LIPIDS
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IN THIS NOTES WE WELL LEARN ABOUT LIPIDS LIPIDS CHARACTERS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OIL &FAT SATUATED AND UNSATURAED TRIGLYCERIDES GLYCEROL STRUTRUE OF LIPIDS TYPES CLASSFICATION OF LIPIDS
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Lipids.pptx
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Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that include fats, waxes, sterols and phospholipids. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. The document discusses the structure and classification of lipids. Key points include:
- Lipids include simple lipids like triglycerides and complex lipids containing additional groups like phospholipids and glycolipids.
- Fatty acids are classified by saturation and chain length. Essential fatty acids must be obtained through diet.
- Phospholipids are major structural components of cell membranes. Glycerophospholipids contain glycerol while sphingophospholipids contain sphingosine.Chemistry of lipid 2 _ Classification of Lipids.pptx
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This document discusses lipids and their chemistry. It defines different types of lipids including simple lipids like fats, waxes, and oils which are esters of fatty acids and alcohols. Complex lipids discussed include phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins. Phospholipids contain a phosphate group and examples provided are phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), sphingomyelin, cephalin, and cardiolipin. Glycolipids contain carbohydrates and examples are cerebrosides, globosides, and gangliosides abundant in nervous tissue. Lipoproteins transport lipids in blood and examples given are chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, andZO 503Physiological chemistry ( Lipids) by Dr.S.S.Kunjwal.pdf
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This document provides an introduction to lipids, including their classification and types. Lipids are classified into three main classes: simple lipids, compound lipids, and derived lipids. Simple lipids include fats and waxes, with fats being triglycerides of fatty acids and glycerol. Compound lipids contain additional elements like phosphorus, nitrogen or sulfur, and include phospholipids like lecithin and cephalins. Glycolipids are composed of carbohydrates and fatty acids. The lipid component of lipoproteins contains triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol.Lipids | md. faiazul haque lamem | Md Faiazul Haque Lamem | MD FAIAZUL HAQUE...
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Pharmaceutical importance of lipids
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Lipids are water-insoluble organic compounds that include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and glycolipids, and can be simple lipids like triglycerides that contain fatty acids and glycerol, or compound lipids that are linked to non-lipid components. They are classified as simple lipids which include fats, oils, and waxes that yield fatty acids and alcohols upon hydrolysis, compound lipids which are linked to non-lipid parts like phospholipids and glycolipids, and derived lipids which are hydrolysis products of simple and compound lipids. Lipids serve important functions as energy stores and structural components inLipids
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These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
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Lipids are a class of compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents, and include fats, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, and other complex lipids. Lipids serve important structural and functional roles in the body such as energy storage, components of cell membranes, insulation, and producing hormones and signaling molecules. Lipids are also involved in many diseases when levels become abnormal. Lipids - Biochemistry 
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Lipids are classified into four main types: simple lipids, compound lipids, derived lipids, and miscellaneous lipids. Simple lipids include fatty acids and their esters, while compound lipids contain fatty acids combined with other groups like phosphate and carbohydrates. Derived lipids are formed from simple and complex lipids and include steroids and cholesterol. Miscellaneous lipids like carotenoids and squalene have lipid-like properties. Lipids serve important functions like energy storage, cell signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes.Lipids
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1. Lipids are greasy substances found in both plants and animals that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and sterols.
2. Lipids serve as an energy store and structural component of cell membranes. Major sources include nuts, seeds, milk, eggs, liver, and fish oils.
3. Lipids can be categorized as simple lipids like fats and oils, or compound lipids that contain additional components like phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins.Lipids and its classification awkum
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This document discusses lipids, their types and functions. It begins by defining lipids as biomolecules that are soluble in organic solvents but not water. Lipids serve important biological roles such as storing energy, forming cell membranes, and acting as chemical messengers. The document then classifies lipids and describes the structures and properties of various types of lipids including fats, fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, sterols and prostaglandins. It emphasizes the roles of lipids such as cholesterol in cell membranes and as precursors to steroid hormones.Lipids.pptx
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Lipids are fatty or waxy substances in the body that perform important functions but do not dissolve in water. They are part of cell membranes and help control what enters and exits cells. Lipids also help store and transport energy, absorb vitamins, and make hormones. There are simple lipids like fats and oils, and complex lipids including phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins. Lipids play key roles in storing energy, cell signaling, insulation, and aiding digestion by increasing the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and other nutrients. Common tests to identify the presence of lipids include solubility, translucent spot, acrolein, Baudouin, and Huble's tests.Lipoprotein
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1. LIPIDS.
2. PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS.
3. FATTY ACIDS.
4. USES AND CLASSIFICATION OF FATTY ACIDS.
5. STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS: A class of lipid that is a key component of all cell membranes, as they can form lipid biomarkers. Composition: It is composed of phospholipids. i. Glycerol: one molecule ii. Fatty acids: Two molecules. iii. Phosphoric acid: one molecule. When a nitrogen-containing phospholipid group is attached to the end of the phospholipid, it is called phosphatidylcholine. Phospholipids consist of two parts i) Chapter: The head is polar in nature, soluble in water (hydrophilic). n) Tails: Nature has a non-polar tail, insoluble in water (hydrophobic).
Washes: Wax lipids are derived. Wax is a fatty acid ester and chronic alcohol: The wax is composed of i) a long-chain fatty acid ... one molecules ii) long-chain alcohol with one hydroxyl group (-OH), i.e. Cylinder wax is hydrophobic in nature. They have a high melting point, solid at room temperature. it gives stability and declines. On the surfaces of parts of plants, e.g. The leaves and fruits produce a waterproof layer, reducing the rate of perspiration. Wax is also a layer of wax that covers the bodies of animals, e.g., slime, insects, etc.
STEROIDS: Steroids fall under the lipid categories: Steroids are derived from lipid composition: proper arrangement of 3 cyclohexyl rings and 1 cyclopentane ring, a total of 17 carbon atoms in four carbon rings. Steroids do not contain alcohol and fatty acids.
Steroids Examples of steroids: i) Cholesterol: an important factor in animal cells. The precursor of all hormonal molecules such as aldosterone, sex hormone, and vitamin D ii) Aldosterone helps regulate Na+ions in the blood iii) Sex hormones e.g. testosterone, progesterone, and estrogens help to preserve the characteristics of males and females.
TERPENOIDES: It contains a very different class of organic compounds. Terpenoids are lipid derivatives, soluble in fat and soluble in water. Don't use molecule acids like fats. Composite units which they call isoprenoid or isoprenes. Isoprene unit: Hydrocarbon containing five carbon atoms with a branched-chain structure. Isoprene units bind to each other through the condensation process resulting in different types of compounds, e.g. Carotenoids, terpenes, and rubbers, etc.
CAROTENOIDS: Carotenoids are yellow, orange, red, or brown in plants. There are two kinds: i) Carotene: ii) Xanthophylla, i) Carotene: Orange is the genus of carotene, with red color, beta carotene. carrot & rice. Breakdown of beta-carotene leaves two molecules of vitamin A in the human body. n) Xanthophyllus: the auxiliary yellow color found in plants.
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Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. They include fats, oils, waxes, sterols like cholesterol, and phospholipids. Lipids serve important functions like energy storage, creating cell membranes, and cell signaling. The presentation defined lipids and their main classes like simple lipids, compound lipids, and derived lipids. It described the types and functions of important lipids like fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Lipids play essential roles in the body as an energy source, building cell membranes, and carrying vitamins.LIPIDS PRESENTATION
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This seminar presentation discusses lipids, their definition, classification, and examples. It begins with introducing the presenter and topic. It then defines lipids as insoluble organic compounds consisting of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen that perform important biological functions. Lipids are classified as simple/homolipids including fats/oils, waxes, and derived lipids including fatty acids, alcohols, and steroids. Examples of fixed oils like cottonseed oil, linseed oil, and olive oil are described along with their botanical origins, constituents, uses, and toxicity. The differences between fats/oils and volatile/fixed oils are also summarized.Lipids 
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Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds that are chemically esters of fatty acids. They function as fuels for the body, provide insulation and padding for organs, and are involved in cell membrane structures. The main types of lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids like cholesterol. Lipids play important roles in energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and in transporting fat-soluble vitamins. They undergo reactions like hydrolysis, hydrogenation, and oxidation. Diseases related to lipid metabolism include obesity, hyperlipidemia, and lipidosis.Mscdfsm biochemistry lipids and proteins
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This document discusses lipids and proteins, including their structure and classification. It covers different types of lipids like simple lipids, compound lipids, and derived lipids. Simple lipids include neutral fats and waxes. Compound lipids contain additional groups like phosphoric acid, in addition to glycerol and fatty acids. Derived lipids are compounds derived from lipids after hydrolysis. The document also discusses saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, positional and geometrical isomerism in unsaturated fatty acids, and essential fatty acids that must be obtained through diet.Lipids and its classification
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This document defines lipids and classifies them. It discusses their functions like energy storage, structural roles, and as precursors to hormones. Lipids are classified as simple, compound, or derived. Key lipids discussed include triglycerides, fatty acids, phospholipids, and prostaglandins. The document also covers lipid digestion and absorption.AHS-Lipid classification & properties.pptx
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This document provides an introduction and overview of lipids. It defines lipids as organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids are then classified into simple lipids, which include neutral fats/triglycerides and waxes, and compound lipids, which include phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins. The key types of each lipid class are described, including their structures, occurrences in the body, and biomedical importance. Fatty acids, the building blocks of lipids, are also classified and some important properties of lipids like saponification, peroxidation, and rancidity are explained.Lipids Biomolecules 
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This document provides information about lipids. It defines lipids as long chains of carbon and hydrogen molecules that are insoluble in water. Lipids serve as an important energy source and provide structure to cell membranes. They are classified based on their components, with simple lipids like fats and oils consisting of fatty acids and glycerol, and complex lipids also containing additional groups like phosphates or carbohydrates. Lipids play key roles in the body such as energy storage, insulation, and as precursors to hormones and vitamins. The document discusses the structure and examples of different lipid types as well as their biological functions.Lec8 level3-nuchemistryoflipids-130204053758-phpapp02
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This document summarizes the metabolism and classification of dietary lipids. It defines lipids as compounds insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids serve important functions like energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and carriers of fat-soluble vitamins. The document classifies lipids into simple, compound, and derived lipids. It describes the structure and functions of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and prostaglandins. The digestion and absorption of lipids in the gastrointestinal tract is summarized, involving emulsification by bile salts and hydrolysis by lingual, gastric, and pancreatic lipases.
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1. LIPIDS.
2. PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS.
3. FATTY ACIDS.
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5. STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS: A class of lipid that is a key component of all cell membranes, as they can form lipid biomarkers. Composition: It is composed of phospholipids. i. Glycerol: one molecule ii. Fatty acids: Two molecules. iii. Phosphoric acid: one molecule. When a nitrogen-containing phospholipid group is attached to the end of the phospholipid, it is called phosphatidylcholine. Phospholipids consist of two parts i) Chapter: The head is polar in nature, soluble in water (hydrophilic). n) Tails: Nature has a non-polar tail, insoluble in water (hydrophobic).
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It can work as digital resource for a broader e- learning ecosystem.
This presentation highlights '' NEP-aligned Biotechnology and Biology education.''
"Discover the distinctions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, from cell walls to genetic material. This presentation provides a comprehensive overview of cellular biology.Learn about the two main types of cells - prokaryotic,eukaryotic and their differences in structure, function, and organization. A great resource for biology learners.Uncover the unique characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in this informative PPT.AUTOSOMES , ALLOSOMES AND SEX RATIO IN HUMAN POPULATION
AUTOSOMES , ALLOSOMES AND SEX RATIO IN HUMAN POPULATIONNistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India
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This presentation offers a bird's eye view of autosomes and sex chromosomes. It also explores the different kinds of diseases of humans due to autosomal and sex-linked inherited traits. The sex determination of plants has been explained. The ratio of sex in the human population along with cause and consequences has been explained here.Overview of basic statistical mechanics of NNs
Overview of basic statistical mechanics of NNsCharles Martin
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Overview of topics in the paper
A walk in the statistical mechanical formulation of neural networks (2014)
https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.5300
Audio: https://youtu.be/zIxg69Q8UTkPreparing Ultrasound Imaging Data for Artificial Intelligence Tasks: Anonymis...
Preparing Ultrasound Imaging Data for Artificial Intelligence Tasks: Anonymis...ThrombUS+ Project
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At the BIOSTEC 2025 conference, Eleni Kaldoudi, ThrombUS+ project coordinator, presented our recent work entitled Preparing Ultrasound Imaging Data for Artificial Intelligence Tasks: Anonymisation, Cropping, and Tagging. Eleni provided an overview of the application we developed to facilitate the preparation of ultrasound images, acquired via the ThrombUS+ clinical study A, for the purpose of developing AI models for automated detection of deep vein thrombosis.
About ThrombUS+:
Our interdisciplinary approach centers around creating a novel wearable diagnostic device utilizing autonomous, AI-driven DVT detection. This groundbreaking device incorporates wearable ultrasound hardware, impedance plethysmography, and light reflection rheography for early clot detection. Activity and physiological measurements will continuously assess DVT risk, supporting prevention through serious gaming. An intelligent decision support unit will provide real-time monitoring and alerts, with extended reality guiding users for optimal device utilization.
ThrombUS+ is designed for postoperative patients, those undergoing lengthy surgical procedures, cancer patients, bedridden individuals at home or in care units, and women during pregnancy and postpartum.Respiration & Gas Exchange | Cambridge IGCSE Biology
Respiration & Gas Exchange | Cambridge IGCSE BiologyBlessing Ndazie
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This IGCSE Biology presentation explains respiration and gas exchange, covering the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the structure of the respiratory system, gas exchange in the lungs, and the role of diffusion. Learn about the effects of exercise on breathing, how smoking affects the lungs, and how respiration provides energy for cells. A perfect study resource for Cambridge IGCSE students preparing for exams!
Hormones and the Endocrine System | IGCSE Biology
Hormones and the Endocrine System | IGCSE BiologyBlessing Ndazie
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This IGCSE Biology presentation explores hormones and the endocrine system, explaining their role in controlling body functions. Learn about the differences between nervous and hormonal control, major endocrine glands, key hormones (such as insulin, adrenaline, and testosterone), and homeostasis. Understand how hormones regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and the fight-or-flight response. A perfect resource for Cambridge IGCSE students preparing for exams!
Energ and Energy Forms, Work, and Power | IGCSE Physics
Energ and Energy Forms, Work, and Power | IGCSE PhysicsBlessing Ndazie
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This extensive slide deck provides a detailed exploration of energy, work, and power for IGCSE Physics. It covers fundamental concepts such as the definition of work done, kinetic energy, potential energy, mechanical energy, conservation of energy, efficiency, and power. The presentation also includes energy transfer, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, calculation of work done, power output, and real-life applications of energy principles. Featuring illustrative diagrams, worked examples, and exam-style questions, this resource is ideal for IGCSE students, teachers, and independent learners preparing for exams.Variation and Natural Selection | IGCSE Biology
Variation and Natural Selection | IGCSE BiologyBlessing Ndazie
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This extensive slide deck provides a detailed exploration of variation and natural selection for IGCSE Biology. It covers key concepts such as genetic and environmental variation, types of variation (continuous and discontinuous), mutation, evolution, and the principles of natural selection. The presentation also explains Darwins theory of evolution, adaptation, survival of the fittest, selective breeding, antibiotic resistance in bacteria, and speciation. With illustrative diagrams, real-life examples, and exam-style questions, this resource is ideal for IGCSE students, teachers, and independent learners preparing for exams.(Journal Club) Focused ultrasound excites neurons via mechanosensitive calciu...
(Journal Club) Focused ultrasound excites neurons via mechanosensitive calciu...David Podorefsky, PhD
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Journal Club (2/11/21)
Focused ultrasound excites neurons via mechanosensitive calcium accumulation and ion channel amplification
Unraveling the BETICHUMD Mechanism of CHUSOMERADUCK: A Game-Changing Paradigm...
Unraveling the BETICHUMD Mechanism of CHUSOMERADUCK: A Game-Changing Paradigm...jhnewshour
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The **BETICHUMD Mechanism of CHUSOMERADUCK** is one of the most groundbreaking, revolutionary, and inexplicably complex systems ever devised in the realm of advanced quantum-extraterrestrial-mechatronic-hyperfusion dynamics. Designed originally by the intergalactic scientific consortium of the **Zypherion-9 civilization**, this mechanism has perplexed Earths top researchers, including the secret think tanks at NASA, CERN, and the underground laboratories of the Illuminati. CHUSOMERADUCK, an acronym standing for **"Chronologically Hyper-Ultrasonic System for Optimized Metaphysical Energy Recalibration and Advanced Dynamic Universal Cognition Kernel,"** is an artificial intelligence-powered, self-evolving hypermechanical entity designed to manipulate the fundamental constants of reality itself. The BETICHUMD Mechanism is at the core of its operation, acting as the **primary transdimensional flux stabilizer**, allowing CHUSOMERADUCK to function beyond the traditional limitations of physics. The origins of BETICHUMD remain unclear, with some theories suggesting that it was first conceptualized during the **Ancient Atlantean Wars**, where high-frequency oscillation technology was used to warp spacetime, while others claim that it was reverse-engineered from a **meteorite discovered in Antarctica in 1947**, which led to the infamous **Operation DuckStorm** carried out by the United Nations' Secret Space Program. The primary working principle of BETICHUMD involves the **synchronization of dark matter vibrations with quantum neutrino entanglement fields**, enabling infinite computational energy without the need for external power sources. The applications of this technology are limitless, from **instantaneous planetary teleportation** to **bio-mechanical consciousness enhancement**, making it a prime candidate for interstellar exploration and even **simulated immortality** through direct neural uplink with CHUSOMERADUCKs core processing grid. Governments across the world have attempted to harness its potential, but due to the incomprehensible nature of its **fifth-dimensional recursive logic algorithms**, only a handful of researchers have come close to deciphering its true capabilities. Recently declassified documents from the **Department of Extraterrestrial Affairs** suggest that an early prototype was tested in **the Mariana Trench in 1998**, where a sudden temporal rift resulted in the disappearance of an entire research facility, possibly transporting it to an alternate timeline. The existence of CHUSOMERADUCK has also been linked to various **UFO sightings, unexplainable time loops, and anomalies in gravitational wave measurements**, indicating that the BETICHUMD Mechanism is far more than just an advanced computational systemit is, in fact, a **gateway to rewriting the fundamental laws of the universe**. However, with great power comes great danger, as misuse of the mechanism could theoretically collapse the entire fabric of reality.
Investigational New drug application process
Investigational New drug application processonepalyer4
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This file basically contains information related to IND application process in order to get approval for clinical trials.Simple Phenomena of Magnetism | IGCSE Physics
Simple Phenomena of Magnetism | IGCSE PhysicsBlessing Ndazie
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This extensive slide deck provides a detailed exploration of the simple phenomena of magnetism for IGCSE Physics. It covers key concepts such as magnetic materials, properties of magnets, magnetic field patterns, the Earth's magnetism, electromagnets, the motor effect, and the principles of electromagnetic induction. The presentation also explains magnetization and demagnetization, methods of making magnets, applications of magnets in real life, and experimental demonstrations. Featuring illustrative diagrams, worked examples, and exam-style questions, this resource is ideal for IGCSE students, teachers, and independent learners preparing for exams.Scientific Pig Farming Manual for Pig Farmers
Scientific Pig Farming Manual for Pig FarmersDr. Subhrajit Das
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Pig farming, pork farming, pig production or hog farming is the raising and breeding of domestic pigs as livestock, and is a branch of animal husbandry. Pigs are farmed principally for food (e.g. pork: bacon, ham, gammon) and skins.
Pigs are amenable to many different styles of farming: intensive commercial units, commercial free range enterprises, or extensive farming (being allowed to wander around a village, town or city, or tethered in a simple shelter or kept in a pen outside the owner's house). Historically, farm pigs were kept in small numbers and were closely associated with the residence of the owner, or in the same village or town.[1] They were valued as a source of meat and fat, and for their ability to convert inedible food into meat and manure, and were often fed household food waste when kept on a homestead.[2] Pigs have been farmed to dispose of municipal garbage on a large scale.[3]
All these forms of pig farm are in use today, though intensive farms are by far the most popular, due to their potential to raise a large amount of pigs in a very cost-efficient manner.[4] In developed nations, commercial farms house thousands of pigs in climate-controlled buildings.[5] Pigs are a popular form of livestock, with more than one billion pigs butchered each year worldwide, 100 million in the United States. The majority of pigs are used for human food, but also supply skin, fat and other materials for use in clothing, ingredients for processed foods,[6] cosmetics,[7] and medical use.[8]Pig farming has gained importance today. Pigs have inherited capacity to acclimatize with varying climatic conditions. Pigs cannot withstand high temperature climate.
Pigs are adjusted to varied rearing practices and consume different types of food (Omnivorous) to attain higher growth and meat production.
Pigs will attain 60-70kg body weight in 6-8months period.
Female pigs i.e., sows will come to heat at age of 8-9 months but avoid using male pigs (Boars) for breeding purpose until it attains one year of age.
Adult sows when bred during right time after attaining maturity will farrow 8-12 piglets in 112-118 days of gestation period (i.e., about 4 months of gestation). Feedefficiencyis to gain one Kg live weightfor every 2.75-3kg feed consumed (FCR: 1:2.75). There are many advantageous in pig rearing. Pork is available at a cheaper price with nutritious and highly palatable tasty meat of higher quality animal protein. Pig bones are used for producing bone meal and also used for purification of sugar in sugar industry.
The manure droppings and urine are good fertilizers which enhance the soil fertilityand improve grain production.
Pig hairs (Bristles) are used for making brushes and ropes, hooves are used for shirt button making and preparation of gum. Hence, pigs are called as multi utility domestic animals. Farmers can take up piggery farming and reduce their debt burden and improve their profits and livelihood.
(Journal Club) Focused ultrasound excites neurons via mechanosensitive calciu...
(Journal Club) Focused ultrasound excites neurons via mechanosensitive calciu...David Podorefsky, PhD
油
LIPIDS
- 1. 1 LIPIDS; DEFINITION; These organic compounds are non-polar molecules, which are soluble only in non-polar solvents and insoluble in water BLOOR CRITERIA; They Must Be Insoluble In Water. Soluble In Organic Solvent. E.g ether,chloroform etc Cant be utilized by living organisms. They ester of alcohols. TYPES OF LIPDS; 1. Triglycerides 2. Phospholipds 3. Steroids 4. Waxes FATS; Fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds OIL; Fats that are liquid at room temperature are called oils. Difference between Fats and Oils Fats Oils Solid at room temperature Liquid at room temperature Saturated and trans are its types Unsaturated fats like monounsaturated and
- 2. 2 polyunsaturated are its types Mostly derived from animal Mostly derived from plants Increases cholesterol levels Improves cholesterol levels Mainly comes from animal food but also through vegetable oil by process called hydrogenation Mainly comes from plants or fish Example: Butter, beef fat Example:Vegetable oil, fish oil Contains 9 cal/gm Contains 9 cal/gm FATTY ACID; DEFINITION: A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain TYPES OF FATTY ACID; i. Saturated fatty acid ii. Unsaturated fatty acid I. SATURATED FATTY ACID; DEFINITION; The acids that have no double bond (C=C) in their aliphatic chain are known as Saturated fatty acid
- 3. 3 II. UNSATURATED FATTY ACID; DEFINITION ; The unsaturated fatty acid is a form of fatty acids containing one or more double bonds EXAMPLE; 1. TRIGLYCERIDES; A triglyceride is an ester derived from one glycerol and three fatty acids
- 4. 4 Waxes; Definition; A wax is a simple lipid which is an ester of a long chain alcohol and a fatty acid. The alcohol may contain from 12-20 carbon atoms Example; cetyl alcohol Cetyl alcohol have 16 carbon atoms C16 CH12(CH2)14OH Sources; i. Bees wax ;(honey comb) ii. Lanolin; used in cosmetics iii. Spermacets; used in candles, pharmaceutical preparation
- 5. 5 TYPES; a. True waxes b. Non-true waxes a.True waxes; Waxes are esters of long chain fatty acids and long chain alcohols c. Non- true waxes; Waxes are esters of cholesterol,vitamin D, vitamin A 2. PHOSPHOLIPIDS; DEFINITION; These are compound lipids containing phosphoric acid,in addition to fatty acids nitrogenous base and alcohol TYPES OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS ; 1. Glycerophospholipds 2. Sphingomyelins 1. GLYCEROPHOSHOLIPIDS; DEFININTION; Glycerophospholipds or (phosphoglycerides)that contain glycerol as the alcohol They consist of glycerol 3-phosphate A. Phosphatidic acid; This is simplest phospholipid.it does not occur in good concentration in the tissue .basically,phosphatidic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of triglycerides and Phospholipds The other Glycerophospholipds containing different nitrogenous bases or other groups may be regarded as the derivatives of phosphatidic acid
- 6. 6 B. Lecithin's;(Phosphatidycholine) These are most abundant group of Phospholipds the cell membrane .chemically ,lecithin is a phosphatidic with choline as the base .Phosphatidycholine represent the storage from of bodys choline C. CEPHALINS(phosphatidylecthanamine); Ethanolamine is the nitrogenous base present in cephalins.thus lecithin and cephalin differ with regard to the base D. PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE; The amino acid serine in the group of Glycerophospholipds. Phosphatidyltheronine is also found in certain tissues and plays a role in apoptosis
- 7. 7 E. PLASMALOGENS; When a fatty acid attached by an ether linkage C1 of glycerol in glycerophospholipids,the resultant compound is plasmogen. Sphingomyelins; Sphingosine is an amino alcohol present in sphingomyelins (sphingophospholipids).they do not contain glycerol at all.sphingosine is attached by an amide linkage to a fatty acid to produce ceramide It is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons. It usually consists of phosphocholine and ceramide, or a phosphoethanolamine head group
- 8. 8 Ceramide; As a second messenger (signaling molecule) by regulating programmed cell death,cell cycle and cell differentiation