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 Hebrew is a member of the Canaanite group
of Semitic languages. It was the language of
the early Jews, but from 586 BC it started to
be replaced by Aramaic. By 200 AD use of
Hebrew as an everyday language had largely
ceased, but it continued to be used for
literary and religious functions, as well as a
lingua franca among Jews from different
countries.

 During the mid-19th century the first efforts were made to
revive Hebrew as a everyday language. One man who played a
major role in these efforts was Eliezer Ben Yehuda (1858-
1922), who was the first to make exclusive use of Hebrew in
his home, and encouraged the use of Hebrew among others,
as well as its use in schools.
 Today Hebrew is spoken by some 5 million people mainly in
Israel, where it is an official language along with Arabic. and a
further 2 million people speak the language in Argentina,
Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Palestinian West
Bank and Gaza, Panama, the UK and USA.

The first alphabet used to write Hebrew
emerged during the late second and first
millennia BC. It is closely related to
the Phoenician alphabet. The modern Hebrew
alphabet was developed from an alphabet
known as Proto-Hebrew/Early Aramaic.
Hebrew alphabet

. Type of writing system: abjad
 Direction of writing: right to left in horizontal
lines.
 Number of letters: 22 consonants, plus final
letters and diacritics
 Used to write: Hebrew, Judeo-
Arabic, Ladino, Yiddish and many other Jewish
languages.
 Some letters (kaf, mem, nun, fe and tzadi) have a
final form (sofit), which is used when they appear
at the end of a word.

 There are no separate numerals in Hebrew,
instead standard western numerals (1, 2, 3,
etc) are used.
 Long vowels can be indicated by the
letters alef, vav, and yod. Short vowels are not
usually marked, except in the Bible, poetry
and books for children and foreign learners.

Rashi
 The Rashi style is used mainly to write
commentaries on texts. It is named after
Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki (1040-1105 AD)
a.k.a. Rashi, one of the greatest medieval
Jewish scholars and bible commentators.
Rashi did not use the Rashi sytle to write his
commentaries but it is named in honour of
him.

Languages written with the Hebrew script
Aramaic , Bukhori, Hebrew, Jewish Neo-
Aramaic, Judeo-
Arabic, Juhuri, Karaim,Ladino, Yiddish

 Many Biblical characters, such as Abraham, Isaac,
Jacob, Moses, David and others, lived a nomadic
lifestyle. A nomad lived in tents and travelled
from location to location in search of water and
pastures for their livestock.
 The Wilderness The home of the nomad was the
wilderness often dry and arid but with an
occasional oasis, river, water basin and pastures.
The nomad was at much home in the wilderness
as we are in our own environment..

Rain is the most important element to the
nomad as without it, he, his family, his flocks
and herds cannot survive. Each area received
rain at different times of the year and in
different locations. It was the chief's
responsibility to ensure that they were at the
right places at the right times..

 The nomad lived a very simple life and because
of their constant travels they could not carry a
great amount of supplies and equipment. His
major possession is the tent made of goat hair,
the poles, stakes and ropes for supporting the
tent, a curtain to divide the tent into two parts
(male and female sides) and a carpet for the
floor.
His cooking supplies and equipment consisted of
bags made of skins for carrying food reserves
such as grains and dried fruits, a few utensils
such as spoons, knives and bowls and a grinding
mill for making flour out of grains.

 A nomadic camp consisted of about 25 to 50
members. Any less and it would be difficult to
protect the family and any more would be
difficult to feed.
 Foods and Medicines
The nomads diet consisted of breads, fruits
(when available), milk and cheese and meat.
Grains, such as barley and wheat, were gathered
and ground into a flour and mixed with water
and placed on hot rocks to make bread. Some of
the fruits available were grapes, pomegranates,
olives and dates.

 The men would often gather together, usually
at meal times, to discuss past events, needs,
locations and other details of operating the
camp. The women gathered together to
prepare foods, make clothing and make tent
repairs. Storytelling was probably one of the
most important forms of entertainment.

 The religion of the nomads is very different
from our understanding of religion. The
whole of the nomads life was his religion. As
his very existence was dependent upon rain
he understood that his life was in God's
hands at all times. The nomad saw the power,
justice, love and mercy of God in all things
and coversly all of his activities, from eating
to making shelter, was seen as a service to
God.

 Strong family ties
 Respect for the others especially the elders

 Hebrew literature consists of ancient, medieval,
and modern writings in the Hebrew language. It
is one of the primary forms of Jewish literature,
though there have been cases of literature
written in Hebrew by non-Jews.[1] Hebrew
literature was produced in many different parts
of the world throughout the medieval and
modern eras, while contemporary Hebrew
literature is largely Israeli literature.

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