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Li-ion batteries
and applications
Bater鱈as de iones de litio
y aplicaciones
Davide Andrea
Elithion Inc.
Volume 1: Batteries
Ch 6: Battery design
Vol炭men 1: Baterias
Cap. 6: Dise単o de la bater鱈a
Chapter 6.1
Battery design - Introduction
Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Introducci坦n
Ch 6.1: Battery design - Introduction
Ch 6.1: Battery design - Introduction
Definition
Definici坦n
A battery has:

One current

One State of Charge

One protector switch (or a set of switches, for
charging and discharging separately)

Two power terminals (or more, for charging
and discharging separately)
Ch 6.1: Battery design - Introduction
Battery use classification
Clasificaci坦n de las bater鱈as en funci坦n de su uso

Energy

Power

Buffer
Ch 6.1: Battery design - Introduction
Battery design checklist, 1
Lista de verificaci坦n de dise単o de bater鱈as, 1

Should I design a battery?

Establish application requirements

Produce battery specifications

Propose 2~3 solutions, select one
Ch 6.1: Battery design - Introduction
Battery design checklist, 2
Lista de verificaci坦n de dise単o de bater鱈as, 2

Main component selection

Cell mounting design

High power design

Low power design

Thermal design

Mechanical design
Ch 6.1: Battery design - Introduction
Application requirements
Requerimientos de aplicacion

The application

Desired life (years), number of cycles

Nominal battery voltage

Profile of the current during a cycle

Required energy density

Cost for first article, cost in quantity
Ch 6.1: Battery design - Introduction
Create battery specifications
Crear especificaciones de bater鱈a

Nominal capacity at the start of life

Actual capacity at the end of life

Initial range of SoC

Final range of SoC

Cell chemistry

Maximum value of MPT
Chapter 6.2
Battery design - Component selection
Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Selecci坦n de componentes
Ch 6.2: Battery design - Component selection
Ch 6.2: Battery design - Component selection
Cell format, BMS suggestions
Formato de celdas, sugerencias de BMS.
Chapter 6.3
Battery design - Cell installation and
interconnection
Dise単o de la bater鱈a - instalaci坦n e interconexi坦n de
celdas
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Small cylindrical cells
Celdas cil鱈ndricas peque単as
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Small cylindrical, series string
Celdas cil鱈ndricas peque単as, cadenas de series
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Small cylindrical, parallel-first
Celdas cil鱈ndricas peque単as, parallelo-primero
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Small cylindrical in a frame
Celdas cil鱈ndricas peque単as en un marco
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Small cylindrical voltage sensing
Detecci坦n de voltaje, celdas cil鱈ndricas peque単as
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Small cylindrical enclosure
Cerramiento para celdas cil鱈ndricas peque単as
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Large Prismatic cells
Celdas prism叩ticas grandes
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Large Prismatic arrangement
Arreglo de celdas prism叩ticas grandes
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Large Prismatic retention
Retencion de celdas prism叩ticas grandes
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Large Prismatic enclosure
Contenedor de celdas prism叩ticas grandes
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Pouch cells
Celdas de bolsa
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Pouch arrangement
Arreglo de celdas celdas de bolsa
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Pouch cell stack
Pilas de celdas de bolsa
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Pouch cell modules
M坦dulos de celdas de bolsa
Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
Small prismatic, large cylindrical
Celdas prism叩ticas peque単as, grandes celdas cil鱈ndricas
Chapter 6.4
Battery design - BMS installation
Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Instalaci坦n de BMS
Ch 6.4: Battery design - BMS installation
Ch 6.4: Battery design - BMS installation
BMS power
Alimentaci坦n del BMS
Chapter 6.5
Battery design - Sensing
Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Detecci坦n
Ch 6.5: Battery design - Sensing
Ch 6.5: Battery design - Sensing
Cell voltage sensing
Detecci坦n de la tensi坦n de las celdas
Ch 6.5: Battery design - Sensing
Current sensing
Detecci坦n de la corriente
Ch 6.5: Battery design - Sensing
Resistive current sensing
Detecci坦n de la corriente, m辿todo resistivo
Ch 6.5: Battery design - Sensing
Hall Effect current sensing
Sensor de corriente, m辿todo Hall effect
Ch 6.5: Battery design - Sensing
Two current sensors
Dos sensores de corriente
Chapter 6.6
Battery design - Communication links
Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Enlaces de comunicacion
Ch 6.6: Battery design - Communication links
Ch 6.6: Battery design - Communication links
Wired buses
Buses cableados
Ch 6.6: Battery design - Communication links
Standard buses, physical layer
Buses estandar, estrato f鱈sico
Ch 6.6: Battery design - Communication links
Bad communication example
Ejemplo de mala comunicaci坦n
Ch 6.6: Battery design - Communication links
CAN, RS485
CAN, RS485
Chapter 6.7
Battery design - Control
Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Control
Ch 6.7: Battery design - Control
Ch 6.7: Battery design - Control
Control inputs
Entradas de control
Ch 6.7: Battery design - Control
Switch driven control input
Interruptor conectado a una entrada de control
Ch 6.7: Battery design - Control
Control outputs
Salidas de control
Ch 6.7: Battery design - Control
Open drain outputs
Salidas con drenador abierto
Chapter 6.8
Battery design - Protection
Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Proteccion
Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection
Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection
Protection is required
La protecci坦n es necesaria
THE BMS MUST BE ABLE
TO SHUT OFF THE BATTERY CURRENT COMPLETELY!
Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection
Protector switch topologies
Topolog鱈as de interruptor de protecci坦n
Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection
Single switch topology
Topolog鱈a de un solo interruptor
Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection
Dual switch single port topology
Topolog鱈a de doble interruptor, puerto 炭nico
Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection
Dual port topology
Topolog鱈a de doble puerto
Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection
Switch components
Componentes para un interruptor
Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection
Single port MOSFET topology
Topolog鱈a MOSFET con puerto 炭nico
Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection
Dual port MOSFET topology
Topolog鱈a MOSFET de doble puerto
Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection
Single port contactor topology
Topolog鱈a contactor con puerto 炭nico
Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection
Dual port contactor topology
Topolog鱈a contactor de doble puerto
Chapter 6.9
Battery design - Precharge
Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Precarga
Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge
Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge
Current with no precharge
Corriente sin precarga
Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge
Current with no precharge
Corriente sin precarga
Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge
Pulse duration with no precharge
Duraci坦n del pulso sin precarga
Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge
Precharge plot
Gr叩fica de precarga
Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge
Precharge circuit
Circuito de precarga
Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge
Complete contactor circuit
Circuito de contactores completo
Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge
Precharge responsibility
Responsabilidad de precarga
Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge
Post-discharge
Descarga despu辿s de apagar
Chapter 6.10
Battery design - Battery isolation and
ground faults
Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Aislamiento de la bater鱈a y
fallas a tierra.
Ch 6.10: Battery design - Isolation
Ch 6.10: Battery design - Isolation
Why isolation?
多Por qu辿 aislamiento?
Ch 6.10: Battery design - Isolation
Which batteries need isolation?
多Qu辿 bater鱈as necesitan aislamiento?
Ch 6.10: Battery design - Isolation
Grounded applications
Aplicaci坦nes conectadas a tierra
Ch 6.10: Battery design - Isolation
Battery isolation
Aislamiento de la bater鱈a
Ch 6.10: Battery design - Isolation
Risks of grounded batteries
Riesgos de las bater鱈as conectadas a tierra
Ch 6.10: Battery design - Isolation
Automatic ground fault detection
Detecci坦n autom叩tica de fallas a tierra
Types:

Isolation loss

Ground fault current
Chapter 6.11
Battery design - Chargers
Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Cargadores
Ch 6.11: Battery design - Chargers
Ch 6.11: Battery design - Chargers
AC charger control
Control de cargadores alimentados por AC
Ch 6.11: Battery design - Chargers
Multiple chargers
Cargadores m炭ltiples
Ch 6.11: Battery design - Chargers
Multiple charger control
Control de m炭ltiples cargadores
Ch 6.11: Battery design - Chargers
Charger selection
Selecci坦n de cargador

CCCV output

Output voltage, current

Power

AC input

Control:

Not adjustable

Adjustable with screwdriver adjustments

Remotely configurable (e.g.: though the CAN bus)

Multiple chargers:

For parallel operation

For series operation
Chapter 6.12
Battery design - Radio noise, EMI
Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Ruido radioel辿ctrico
Ch 6.12: Battery design - Radio noise, EMI
Ch 6.12: Battery design - Radio noise, EMI
Noise sources
Fuentes de ruido

Switching converters

Radio transmitters
Ch 6.12: Battery design - Radio noise, EMI
Switch-mode noise generation
Ruido generado por fuentes de alimentaci坦n conmutadas
Ch 6.12: Battery design - Radio noise, EMI
Bouncing battery
Bater鱈as saltarinas
Ch 6.12: Battery design - Radio noise, EMI
Noise immunity and reduction
Inmunidad al ruido y reducci坦n del mismo
Immunity:

Switch-mode: routing, twisting, isolation,
grounding

Transmitters: ferrite clamps
Reduction:

Shielding, enclosing, grounding
Chapter 6.13
Battery design - Thermal management
Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Gesti坦n t辿rmica
Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management
Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management
Temperature plot
Gr叩fico de temperatura
Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management
Thermal management techniques
T辿cnicas de gesti坦n t辿rmica
Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management
Insulation
Aislamiento
Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management
Passive heat transfer
Transferencia de calor pasiva
Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management
Active heat transfer
Transferencia de calor activa
Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management
Air path
Trayectoria del aire
Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management
Airflow through the battery
Flujo de aire a trav辿s de la bater鱈a
Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management
Channeled airflow
Flujo de aire canalizado
Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management
Liquid cooling
Refrigeraci坦n l鱈quida
Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management
Thermal storage
Almacenamiento termico
Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management
Heating and cooling
Calefacci坦n y refrigeraci坦n
Chapter 6.14
Battery design - Mechanical design
Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Dise単o mecanico
Ch 6.14: Battery design - Mechanical design
Ch 6.14: Battery design - Mechanical design
Mechanical design
Dise単o mecanico

Protect from wandering fingers

Offer an environmental protection
appropriate for the use

Be electrically insulated from the
battery

Be sufficiently rugged against expected
abuse, without adding excessive mass
Chapter 6.15
Battery design - Regulatory standards
Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Normas regulatorias
Ch 6.15: Battery design - Regulatory standards
Ch 6.15: Battery design - Regulatory standards
Regulatory standards
Normas regulatorias

More Related Content

Li-ion Batteries and Applications, chapter 6: Battery design

  • 1. Li-ion batteries and applications Bater鱈as de iones de litio y aplicaciones Davide Andrea Elithion Inc. Volume 1: Batteries Ch 6: Battery design Vol炭men 1: Baterias Cap. 6: Dise単o de la bater鱈a
  • 2. Chapter 6.1 Battery design - Introduction Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Introducci坦n Ch 6.1: Battery design - Introduction
  • 3. Ch 6.1: Battery design - Introduction Definition Definici坦n A battery has: One current One State of Charge One protector switch (or a set of switches, for charging and discharging separately) Two power terminals (or more, for charging and discharging separately)
  • 4. Ch 6.1: Battery design - Introduction Battery use classification Clasificaci坦n de las bater鱈as en funci坦n de su uso Energy Power Buffer
  • 5. Ch 6.1: Battery design - Introduction Battery design checklist, 1 Lista de verificaci坦n de dise単o de bater鱈as, 1 Should I design a battery? Establish application requirements Produce battery specifications Propose 2~3 solutions, select one
  • 6. Ch 6.1: Battery design - Introduction Battery design checklist, 2 Lista de verificaci坦n de dise単o de bater鱈as, 2 Main component selection Cell mounting design High power design Low power design Thermal design Mechanical design
  • 7. Ch 6.1: Battery design - Introduction Application requirements Requerimientos de aplicacion The application Desired life (years), number of cycles Nominal battery voltage Profile of the current during a cycle Required energy density Cost for first article, cost in quantity
  • 8. Ch 6.1: Battery design - Introduction Create battery specifications Crear especificaciones de bater鱈a Nominal capacity at the start of life Actual capacity at the end of life Initial range of SoC Final range of SoC Cell chemistry Maximum value of MPT
  • 9. Chapter 6.2 Battery design - Component selection Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Selecci坦n de componentes Ch 6.2: Battery design - Component selection
  • 10. Ch 6.2: Battery design - Component selection Cell format, BMS suggestions Formato de celdas, sugerencias de BMS.
  • 11. Chapter 6.3 Battery design - Cell installation and interconnection Dise単o de la bater鱈a - instalaci坦n e interconexi坦n de celdas Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation
  • 12. Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation Small cylindrical cells Celdas cil鱈ndricas peque単as
  • 13. Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation Small cylindrical, series string Celdas cil鱈ndricas peque単as, cadenas de series
  • 14. Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation Small cylindrical, parallel-first Celdas cil鱈ndricas peque単as, parallelo-primero
  • 15. Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation Small cylindrical in a frame Celdas cil鱈ndricas peque単as en un marco
  • 16. Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation Small cylindrical voltage sensing Detecci坦n de voltaje, celdas cil鱈ndricas peque単as
  • 17. Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation Small cylindrical enclosure Cerramiento para celdas cil鱈ndricas peque単as
  • 18. Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation Large Prismatic cells Celdas prism叩ticas grandes
  • 19. Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation Large Prismatic arrangement Arreglo de celdas prism叩ticas grandes
  • 20. Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation Large Prismatic retention Retencion de celdas prism叩ticas grandes
  • 21. Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation Large Prismatic enclosure Contenedor de celdas prism叩ticas grandes
  • 22. Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation Pouch cells Celdas de bolsa
  • 23. Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation Pouch arrangement Arreglo de celdas celdas de bolsa
  • 24. Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation Pouch cell stack Pilas de celdas de bolsa
  • 25. Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation Pouch cell modules M坦dulos de celdas de bolsa
  • 26. Ch 6.3: Battery design - Cell installation Small prismatic, large cylindrical Celdas prism叩ticas peque単as, grandes celdas cil鱈ndricas
  • 27. Chapter 6.4 Battery design - BMS installation Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Instalaci坦n de BMS Ch 6.4: Battery design - BMS installation
  • 28. Ch 6.4: Battery design - BMS installation BMS power Alimentaci坦n del BMS
  • 29. Chapter 6.5 Battery design - Sensing Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Detecci坦n Ch 6.5: Battery design - Sensing
  • 30. Ch 6.5: Battery design - Sensing Cell voltage sensing Detecci坦n de la tensi坦n de las celdas
  • 31. Ch 6.5: Battery design - Sensing Current sensing Detecci坦n de la corriente
  • 32. Ch 6.5: Battery design - Sensing Resistive current sensing Detecci坦n de la corriente, m辿todo resistivo
  • 33. Ch 6.5: Battery design - Sensing Hall Effect current sensing Sensor de corriente, m辿todo Hall effect
  • 34. Ch 6.5: Battery design - Sensing Two current sensors Dos sensores de corriente
  • 35. Chapter 6.6 Battery design - Communication links Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Enlaces de comunicacion Ch 6.6: Battery design - Communication links
  • 36. Ch 6.6: Battery design - Communication links Wired buses Buses cableados
  • 37. Ch 6.6: Battery design - Communication links Standard buses, physical layer Buses estandar, estrato f鱈sico
  • 38. Ch 6.6: Battery design - Communication links Bad communication example Ejemplo de mala comunicaci坦n
  • 39. Ch 6.6: Battery design - Communication links CAN, RS485 CAN, RS485
  • 40. Chapter 6.7 Battery design - Control Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Control Ch 6.7: Battery design - Control
  • 41. Ch 6.7: Battery design - Control Control inputs Entradas de control
  • 42. Ch 6.7: Battery design - Control Switch driven control input Interruptor conectado a una entrada de control
  • 43. Ch 6.7: Battery design - Control Control outputs Salidas de control
  • 44. Ch 6.7: Battery design - Control Open drain outputs Salidas con drenador abierto
  • 45. Chapter 6.8 Battery design - Protection Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Proteccion Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection
  • 46. Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection Protection is required La protecci坦n es necesaria THE BMS MUST BE ABLE TO SHUT OFF THE BATTERY CURRENT COMPLETELY!
  • 47. Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection Protector switch topologies Topolog鱈as de interruptor de protecci坦n
  • 48. Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection Single switch topology Topolog鱈a de un solo interruptor
  • 49. Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection Dual switch single port topology Topolog鱈a de doble interruptor, puerto 炭nico
  • 50. Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection Dual port topology Topolog鱈a de doble puerto
  • 51. Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection Switch components Componentes para un interruptor
  • 52. Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection Single port MOSFET topology Topolog鱈a MOSFET con puerto 炭nico
  • 53. Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection Dual port MOSFET topology Topolog鱈a MOSFET de doble puerto
  • 54. Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection Single port contactor topology Topolog鱈a contactor con puerto 炭nico
  • 55. Ch 6.8: Battery design - Protection Dual port contactor topology Topolog鱈a contactor de doble puerto
  • 56. Chapter 6.9 Battery design - Precharge Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Precarga Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge
  • 57. Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge Current with no precharge Corriente sin precarga
  • 58. Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge Current with no precharge Corriente sin precarga
  • 59. Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge Pulse duration with no precharge Duraci坦n del pulso sin precarga
  • 60. Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge Precharge plot Gr叩fica de precarga
  • 61. Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge Precharge circuit Circuito de precarga
  • 62. Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge Complete contactor circuit Circuito de contactores completo
  • 63. Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge Precharge responsibility Responsabilidad de precarga
  • 64. Ch 6.9: Battery design - Precharge Post-discharge Descarga despu辿s de apagar
  • 65. Chapter 6.10 Battery design - Battery isolation and ground faults Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Aislamiento de la bater鱈a y fallas a tierra. Ch 6.10: Battery design - Isolation
  • 66. Ch 6.10: Battery design - Isolation Why isolation? 多Por qu辿 aislamiento?
  • 67. Ch 6.10: Battery design - Isolation Which batteries need isolation? 多Qu辿 bater鱈as necesitan aislamiento?
  • 68. Ch 6.10: Battery design - Isolation Grounded applications Aplicaci坦nes conectadas a tierra
  • 69. Ch 6.10: Battery design - Isolation Battery isolation Aislamiento de la bater鱈a
  • 70. Ch 6.10: Battery design - Isolation Risks of grounded batteries Riesgos de las bater鱈as conectadas a tierra
  • 71. Ch 6.10: Battery design - Isolation Automatic ground fault detection Detecci坦n autom叩tica de fallas a tierra Types: Isolation loss Ground fault current
  • 72. Chapter 6.11 Battery design - Chargers Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Cargadores Ch 6.11: Battery design - Chargers
  • 73. Ch 6.11: Battery design - Chargers AC charger control Control de cargadores alimentados por AC
  • 74. Ch 6.11: Battery design - Chargers Multiple chargers Cargadores m炭ltiples
  • 75. Ch 6.11: Battery design - Chargers Multiple charger control Control de m炭ltiples cargadores
  • 76. Ch 6.11: Battery design - Chargers Charger selection Selecci坦n de cargador CCCV output Output voltage, current Power AC input Control: Not adjustable Adjustable with screwdriver adjustments Remotely configurable (e.g.: though the CAN bus) Multiple chargers: For parallel operation For series operation
  • 77. Chapter 6.12 Battery design - Radio noise, EMI Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Ruido radioel辿ctrico Ch 6.12: Battery design - Radio noise, EMI
  • 78. Ch 6.12: Battery design - Radio noise, EMI Noise sources Fuentes de ruido Switching converters Radio transmitters
  • 79. Ch 6.12: Battery design - Radio noise, EMI Switch-mode noise generation Ruido generado por fuentes de alimentaci坦n conmutadas
  • 80. Ch 6.12: Battery design - Radio noise, EMI Bouncing battery Bater鱈as saltarinas
  • 81. Ch 6.12: Battery design - Radio noise, EMI Noise immunity and reduction Inmunidad al ruido y reducci坦n del mismo Immunity: Switch-mode: routing, twisting, isolation, grounding Transmitters: ferrite clamps Reduction: Shielding, enclosing, grounding
  • 82. Chapter 6.13 Battery design - Thermal management Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Gesti坦n t辿rmica Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management
  • 83. Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management Temperature plot Gr叩fico de temperatura
  • 84. Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management Thermal management techniques T辿cnicas de gesti坦n t辿rmica
  • 85. Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management Insulation Aislamiento
  • 86. Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management Passive heat transfer Transferencia de calor pasiva
  • 87. Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management Active heat transfer Transferencia de calor activa
  • 88. Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management Air path Trayectoria del aire
  • 89. Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management Airflow through the battery Flujo de aire a trav辿s de la bater鱈a
  • 90. Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management Channeled airflow Flujo de aire canalizado
  • 91. Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management Liquid cooling Refrigeraci坦n l鱈quida
  • 92. Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management Thermal storage Almacenamiento termico
  • 93. Ch 6.13: Battery design - Thermal management Heating and cooling Calefacci坦n y refrigeraci坦n
  • 94. Chapter 6.14 Battery design - Mechanical design Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Dise単o mecanico Ch 6.14: Battery design - Mechanical design
  • 95. Ch 6.14: Battery design - Mechanical design Mechanical design Dise単o mecanico Protect from wandering fingers Offer an environmental protection appropriate for the use Be electrically insulated from the battery Be sufficiently rugged against expected abuse, without adding excessive mass
  • 96. Chapter 6.15 Battery design - Regulatory standards Dise単o de la bater鱈a - Normas regulatorias Ch 6.15: Battery design - Regulatory standards
  • 97. Ch 6.15: Battery design - Regulatory standards Regulatory standards Normas regulatorias