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New Ways of Working: Linking Energy Consumption to People

Ken Dooley
Ken Dooley

New Ways of Working: Linking Energy Consumption to People from 6th World Sustainable Building Conference, Helsinki, Finland

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New Ways of Working: Linking Energy Consumption to People Ken Dooley World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Behaviour change Positive behaviour change: Provide comparision with ones peers All parties should be compared fairly A more just metric than kWh/m2 is required Compare performance of: Buildings Departments People Change !?! World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Incentive schemes Residential building example: A block of similar 2 bedroom apartments Incentive scheme to reduce energy Reward given to the lowest energy consumption over a period of time World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Building energy breakdown Directly related to building geometry Heating Lighting Directly related to people only Equipment electricity Ventilation (fresh air) Directly related to building geometry and people Cooling World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Relating energy to area If you cant measure it, you cant manage it kWh/m2 Design phase: good measurement of physical building properties Poor insight as to how buildings are used during occupancy phase Misleading when evaluating operating costs World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
An alternative metric Wh/m2h, annual energy consumption per area per occupied hours Where: kWh1/m2 is the annual energy consumption h2 known as total person hours, is the total number of hours that all occupants have spent in the building during the year in question World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Occupation density Energy directly related to people is not considered by area metrics Average occupation density in UK offices is 11.8m2 per workspace1 77% of workspaces between 8m2 & 13m2 per workspace Using kWh/m2, 13m2 per ws. will seem more energy efficient than 8m2 per ws. Productivity and comfort must be considered, however, it does not seem prudent to utilise an energy metric that encourages large amounts of area per person 1: Occupier Density Study Summary Report, British Council for Offices, June 2009 Source: Fooducate.com World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Case study Simulated case study: office building in Helsinki Area: 4650m2 Hours of occupancy 08:00 17:00 (9 hours) Similar day lengths, different occupation densities Results kWh/m2: case C consumes the least kWh/person or Wh/m2h: case A consumes the least (C consumes 44% more than A) Case A B C Population density (m2/person) 8 10 12 Number of occupants 500 400 332 Energy consumption (kWh/m2) 102 99 98 Energy consumption (kWh/person) 951 1150 1368 Energy consumption (Wh/m2h) 0.087 0.105 0.126 World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Hours of occupation Not considered by area metrics Comparison of two similar healthcare buildings Hospital A open 24 hrs / Hospital B open 12 hrs kWh/m2 does not provide an allowance for the longer day of A Thus A has a higher energy consumption per m2 and seems less energy efficient By not providing an allowance for the number of hours a day a building is operated kWh/m2 offers a direct benefit to buildings that have shorter working days World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Case study Simulated case study: office building in Helsinki Area: 4650m2 Population density 10m2 / person Similar occupation densities, different day lengths Results kWh/m2: case F consumes the least kWh/person or Wh/m2h: case D consumes the least (F consumes 45% more than D) Case D E F Working hours per day (h) 12 9 6 Hours of occupancy 08 - 20 08 - 17 09 - 15 Energy consumption (kWh/m2) 115 99 84 Energy consumption (kWh/person) 1330 1150 981 Energy consumption (Wh/m2h) 0.092 0.105 0.134 World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011 Dynamic occupancy data how do we measure it ?
Monitoring occupancy Access control system that supports the measurement of total person hours Employees log in/out of the building via: Electronic time clock Smart phone Personal computer Real time location tags A reporting system that defines location as a set of routines: Routine 1: out of the building Routine 2: in the building Building INOUT World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Concept development World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011 Behaviour Change Motivation / Incentives Measure per Person Technology Smart Grid Advanced Controls Measure Wh/m2h Advanced Presence Detection Virtual Energy Prices
Advanced presence detection Use presence knowledge to control energy consuming systems Average office utilisation is typically only 45% 55% of the desks are empty at any one time Measuring the Benefits of Agility at Work, Regus, May 2011 Define location as a set of routines: Routine 1: out of the building Routine 2: in the building Subroutine A: at workspace (default) Subroutine B: in a meeting Subroutine C: at lunch INOUT IN Building INOUT OUT World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Use presence to control Use presence knowledge to control: Shut down an individuals workspace if they leave the building Set to standby an individuals workspace if they are in a meeting / at lunch Shut down a lighting / ventilation zone if all of the occupants are out of the office Presence Detected Desk Lighting ON Common Lighting ON Equipment ON Ventilation 100 % Heating 21oC Cooling 25oC Example zone control modes: World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Use presence to control Use presence knowledge to control: Shut down an individuals workspace if they leave the building Set to standby an individuals workspace if they are in a meeting / at lunch Shut down a lighting / ventilation zone if all of the occupants are out of the office Presence Detected No presence 15 mins Desk Lighting ON OFF Common Lighting ON ON Equipment ON STAND BY Ventilation 100 % 100 % Heating 21oC 21oC Cooling 25oC 25oC Example zone control modes: World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Use presence to control Use presence knowledge to control: Shut down an individuals workspace if they leave the building Set to standby an individuals workspace if they are in a meeting / at lunch Shut down a lighting / ventilation zone if all of the occupants are out of the office Presence Detected No presence 15 mins No presence 1 hour Desk Lighting ON OFF OFF Common Lighting ON ON OFF Equipment ON STAND BY STAND BY Ventilation 100 % 100 % 50 % Heating 21oC 21oC 20oC Cooling 25oC 25oC 27oC Example zone control modes: World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Use presence to control Use presence knowledge to control: Shut down an individuals workspace if they leave the building Set to standby an individuals workspace if they are in a meeting / at lunch Shut down a lighting / ventilation zone if all of the occupants are out of the office Presence Detected No presence 15 mins No presence 1 hour No presence 2 hours Desk Lighting ON OFF OFF OFF Common Lighting ON ON OFF OFF Equipment ON STAND BY STAND BY OFF Ventilation 100 % 100 % 50 % Night time mode Heating 21oC 21oC 20oC Night time mode Cooling 25oC 25oC 27oC Night time mode Example zone control modes: World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Next Steps Pilot projects Todays innovation and transparency: real time energy is reported Tomorrows innovation and transparency: Wh/m2h An alternative route to measure energy for Building regulations Energy certificates Limitations Different building types Wh/m2h works best for private buildings when there is a security barrier World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Summary An alternative energy consumption metric: Wh/m2h = kWh/m2 歎 total person hours Enabling a fairer comparison of consumption to encourage positive change Does not punish buildings for incorporating an efficient occupation density Does not punish buildings for incorporating a longer working day World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
Thank you! Ken Dooley Sustainability Group Manager Olof Granlund Oy Helsinki Twitter: @sustaingranlund Email: ken.dooley@granlund.fi World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011

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New Ways of Working: Linking Energy Consumption to People

  • 1. New Ways of Working: Linking Energy Consumption to People Ken Dooley World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 2. Behaviour change Positive behaviour change: Provide comparision with ones peers All parties should be compared fairly A more just metric than kWh/m2 is required Compare performance of: Buildings Departments People Change !?! World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 3. Incentive schemes Residential building example: A block of similar 2 bedroom apartments Incentive scheme to reduce energy Reward given to the lowest energy consumption over a period of time World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 4. Building energy breakdown Directly related to building geometry Heating Lighting Directly related to people only Equipment electricity Ventilation (fresh air) Directly related to building geometry and people Cooling World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 5. Relating energy to area If you cant measure it, you cant manage it kWh/m2 Design phase: good measurement of physical building properties Poor insight as to how buildings are used during occupancy phase Misleading when evaluating operating costs World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 6. An alternative metric Wh/m2h, annual energy consumption per area per occupied hours Where: kWh1/m2 is the annual energy consumption h2 known as total person hours, is the total number of hours that all occupants have spent in the building during the year in question World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 7. Occupation density Energy directly related to people is not considered by area metrics Average occupation density in UK offices is 11.8m2 per workspace1 77% of workspaces between 8m2 & 13m2 per workspace Using kWh/m2, 13m2 per ws. will seem more energy efficient than 8m2 per ws. Productivity and comfort must be considered, however, it does not seem prudent to utilise an energy metric that encourages large amounts of area per person 1: Occupier Density Study Summary Report, British Council for Offices, June 2009 Source: Fooducate.com World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 8. Case study Simulated case study: office building in Helsinki Area: 4650m2 Hours of occupancy 08:00 17:00 (9 hours) Similar day lengths, different occupation densities Results kWh/m2: case C consumes the least kWh/person or Wh/m2h: case A consumes the least (C consumes 44% more than A) Case A B C Population density (m2/person) 8 10 12 Number of occupants 500 400 332 Energy consumption (kWh/m2) 102 99 98 Energy consumption (kWh/person) 951 1150 1368 Energy consumption (Wh/m2h) 0.087 0.105 0.126 World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 9. Hours of occupation Not considered by area metrics Comparison of two similar healthcare buildings Hospital A open 24 hrs / Hospital B open 12 hrs kWh/m2 does not provide an allowance for the longer day of A Thus A has a higher energy consumption per m2 and seems less energy efficient By not providing an allowance for the number of hours a day a building is operated kWh/m2 offers a direct benefit to buildings that have shorter working days World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 10. Case study Simulated case study: office building in Helsinki Area: 4650m2 Population density 10m2 / person Similar occupation densities, different day lengths Results kWh/m2: case F consumes the least kWh/person or Wh/m2h: case D consumes the least (F consumes 45% more than D) Case D E F Working hours per day (h) 12 9 6 Hours of occupancy 08 - 20 08 - 17 09 - 15 Energy consumption (kWh/m2) 115 99 84 Energy consumption (kWh/person) 1330 1150 981 Energy consumption (Wh/m2h) 0.092 0.105 0.134 World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 11. World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011 Dynamic occupancy data how do we measure it ?
  • 12. Monitoring occupancy Access control system that supports the measurement of total person hours Employees log in/out of the building via: Electronic time clock Smart phone Personal computer Real time location tags A reporting system that defines location as a set of routines: Routine 1: out of the building Routine 2: in the building Building INOUT World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 13. Concept development World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011 Behaviour Change Motivation / Incentives Measure per Person Technology Smart Grid Advanced Controls Measure Wh/m2h Advanced Presence Detection Virtual Energy Prices
  • 14. Advanced presence detection Use presence knowledge to control energy consuming systems Average office utilisation is typically only 45% 55% of the desks are empty at any one time Measuring the Benefits of Agility at Work, Regus, May 2011 Define location as a set of routines: Routine 1: out of the building Routine 2: in the building Subroutine A: at workspace (default) Subroutine B: in a meeting Subroutine C: at lunch INOUT IN Building INOUT OUT World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 15. Use presence to control Use presence knowledge to control: Shut down an individuals workspace if they leave the building Set to standby an individuals workspace if they are in a meeting / at lunch Shut down a lighting / ventilation zone if all of the occupants are out of the office Presence Detected Desk Lighting ON Common Lighting ON Equipment ON Ventilation 100 % Heating 21oC Cooling 25oC Example zone control modes: World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 16. Use presence to control Use presence knowledge to control: Shut down an individuals workspace if they leave the building Set to standby an individuals workspace if they are in a meeting / at lunch Shut down a lighting / ventilation zone if all of the occupants are out of the office Presence Detected No presence 15 mins Desk Lighting ON OFF Common Lighting ON ON Equipment ON STAND BY Ventilation 100 % 100 % Heating 21oC 21oC Cooling 25oC 25oC Example zone control modes: World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 17. Use presence to control Use presence knowledge to control: Shut down an individuals workspace if they leave the building Set to standby an individuals workspace if they are in a meeting / at lunch Shut down a lighting / ventilation zone if all of the occupants are out of the office Presence Detected No presence 15 mins No presence 1 hour Desk Lighting ON OFF OFF Common Lighting ON ON OFF Equipment ON STAND BY STAND BY Ventilation 100 % 100 % 50 % Heating 21oC 21oC 20oC Cooling 25oC 25oC 27oC Example zone control modes: World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 18. Use presence to control Use presence knowledge to control: Shut down an individuals workspace if they leave the building Set to standby an individuals workspace if they are in a meeting / at lunch Shut down a lighting / ventilation zone if all of the occupants are out of the office Presence Detected No presence 15 mins No presence 1 hour No presence 2 hours Desk Lighting ON OFF OFF OFF Common Lighting ON ON OFF OFF Equipment ON STAND BY STAND BY OFF Ventilation 100 % 100 % 50 % Night time mode Heating 21oC 21oC 20oC Night time mode Cooling 25oC 25oC 27oC Night time mode Example zone control modes: World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 19. Next Steps Pilot projects Todays innovation and transparency: real time energy is reported Tomorrows innovation and transparency: Wh/m2h An alternative route to measure energy for Building regulations Energy certificates Limitations Different building types Wh/m2h works best for private buildings when there is a security barrier World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 20. Summary An alternative energy consumption metric: Wh/m2h = kWh/m2 歎 total person hours Enabling a fairer comparison of consumption to encourage positive change Does not punish buildings for incorporating an efficient occupation density Does not punish buildings for incorporating a longer working day World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011
  • 21. Thank you! Ken Dooley Sustainability Group Manager Olof Granlund Oy Helsinki Twitter: @sustaingranlund Email: ken.dooley@granlund.fi World Sustainable Buildings Conference October 2011