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Lp 5 bones 2008 no path

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Kirstyn Soderberg
Kirstyn Soderberg

The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement, and storage. The skeleton is composed of bones and cartilage. There are two types of bones - compact bone which makes up the outer layer and is very dense, and cancellous bone which is less dense and found in the interior. Bones are composed of cells including osteoblasts which form bone, osteocytes which are mature bone cells, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow for movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells.

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Skeletal System VTT 235 Anatomy & Pathology Lab
Skeletal System The skeleton is the framework of bones that supports and protects the internal structures. Has an excellent capacity to repair itself after an injury. Bone is composed of a sparse population of cells embedded in a hard substance called the matrix.
Functions Support Protection Storage Movement Blood cell formation
Bone Structure Cancellous Bone- Consists of tiny spicules of bone that appears randomly arranged with lots of spaces between them. The spaces between the spicules are occupied by bone marrow.
Bone Structure Compact Bone- Very heavy, dense and strong. Makes up the shaft of long bones, and the outside layer of all bones. Haversian Canals run lengthwise and contains blood vessels and nerves that supply osteocytes.
Bone Structure Compact Bone- Volkmanns canals run across bones and contain blood vessels.
Bone Cells Osteoblasts- Cells that form bone. Secretes the matrix of bone and then supplies the minerals necessary to cause it to harden. Once osteoblasts become trapped in the ossified matrix they create, they become Osteocytes-(mature dormant bone cell) which are always ready to return to osteoblasts and form new bone if an injury makes that necessary. Osteoclasts- removes bone where it is not needed.
Bone Formation Endochondral- Intramembranous- Long bones Skull bones A cartilage model develops Osteoblasts produce bone within the embryo. between 2 layers of fibrous The cartilage is replaced CT. with osteoblasts. There is no cartilage Osteoclasts remove bone template. from the diaphysis forming the marrow cavity. A narrow band of cartilage still persists (growth plate) to allow the bone to lengthen and grow.
Bone Shapes Long bones- Longer than wide, most limb bones. Short bones- Shaped like small cubes. Ex. Carpal & tarsal bones. Flat bones- Two thin plates of compact bone separated by a thin layer of cancellous bone. Skull bones, pelvis, scapula
Bone Shapes Irregular bones- A miscellanous category. Ex. Vertebrae This category also includes SESAMOID bones- Named because early anatomists thought these bones resembled sesame seeds. Bones present in some tendons like the patella.
Bone Marrow Fills the spaces within bones. Red bone marrow- Hematopoietic tissue- forms blood cells. Yellow bone marrow- Consists primarily of adipose CT. Does not produce blood cells.
Parts of a Bone Articular Cartilage- around the ends where the joint meets. Growth Plate- the point where new bone grows (epiphyseal cartilage). Diaphysis- long portion of a bone. Epiphysis- the end of a bone Periosteum- membrane that surrounds a bone. Medullary Cavity- the space that houses bone marrow.
Bone Features Condyle- a large prominence. Foramen- hole to accomadate blood vessels and nerves. Fossa- a hollow depression in a bone. Groove- a depression for tendons, nerves or vessels. Head- ball of a ball & socket. Trochanter- found only on the femur. Tubercle- small rounded process on the end of a bone. Tuberosity- a roughened process. Please refer to your handout for these processes
Axial Skeleton
Skull The most complex part of the skeleton. Consists of 37-38 separate bones. Most skull bones are united by jagged, immovable joints called sutures. External cranium- formed by 11 bones.
Skull- External Cranium Occipital bone- a single bone that forms the base of the skull. Interparietal bones Parietal bones- for the dorso-lateral wall of the cranium.
Skull- External Cranium Temporal bones- Forms the lateral walls of the cranium. Contains the middle and inner ear structures. Frontal bones- Forms the forehead and a portion of the orbit. Contains the sinuses.
Skull- Internal Cranium Sphenoid bone- forms the bottom of the cranium. Contains the pituitary fossa. Ethmoid bone- located rostral to the sphenoid bone. Ear bones (ossicles)- functions to transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea. Malleus- hammer Incus- anvil Stapes- stirrup
External Facial Bones Incisive bones- houses the upper incisor teeth. Nasal bones- forms the bridge of the nose. Determines dolichocephalic/brachyocephalic Maxillary Bones- make up most of the upper jaw. House the upper canine teeth & cheek teeth. Forms a portion of the hard palate (roof of the mouth).
External Facial Bones Lacrimal bones- form the medial portion of the orbit and houses the lacrimal sacs. Zygomatic bones- forms a portion of the orbit. Joins with the temporal bone to form the ZYGOMATIC ARCH (cheekbones). Mandible- lower jaw. Houses all the lower teeth. The 2 sides are united by the MANDIBULAR SYMPHYSIS.
Internal Facial Bones Palatine bones- forms the caudal portion of the hard palate. Pterygoid bones- supports the lateral walls of the pharynx. Vomer bone- forms part of the nasal septum.
Internal Facial Bones Turbinates- four thin, scroll-like bones that fills most of the space in the nasal cavity.
Internal Facial Bones Hyoid Bone- Looks like an H. Located just above the larynx. Supports the base of the tongue, the pharynx, the larynx, and helps with swallowing.
The Spinal Column Made up of a series of individual irregular bones. Vertebra- singular Vertebrae- pleural Extends from the skull to the tip of the tail. Divided into 5 regions: Cervical- neck Thoracic- chest Lumbar- abdomen Sacral- pelvis Coccygeal- tail
Vertebrae Characteristics Consists of a body, an arch, and a group of processes. Spinous process- a single, dorsally projecting process. Transverse process- two laterally projecting processes. The body is the strongest portion. Vertebral bodies are separated by INTERVETEBRAL DISKS which act as cartilaginous shock absorbers. The arches form the SPINAL CANAL which houses and protects the spinal cord.
Lp 5 bones 2008 no path
Vertebrae Formulas- **Dog- C7, T13, L7, S3, Cy20-23 **Cat- C7, T13, L7, S3, Cy5-23 Horse- C7, T18, L6, S5, Cy15-21 Axis Atlas
Vertebral Anatomy
Lp 5 bones 2008 no path
IVDD Disk extrusion
OUCH!!!
Ribs Flat bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax. The number of pairs of ribs is equal to the number of thoracic vertebrae. Ventral ends of ribs have 2 parts: A dorsal part made of bone. A ventral part made of cartilage called COSTAL CARTILAGE.
Ribs The junction of bone and cartilage is called the COSTOCHONDRAL JUNCTION. Ribs whose cartilages join the sternum are called sternal ribs. Asternal ribs- make up the caudal portion of the thorax. Floating rib- on either side, the last rib.
Lp 5 bones 2008 no path
Sternum Breastbone Forms the floor of the thorax. Made up of STERNEBRAE. Manubrium- 1st sternabra Xiphoid- last sternabra
Appendicular Skeleton Limbs & significant features
Scapula Most proximal bone of the thoracic limb. The prominent projection on the lateral surface is called the spine. Glenoid Cavity- forms the socket for the shoulder joint.
Humerus Opposite the head is the greater tubercle where the shoulder muscles attach. The distal condyles form the elbow joint. Just above the condyles is a deep indentation called the olecranon fossa.
Ulna Olecranon process- forms the point of the elbow, and attaches the triceps brachii muscle. Trochlear notch- half-moon shaped process that wraps around the humeral condyle to form a tight elbow joint. The Anconeal process is located at the top of the trochlear notch.
Radius Main weight-bearing bone of the antebrachium. Has facets that articulate with the proximal end of the ulna.
Carpus, Metacarpus, Tarsus, Metatarsus, & Phlanges
Equine Thoracic Limb HORSE: Scapula Humerus **Radius/ulna (fused) Carpus Accessory carpal Metacarpals- Cannon Bone (#3) Splint Bones (#2 & #4) Proximal sesamoids Phalanxs- Proximal- P1- Long Pastern Middle- P2- Short Pastern Distal- P3- Coffin Distal sesamoid- Navicular Rear View
Pelvis Os coxae The two halves of the pelvis are joined by the pelvic symphysis. The pelvis consists of 3 individual bones: the ilium, ischium, and the pubis. All 3 bones come together to form the acetabulum which is the socket for the hip joint.
Pelvis Ilium- Most cranial bone of the pelvis. The bone that forms the sacroiliac joint. The tuber coxae projects laterally and forms the point of the hip.
Pelvis Ischium- The most caudal pelvic bone. You are sitting on your ischia! The main rear- projecting process is the ischial tuberosity.
Pelvis Pubis- The smallest of the 3 pelvic bones. Forms the cranial portion of the pelvic floor. Obutrator foramen- two large holes on either side of the pelvic symphysis.
Femur Long bone of the thigh. Head- found at the proximal end. Greater trochanter- only found on the femur, opposite the head.
Femur Both medial and lateral condyles are found on the distal end.
Patella The largest seasmoid bone in the body. Formed in the distal tendon of the large quadriceps muscle. Flabellae- two small seasmoid bones located in the calf muscle just above and behind the femoral condyles.
Tibia Main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. The tibial tuberosity is the forward-facing point of the triangle which continues distally as a ridge called the tibial crest.
Fibula The thin bone that parallels the tibia. Mainly serves as a muscle attachment site. Lateral malleous- a palpable process found at the distal end.
Tarsus ankle, hock Consists of 2 rows of short bones. Proximal row- tibial tarsal bone, fibular tarsal bone, & the central tarsal bone is tucked behind the 2 larger bones.
Tarsus Calcaneal tuberosity- projects upward and backward to form the point of the hock. It acts as the point of attachment for the gastrocnemius tendon and corresponds to our heel.
Equine Pelvic Limb Pelvis Femur Patella Fibula & Tibia Hock joint Splint & Cannon bones Fetlock & Sesamoids P1 P2 P3
Visceral Skeleton Consists of bones that form in soft organs (viscera). Os penis Os cordis- a bone in the heart of sheep and cattle.
Laboratory
Factors That Influence Bone Growth, Remodeling & Repair Minerals- Calcium & Phosphorus- make bones hard Magnesium- deficiency inhibits osteoblasts Vitamins- Vitamin A- controls the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts Vitamin B12- may inhibit osteoblast activity Vit. C- Helps maintain the bone matrix, deficiency inhibits bone growth & delays fracture repair Vit. D- helps increase the absorption of calcium
Factors That Influence Bone Growth, Remodeling & Repair Hormones- Growth Hormone- (anterior pituitary) promotes general growth of all body tissues Sex Hormones- promotes tissue repair Insulin- promotes normal bone growth and maturity Thyroid Hormones- promotes normal bone growth and maturity Calcitonin- inhibits osteoclasts Parathyroid Hormone- promotes bone reabsorption
THE END

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Lp 5 bones 2008 no path

  • 1. Skeletal System VTT 235 Anatomy & Pathology Lab
  • 2. Skeletal System The skeleton is the framework of bones that supports and protects the internal structures. Has an excellent capacity to repair itself after an injury. Bone is composed of a sparse population of cells embedded in a hard substance called the matrix.
  • 3. Functions Support Protection Storage Movement Blood cell formation
  • 4. Bone Structure Cancellous Bone- Consists of tiny spicules of bone that appears randomly arranged with lots of spaces between them. The spaces between the spicules are occupied by bone marrow.
  • 5. Bone Structure Compact Bone- Very heavy, dense and strong. Makes up the shaft of long bones, and the outside layer of all bones. Haversian Canals run lengthwise and contains blood vessels and nerves that supply osteocytes.
  • 6. Bone Structure Compact Bone- Volkmanns canals run across bones and contain blood vessels.
  • 7. Bone Cells Osteoblasts- Cells that form bone. Secretes the matrix of bone and then supplies the minerals necessary to cause it to harden. Once osteoblasts become trapped in the ossified matrix they create, they become Osteocytes-(mature dormant bone cell) which are always ready to return to osteoblasts and form new bone if an injury makes that necessary. Osteoclasts- removes bone where it is not needed.
  • 8. Bone Formation Endochondral- Intramembranous- Long bones Skull bones A cartilage model develops Osteoblasts produce bone within the embryo. between 2 layers of fibrous The cartilage is replaced CT. with osteoblasts. There is no cartilage Osteoclasts remove bone template. from the diaphysis forming the marrow cavity. A narrow band of cartilage still persists (growth plate) to allow the bone to lengthen and grow.
  • 9. Bone Shapes Long bones- Longer than wide, most limb bones. Short bones- Shaped like small cubes. Ex. Carpal & tarsal bones. Flat bones- Two thin plates of compact bone separated by a thin layer of cancellous bone. Skull bones, pelvis, scapula
  • 10. Bone Shapes Irregular bones- A miscellanous category. Ex. Vertebrae This category also includes SESAMOID bones- Named because early anatomists thought these bones resembled sesame seeds. Bones present in some tendons like the patella.
  • 11. Bone Marrow Fills the spaces within bones. Red bone marrow- Hematopoietic tissue- forms blood cells. Yellow bone marrow- Consists primarily of adipose CT. Does not produce blood cells.
  • 12. Parts of a Bone Articular Cartilage- around the ends where the joint meets. Growth Plate- the point where new bone grows (epiphyseal cartilage). Diaphysis- long portion of a bone. Epiphysis- the end of a bone Periosteum- membrane that surrounds a bone. Medullary Cavity- the space that houses bone marrow.
  • 13. Bone Features Condyle- a large prominence. Foramen- hole to accomadate blood vessels and nerves. Fossa- a hollow depression in a bone. Groove- a depression for tendons, nerves or vessels. Head- ball of a ball & socket. Trochanter- found only on the femur. Tubercle- small rounded process on the end of a bone. Tuberosity- a roughened process. Please refer to your handout for these processes
  • 15. Skull The most complex part of the skeleton. Consists of 37-38 separate bones. Most skull bones are united by jagged, immovable joints called sutures. External cranium- formed by 11 bones.
  • 16. Skull- External Cranium Occipital bone- a single bone that forms the base of the skull. Interparietal bones Parietal bones- for the dorso-lateral wall of the cranium.
  • 17. Skull- External Cranium Temporal bones- Forms the lateral walls of the cranium. Contains the middle and inner ear structures. Frontal bones- Forms the forehead and a portion of the orbit. Contains the sinuses.
  • 18. Skull- Internal Cranium Sphenoid bone- forms the bottom of the cranium. Contains the pituitary fossa. Ethmoid bone- located rostral to the sphenoid bone. Ear bones (ossicles)- functions to transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea. Malleus- hammer Incus- anvil Stapes- stirrup
  • 19. External Facial Bones Incisive bones- houses the upper incisor teeth. Nasal bones- forms the bridge of the nose. Determines dolichocephalic/brachyocephalic Maxillary Bones- make up most of the upper jaw. House the upper canine teeth & cheek teeth. Forms a portion of the hard palate (roof of the mouth).
  • 20. External Facial Bones Lacrimal bones- form the medial portion of the orbit and houses the lacrimal sacs. Zygomatic bones- forms a portion of the orbit. Joins with the temporal bone to form the ZYGOMATIC ARCH (cheekbones). Mandible- lower jaw. Houses all the lower teeth. The 2 sides are united by the MANDIBULAR SYMPHYSIS.
  • 21. Internal Facial Bones Palatine bones- forms the caudal portion of the hard palate. Pterygoid bones- supports the lateral walls of the pharynx. Vomer bone- forms part of the nasal septum.
  • 22. Internal Facial Bones Turbinates- four thin, scroll-like bones that fills most of the space in the nasal cavity.
  • 23. Internal Facial Bones Hyoid Bone- Looks like an H. Located just above the larynx. Supports the base of the tongue, the pharynx, the larynx, and helps with swallowing.
  • 24. The Spinal Column Made up of a series of individual irregular bones. Vertebra- singular Vertebrae- pleural Extends from the skull to the tip of the tail. Divided into 5 regions: Cervical- neck Thoracic- chest Lumbar- abdomen Sacral- pelvis Coccygeal- tail
  • 25. Vertebrae Characteristics Consists of a body, an arch, and a group of processes. Spinous process- a single, dorsally projecting process. Transverse process- two laterally projecting processes. The body is the strongest portion. Vertebral bodies are separated by INTERVETEBRAL DISKS which act as cartilaginous shock absorbers. The arches form the SPINAL CANAL which houses and protects the spinal cord.
  • 27. Vertebrae Formulas- **Dog- C7, T13, L7, S3, Cy20-23 **Cat- C7, T13, L7, S3, Cy5-23 Horse- C7, T18, L6, S5, Cy15-21 Axis Atlas
  • 32. Ribs Flat bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax. The number of pairs of ribs is equal to the number of thoracic vertebrae. Ventral ends of ribs have 2 parts: A dorsal part made of bone. A ventral part made of cartilage called COSTAL CARTILAGE.
  • 33. Ribs The junction of bone and cartilage is called the COSTOCHONDRAL JUNCTION. Ribs whose cartilages join the sternum are called sternal ribs. Asternal ribs- make up the caudal portion of the thorax. Floating rib- on either side, the last rib.
  • 35. Sternum Breastbone Forms the floor of the thorax. Made up of STERNEBRAE. Manubrium- 1st sternabra Xiphoid- last sternabra
  • 37. Scapula Most proximal bone of the thoracic limb. The prominent projection on the lateral surface is called the spine. Glenoid Cavity- forms the socket for the shoulder joint.
  • 38. Humerus Opposite the head is the greater tubercle where the shoulder muscles attach. The distal condyles form the elbow joint. Just above the condyles is a deep indentation called the olecranon fossa.
  • 39. Ulna Olecranon process- forms the point of the elbow, and attaches the triceps brachii muscle. Trochlear notch- half-moon shaped process that wraps around the humeral condyle to form a tight elbow joint. The Anconeal process is located at the top of the trochlear notch.
  • 40. Radius Main weight-bearing bone of the antebrachium. Has facets that articulate with the proximal end of the ulna.
  • 42. Equine Thoracic Limb HORSE: Scapula Humerus **Radius/ulna (fused) Carpus Accessory carpal Metacarpals- Cannon Bone (#3) Splint Bones (#2 & #4) Proximal sesamoids Phalanxs- Proximal- P1- Long Pastern Middle- P2- Short Pastern Distal- P3- Coffin Distal sesamoid- Navicular Rear View
  • 43. Pelvis Os coxae The two halves of the pelvis are joined by the pelvic symphysis. The pelvis consists of 3 individual bones: the ilium, ischium, and the pubis. All 3 bones come together to form the acetabulum which is the socket for the hip joint.
  • 44. Pelvis Ilium- Most cranial bone of the pelvis. The bone that forms the sacroiliac joint. The tuber coxae projects laterally and forms the point of the hip.
  • 45. Pelvis Ischium- The most caudal pelvic bone. You are sitting on your ischia! The main rear- projecting process is the ischial tuberosity.
  • 46. Pelvis Pubis- The smallest of the 3 pelvic bones. Forms the cranial portion of the pelvic floor. Obutrator foramen- two large holes on either side of the pelvic symphysis.
  • 47. Femur Long bone of the thigh. Head- found at the proximal end. Greater trochanter- only found on the femur, opposite the head.
  • 48. Femur Both medial and lateral condyles are found on the distal end.
  • 49. Patella The largest seasmoid bone in the body. Formed in the distal tendon of the large quadriceps muscle. Flabellae- two small seasmoid bones located in the calf muscle just above and behind the femoral condyles.
  • 50. Tibia Main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. The tibial tuberosity is the forward-facing point of the triangle which continues distally as a ridge called the tibial crest.
  • 51. Fibula The thin bone that parallels the tibia. Mainly serves as a muscle attachment site. Lateral malleous- a palpable process found at the distal end.
  • 52. Tarsus ankle, hock Consists of 2 rows of short bones. Proximal row- tibial tarsal bone, fibular tarsal bone, & the central tarsal bone is tucked behind the 2 larger bones.
  • 53. Tarsus Calcaneal tuberosity- projects upward and backward to form the point of the hock. It acts as the point of attachment for the gastrocnemius tendon and corresponds to our heel.
  • 54. Equine Pelvic Limb Pelvis Femur Patella Fibula & Tibia Hock joint Splint & Cannon bones Fetlock & Sesamoids P1 P2 P3
  • 55. Visceral Skeleton Consists of bones that form in soft organs (viscera). Os penis Os cordis- a bone in the heart of sheep and cattle.
  • 57. Factors That Influence Bone Growth, Remodeling & Repair Minerals- Calcium & Phosphorus- make bones hard Magnesium- deficiency inhibits osteoblasts Vitamins- Vitamin A- controls the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts Vitamin B12- may inhibit osteoblast activity Vit. C- Helps maintain the bone matrix, deficiency inhibits bone growth & delays fracture repair Vit. D- helps increase the absorption of calcium
  • 58. Factors That Influence Bone Growth, Remodeling & Repair Hormones- Growth Hormone- (anterior pituitary) promotes general growth of all body tissues Sex Hormones- promotes tissue repair Insulin- promotes normal bone growth and maturity Thyroid Hormones- promotes normal bone growth and maturity Calcitonin- inhibits osteoclasts Parathyroid Hormone- promotes bone reabsorption

Editor's Notes

  • #9: DONT NEED TO KNOW
  • #26: Foramen Magnum hole in skull where spinal cord begins
  • #28: Dont need to know horse
  • #35: Cranial end of sternum Manubrium and Caudal end is Xiphoid Process