺤـﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ، ‫ﻴﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻨﺘﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺠﺎﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ل‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ‬.
‫ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬realm‫ﻭﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﺴـ‬ ‫ـﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻴـ‬ ‫ـﺼﺎﺌﺹ‬‫ﺨـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴـ‬ ‫ـﻀﻤﻥ‬‫ﻴﺘـ‬
Geometrical Optics
‫ﺠﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻔﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻭﺭ‬slits‫ﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘ‬ ،‫ﺠﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻀﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ‬‫ﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒـﺼﺭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻁﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬Physcial Optics)‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬(
(wave optics )
 

18
 
Geometrical Optics and Wave Optics
، ‫ﻋـﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻔﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺩﻤﻨﺎ‬ray‫ﺤﺭﻜـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻤﺜـل‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤـﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺼﺩﻭﺭ‬:‫ﺍﻟـﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬.‫ﺒﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ‬ ، ‫ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻏﺯل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤل‬.
‫ﻤﻭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ‬
‫ﺸـﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻘﻁ‬slit‫ﺒﻌﻤـﻕ‬
widlk‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬

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‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬a<<λ‫ﺍﻟـﺸﻕ‬ ‫ﺨـﻼل‬ ‫ﺘﻤـﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ،slit
‫ﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺨﻴﺎل‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺯ‬shadow‫ﺍﻟـﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬
1b.‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻴﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬diffraction
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠـﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎﺜل‬
‫ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻴـﻀ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻻﺤﻅ‬
‫ﺸﻌ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺯل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭل‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﻐﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬‫ﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻴﺩ‬‫ﺩﻭﻯ‬.
‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺼﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻰ‬.
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻨﺩﺭﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬)، ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻁﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺩ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﺨل‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬(‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺠـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬2‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴـﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬.

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‫ﻨﺼ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬،‫ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺨل‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺘﺯﻋﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻌﻁـﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬)‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺴـﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﺨل‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺠـﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎﺜل‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬(،
‫ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻤﻌﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﺩﻴﻘﻙ‬
‫ﻴﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬)‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻴﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬(
‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬‫ﺎﻨﺕ‬a‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠـﺸﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻴﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺌل‬obatacle‫ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﻤـل‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ‬ ،
‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬a,λ)λ/a(‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻓـﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺨـﻁ‬ ‫ﻤـﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﺤل‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬

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‫ﻜﺄﺸﻌ‬‫ﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴـﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒـﺼﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻷﺠـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬
Geomtirical Optics‫ﺒﺒـﺼﺭﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﻌـﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻴـﻀﺎ‬ ،‫ﺎ‬‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ray optics‫ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺸـﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻴـﺼﺎﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺸـﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺴـﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ‬
‫ﻟﻠـﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺄﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻜﻭﻥ‬‫ﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺼـﻑ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﺫ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻭﻙ‬
‫ﻨﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺨﺼﻭﺼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴ‬ ‫ـﺼﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻓ‬)‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴ‬(‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒـﺼﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬physical optics or wave
optics‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﻜﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴـﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒـﺼﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‬.

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Reflection and
Refraction 
‫ﺒﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻼﺤﻅ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ‬ ‫ﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺼﺩﻴﻘﻙ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻠﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﺼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻑ‬
‫ﺭﺅﻴﺘﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ﺃﻴ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻀﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻙ‬.‫ﻀـﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺘـﻀﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻜﺸﺎﻑ‬flashlight‫ﻴـﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﻌـﺽ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻨﺤﻭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺱ‬.
‫ﺤﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﻘل‬)‫ﺴـﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬(‫ﺇ‬‫ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻰ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬(‫ﻴـﻨﻌﻜﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺀ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﻁ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻔﺫ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺯﺀ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺭﺍﺠﻌ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬.
‫ﺸﻜل‬3‫ﺍﻻﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ‬.‫ﺸـﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺒـﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻻﺤـﻅ‬
‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﺨل‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺸﻜل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻨﻠﺨ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻜـﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜـﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻗـﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘـﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻨـﺴﺘﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﺴـﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺅﺨﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤـﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬
، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ، ‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﻨﺎﻗﺵ‬3‫ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ‬beam‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜل‬‫ـ‬rays
‫ﻤـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺨﻁـﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻨﺭﺴـﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬plane‫ﺘﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ،

26
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬.‫ﺍﻷﺸـﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻻﺤﻅ‬
‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ‬3:، ‫ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﻗﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻴﻐﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻜـﺴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ،ِ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﺨل‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺴـﻁ‬inciednt ary ,
refflected ray , and refreaected‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﻴﺨﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬)‫ﻴﻀﺭﺏ‬(‫ﺨﻁ‬ ‫ﻨﺭﺴﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ‬normal‫ﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﻨﺤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ‬:
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬Θangle of incidence‫ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴـﺔ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻻ‬‫ﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ‬
Θangle of reflection‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜـﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬Θangle
of refection)‫ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ‬1‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺩﺨل‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬2‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠـﺎﺝ‬ ،(‫ﺍﻟـﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬

27
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜل‬‫ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻴـﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻌﻤـﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻭﻁ‬plane of incidence‫ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬3

28

29
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬:
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬The law of Reflection
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬
(1)1
1
1 Θ=Θ
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬The law of Reflection
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻜﺴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬
2211 sinsin Θ=Θ nn
‫ﺴﻔل‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬snell law‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬12 ,nn‫ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜـﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬ ‫ﻭﺘـﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬index of
refracton‫ﻟﻠﻭﺴﻁ‬1‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ‬2‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬ ،‫ﻨﻜـﺴﺎﺭ‬n
‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‬
V
C
n =

30
‫ﻓﺼل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻗﺸﻨﺎ‬...‫ﺇﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺴـﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬.‫ﻨﻁـﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬‫ﻟﻔﻜـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻓﺼل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬1‫ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬.‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﻅﻡ‬ ، ‫ﺒﺄﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻻﺤﻅ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻠـﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬)‫ﺍﻨﻅـﺭ‬
‫ﺸﻜل‬4(‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺸـﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ل‬
‫ﻗﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬‫ﺡ‬

31
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬)2(‫ﺴـﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻀﻭﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻤﻘـﺩﺭﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺘﺯ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭ‬30ْ
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬.‫ﻤـﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﻭﻟﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬500
mm , 400 mm‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻭﺍﺭﺘﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍل‬1.4624 , 104702‫ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺘﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻜﺴﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺤل‬:‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬)2(‫ﺍﻟـﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﺠـل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ،400 nm
)‫ﺒﺄﺨﺫ‬n=1‫ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬(
221 sinsin Θ=Θ n
2sin)4702.1(3sin Θ=O
o
88.192 =Θ
‫ﺃﺠل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬500 nm‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
2sin)4624.1(3sin Θ=O
99.192 =Θ

32
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬2∆Θ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬o
11.0‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﻐﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ،.
‫ﺃﺠل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬o
S=Θ1‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠـﻭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﻎ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ‬chromatic aberration
‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻠل‬ ‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺴﻘﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﻎ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬.
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬)3(‫ﺃﺤـﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺠﻪ‬‫ﺸـﻜل‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬)7(.‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴـﺔ‬
Θ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻴﻀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬.‫ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫ﺒﺄﺨﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭ‬ ‫،ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬n=1‫ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬ ،

33
‫ـل‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤ‬:‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴ‬ ‫ـﺄﻥ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ـﻅ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻻﺤ‬2/πα =+< bad‫ﺍ‬‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴ‬
2/2/ πφ =+< bad
‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬φ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬.
φα
2
1
= (4)
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺘـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤـﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨﻠﺘﻴﻥ‬aed‫ﺃﻭ‬)(2 αυ −Θ=
‫ﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ‬φ
2
1
‫ﻋﻥ‬α‫ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤل‬Θ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬
)(
2
1
φϕ +=Θ (5)
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬a,Θ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴـ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻫـ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬.‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬)‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‬2(‫ﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬
αsinsin n=Θ
‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬n‫ﺍﻻﻨ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬‫ﻟﻠﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬5،4‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬
2
sin
2
sin
φφψ
n=
+
=
)2/sin(
2/)sin
φ
φψ +
=n

34
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬‫ﻭﺒﺔ‬.‫ﻟــ‬ ‫ﻓﻘـﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬
Θ‫ﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺸﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ‬Symmetrically‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺼﻐﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻰ‬angle of
minimum deviation‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺘـﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ، ‫ﺘﻨﻘﺹ‬.

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