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- 2. Learning Outcomes With reference to relevant research studies, to what extent is memory reliable? We are learning about how memories can change and be manipulated. We are learning this because it will let us explore how much we can trust our memories. At the end of this lesson, we should be able to make a claim about the reliability of memory and justify it with evidence.
- 3. Your Task Watch the following Video and answer the questions on your questionnaire. Pay attention to details. Loftus and Palmer (1974)
- 4. Your Instructions Record your estimated speed under the correct category and calculate the speed for each category.
- 5. Loftus & Palmer (1974) Aim: To investigate whether the use of leading questions would affect recall in a situation where participants were asked to estimate speed. Method: College students were shown a video of a car crash and asked to answer the question About how fast were the cars going when they into each other? Smashed, Hit, Collided, bumped, contactedAll varying degrees of severity
- 6. Loftus & Palmer (1974) Continued Findings: The mean estimates of speed were highest in the smashed condition (40.8 mph) and the lowest in the contacted group (31.8 mph). Conclusions: Memory can be manipulated by using specific words when asking a question. Humans recreate memory using our schemas which are impacted by wording of questions. Explanation Critical Thinking?
- 7. Wade et al. (2002 Aim: To investigate the extent that memories can be manipulated. Method: 20 Adult Participants Showed participants a photoshopped image of them as a child on a hot air balloon ride. Interviewed participants over the two week period on their memories. Findings: One half of all participants recalled false or partially false memories about the Hot Air Balloon Ride. Conclusion: False memories can be created. Critical Thinking?
- 8. Loftuss Theory of Recall Original Experience Integration of original Experience into LTM Integration of new info into LTM Question Asked/New Stimuli Reconstructio n of Memory w/ new info Response to Question
- 9. Loftus et al. (2012) Aim: To investigate whether misinformation could affect memory for a recently experienced, personally relevant, highly stressful event. Method: Provided misinformation to 800 military personnel about the interrogator in a mock POW camp interrogation as part of their Survival School Training. Questions asked about the physical appearance of the interrogator (Glasses? Weapon?) Asked the participants to identify the interrogator by looking at photographs.
- 10. Loftus et al (2012) Findings: More than half of the participants inaccurately identified their interrogator. Conclusion: Memories for stressful events are highly vulnerable to modification by exposure to misinformation, even in individuals whose level of training and experience might help them be more immune to such influences. Critical Thinking? Connections?
- 12. Picking Cotton What does this example show about the nature of memory? What factors do you think influenced the memories of the eyewitness in this story? What does this show about the reliance on memory in the courtroom. Should it ever be trusted?
- 13. Loftus TED Questions Should people be negatively judged if they have false memories? Why or why not? Is it ever ethical to create false memories? Why or why not?
- 14. Donald Trump False Memories What factors influenced Trumps memories of 9/11? Should he be negatively judged because of his false memory? Why or why not? What does this show about the nature of memory?
- 15. Salvador Dali рThe difference between false memories and true ones is the same as for jewels: it is always the false ones that look the most real, the most beautiful.
- 16. Discussion Questions What factors could be impacting the memories of eyewitnesses? In Ferguson, to what extent can we trust the eye witness accounts? Should eye witness accounts be used in determining whether the Officer should be put on put on trial for murder? How accurate do you think your memory is? Are there times when it is better or worse? How can we apply these ideas to areas outside of the courtroom?
- 17. Line Up Warm Up Which number did you choose? On a 0-10 scale How confident were you that you were correct? If you were in a witness, would you be willing to testify? What does this simulation show about the reliability of memory?