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Editor's Notes

• #3: Defining characteristics: A small invertebrate (no spine) w 6 legs and generally 1-2 pairs of wings Pexels.com Note: a bug is a certain type of insect (all bugs are insects but not all insects are bugs!); all photos from Pexels website
• #4: Antennae!! Monarch and male emperor moth (these don’t live here) Male moths will often have really beautiful antennae w lots of branching – almost like a fern. Better for sensing female pheromones
• #5: Chrysalis – butterfly cats shed their final skin/instar and this is what is underneath Cocoon - moth cats weave materials around their bodies
• #6: Moths are more than drab night fliers – they can be beautiful daytime fliers like this elegant day moth at the Metolius Preserve!
• #7: Antennae = smell! Drab – but not a moth! A mourning cloak butterfly!
• #8: Feet = taste! Lilac bordered copper TASTING a yummy flower! (yarrow)
• #9: Solar powered! Fritillary
• #10: Built in sipping straw on this western sulphur
• #11: Puddling – swallowtails and checkerspot (… and SCAT!)
• #12: Teeny tiny egg is laid on the butterfly’s host plant. Host plant = particular type of plant that a spp of butterfly will lay its eggs on. Some butterflies will lay their eggs on one of several different types of plant. Others, like the monarch, will only lay their eggs on one kind. In this case, milkweed.
• #13: How many different kinds of butterflies do we have in Central Oregon? 20? 50? ….
• #14: ~30 species of skippers in Oregon. Note stout body shape and wing placement. Silver spotted skipper, checkered skipper, woodland skipper?
• #15: Western tiger swallowtail – from pexel website One of the most commonly observed butterflies in Cascadia
• #16: Compare to Pale Swallotail – which is almost white in contrast w the butter yellow of the Western
• #17: Oregon Swallowtail = declared the official state insect in 1979
• #18: We have Clodius and Mountain parnassians in Oregon – Clodius in our area. Transparent wings – like waxed paper
• #19: Male Sara’s orang tip on prairie star (females have a yellow-ish cast)
• #20: Cabbage white – often mistaken for a moth (but look at the antennae!); very common; often seen in gardens
• #21: Western sulphur – check out the pink antennae!!!
• #22: LOTS of “little blue butterflies” – the males look very similar on top – vivid blue But the undersides are all different…. This is what many of them look like on top. These are spring (echo) azures
• #23: Spring (echo) azures – puddling Very blue on top, cool pattern underneath Very common site for male blues
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• #25: Melissa blue!!!
• #26: Cedar hairstreak on showy townsendia
• #27: Purplish copper
• #28: Called brushfoots b/c of reduced size front legs covered in tiny hairs – looks like they only have 4 legs, but they really have 6; This one is a comma – note whitish comma on hindwing
• #29: Red admirial – common sight in gardens
• #30: Male, great spangled fritillary Most frits look the same on top – like on this smiling child
• #31: Common wood nymph – aka Google-Eyed wood nymph! Explain reason for eye spots
• #35: Note the difference btw male and female. Some species = easy to tell the difference. Many species = difficult/impossible w naked eye
• #37: How do butterflies spend the winter? (these are different spp, btw)
• #38: Monarchs Migrate!! Changing daylight, changing temps, reduction of milkweed quality – all triggers Use a sun-compass in their brain and circadian clocks in antennae Explain map: Fall migration red arrows – note all of ours go to CA (fly >40 miles/day, 1000+ miles) Monarchs east of Rockies go to Mexico (fly >40 miles/day, up to 3000 miles!)
• #39: Our western monarchs flock to the CA coast to overwinter – congregations have been found at more than 400 sites along the coast from Mendocino County in the north to San Diego in the south. They roost on pine, eucalyptus and other sturdy shrubs and trees. Air is moist and cool enough to slow metabolisms but not cold enough to freeze them. CA counties w majority of overwintering monarchs: Alameda, Santa Cruz, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara Counties ASK ABOUT WEB PERMISSIONS
• #40: Most of the eastern monarch population overwinters in the Central Mexico highlands – in an area that is protected (World Heritage Site) State of Michoacan, east of Mexico city 10,000’ elevation; oyamel fir trees (only 2% of the original forest remains!!) Air is thin and moist and cool and the butters live off their fat reserves (b/c it’s cool, their metabolism slows, and they’re able to live longer off their fat reserves) ASK SM WEB PERMISSIONS
• #41: Leap frog w each generation
• #42: 2-4 generations (~3 for us) (depending on how far north you live and what the winter/spring weather was like, etc) of monarchs play leapfrog as they move north from the California coast. These monarchs live 2-5 weeks (long enough to travel north, mate and lay eggs). Super generation (typically emerges late summer/early fall) fly many hundreds, even over 1000 miles, and live 6-9 months!! In contrast, the eastern monarchs may fly up to 3000 miles! How do they know they’re the “supers”? Changing day length, temp conditions, and declining milkweed quality
• #43: Top 2 reasons for monarch decline: 1) Overwintering habitat loss (CA overwintering population is in severe decline. Down 74% since the late 1990’s (from millions of individuals to a couple hundred thousand). Note small blue areas vs large expanses of spring/summer. 2) Also breeding habitat loss – need milkweed and nectar, shading/roosting areas 3)Migration routes – need milkweed and nectar, roosting areas
• #44: Parasites, Diseases and Predation Tachinid Fly – lays eggs on caterpillars, larvae emerges and burrows into caterpillar, caterpillar “feeds” larvae – kills the caterpillar typically in final instar or chrysalis stage. Little maggot emerges OE = Ophryocysits elektroscirrha – protozoan parasite that caterpillars ingest on milkweed. Spread through microscopic spores coming off the wings and bodies of adult butterflies. The protozoa multiply inside the cats and cause weakness, disfigurment and ultimately death. Typically don’t notice until chrysalis or butterfly emerges. One of the reasons to plant only native milkweed is b/c it dies back each year, controlling the spread of OE. Many others!
• #45: Class of pesticides extremely toxic to bees and other pollinators and a major factor in pollinator declines. The chemical, called a systemic, moves throughout the entire plant, making pollen and nectar in flowers toxic. Both systemic and persistent, neonics continue to affect bees and other pollinators long after a spray, through soil absorption ASK WEB PERMISSIONS
• #46: Climate change – Can effect plant emergence and bloom times More severe storms can wipe out hundreds and even thousands of overwinter butterflies Wetter winters, drier summers – effects on the butterfly itself as well as food sources, migration timing, etc
• #47: 2016 – started planting milkweed at LT properties
• #48: Still planting milkweed at LT properties – and look! They’re still excited about it! 
• #49: Showy milkweed – as you can imagine is a fabulous nectar resource for MANY insects! WEB PERMIS
• #50: Narrowleaf milkweed Also – heartleaf milkweed native to Oregon but not as widely distributed and not here in CO Mention cardenolides in milkweed, toxic compounds that are unpalatable to predators (of larger caterpillars and adult monarch butterflies); mention Viceroy? WEB PERMIS
• #51: Plant variety of pollinator-friendly native plants (THAT HAVE NOT BEEN TREATED w PESTICIDES/HERBICIDES!!!), with bloom times that span Spring - Fall
• #52: Xerces Society = great resource for finding milkweed seed appropriate for where you live, milkweed mapping, monarch mapping, and MORE!
• #53: SOMA and MACO, Monarch Butterflies in the Pacific Northwest
• #54: Report tagged monarchs to David James at WSU; responsible rearing
• #55: Volunteer for the Land Trust! Planting work parties Weeding work parties Milkweed monitors
• #56: If all else fails, dye your hair bright colors and enjoy the effects of attracting butterflies! Eli’s hair won out over the giant sunflower! 