Characteristics of Living Organisms
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This document compares the cell structure, nutrition, and number of cells in five kingdoms - Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctista, and Prokaryotes. It notes that animals are multicellular with nuclei but no cell walls or chloroplasts, obtaining nutrition from organic substances made by other organisms. Plants are also multicellular but have nuclei, cell walls made of cellulose, and often chloroplasts, obtaining nutrition via photosynthesis. Fungi are usually multicellular with nuclei and cell walls not made of cellulose, lacking chloroplasts and obtaining nutrition through saprophytic or parasitic means.
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This study evaluated the effects of integrating Black Soldier Fly (BSF) frass with inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield performance of hybrid corn. A field experiment was conducted using six treatments: T1-control, T2- recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer, T3- half rate of inorganic fertilizer, T4- recommended rate plus BSF frass, T5 half rate plus BSF frass, and T6- BSF frass alone. Results showed that T4 consistently recorded the highest values across key parameters, including plant height, ear length and diameter, ear weight, shelling percentage, and grain yield. T2 and T5 also performed significantly well, indicating that partial substitution of synthetic fertilizer with BSF frass can maintain high productivity. Notably, T5 achieved comparable yields to full-rate IOF, offering a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable alternative. While BSF frass alone (T6) significantly improved growth and yield over the control, it was not sufficient to match IOF-inclusive treatments. The computed grain yield ranged from 6.51 tons/ha in the control to 12.82 tons/ha in T2, with T6 showing a 32% yield increase over T1. These findings highlight the agronomic potential of BSF frass as a complementary organic input that enhances nutrient efficiency, supports partial fertilizer replacement, and contributes to sustainable corn production. The use of BSF frass in integrated nutrient management strategies is therefore recommended to improve crop output while reducing chemical input dependency.
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Growth responses of hybrid corn applied with black soldier fly frass (BSFF)
Growth responses of hybrid corn applied with black soldier fly frass (BSFF)Open Access Research Paper
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Characteristics of Living Organisms
- 1. Numbersof Cells Cell Structure Nutrition Animals Multicellular Nucleus,nocell wallsor chloroplasts Organicsubstance made by other livingorganisms Plants Multicellular Nucleus,cell walls(made of celullose),oftenly chloroplasts Photosynthesis Fungi Usuallymulticellular Nuclei,cell walls (not made of cellulose),no chlorophyll Saprophyticor parasiticnutrition Protoctista Multicellularor unicellular Nucleus,mayormay not have cell wallsand chloroplasts Some by photosynthesis, othersorganic substancesmade by otherorganisms Prokaryotes Oftenunicellular No nucleus,cell walls(not made of cellulose),no mitochondria Some by photosynthesis